布托啡诺复合丙泊酚麻醉用于人工流产术的临床观察

目的 观察布托啡诺复合丙泊酚麻醉对人工流产术及其术后镇痛的效果.方法 将自愿行无痛人工流产术患者80例随机分为布托啡诺复合泊酚组(B组,布托啡诺1mg+丙泊酚2mg/kg)和单纯丙泊酚组(P组,丙泊酚2mg/kg+生理盐水1ml).记录麻醉前、麻醉后5min、停药后10min的舒张压(DBP)、收缩压(SBP)、心率(HR)、血氧饱和度(SpO2).并记录手术时间、苏醒时间、丙泊酚用量以及麻醉效果、眩晕和术毕30min腹痛VAS评分.结果 2组患者麻醉后5min的DBP、SBP均低于麻醉前(P<0.05),停药后10min均恢复至术前水平;B组丙泊酚用量为(126.8±13.7)mg少于P组的(164.3±26.4)mg(P<0.05),术中麻醉效果优良率高于P组(P<0.05),术毕30min时疼痛VAS评分为(2.7±1.4)分低于P组的(6.4±2.1)分(P<0.05).结论 布托啡诺复合丙泊酚麻醉效果可靠,有良好的术后镇痛效果,苏醒迅速,是一种安全有效的人工流产术麻醉方法.     

地佐辛复合丙泊酚用于宫腔镜手术的麻醉

目的 比较地佐辛复合丙泊酚用于宫腔镜手术麻醉的效果与安全性.方法 选择宫腔镜检查+分段诊刮及电切术90例,随机分为芬太尼组、瑞芬太尼组和地佐辛组各30例.瑞芬太尼组持续静脉输注瑞芬太尼0.1μg/(kg·min),2 min后静脉注射丙泊酚1.5 mg/kg.芬太尼组先静脉注射芬太尼1μg/kg,2 min后再静脉注射丙泊酚1.5 mg/kg.地佐辛组先静脉注射地佐辛0.1 mg/kg,2 min后再静脉注射丙泊酚1.5 mg/kg.观察并记录3组麻醉效果,循环、呼吸、血氧饱和度(Sp02)变化情况,起效时间,苏醒时间,丙泊酚用量,记录麻醉效果及不良反应.结果 地佐辛组低血压、心动过缓发生率低于瑞芬太尼组、芬太尼组[3.3％(1/30)比16.7％ (5/30)、10.0％ (3/30);0比10.0％ (3/30)、6.7％(2/30),均P＜0.05].瑞芬太尼组较地佐辛组、芬太尼组呼吸抑制明显(P＜0.05).3组镇痛效果差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05),芬太尼组相对地佐辛组、瑞芬太尼组丙泊酚用量最大[(193±13)mg比(160±14)mg,(140±12)mg,P＜0.05].结论 地佐辛复合丙泊酚应用于宫腔镜手术安全有效.     

布托啡诺复合丙泊酚麻醉用于人工流产术的临床观察

目的观察布托啡诺复合丙泊酚麻醉对人工流产术及其术后镇痛的效果。方法将自愿行无痛人工流产术患者80例随机分为布托啡诺复合泊酚组（B组,布托啡诺1mg＋丙泊酚2mg/kg）和单纯丙泊酚组（P组,丙泊酚2mg/kg＋生理盐水1ml）。记录麻醉前、麻醉后5min、停药后10min的舒张压（DBP）、收缩压（SBP）、心率（HR）、血氧饱和度（SpO2）。并记录手术时间、苏醒时间、丙泊酚用量以及麻醉效果、眩晕和术毕30min腹痛VAS评分。结果 2组患者麻醉后5min的DBP、SBP均低于麻醉前（P〈0.05）,停药后10min均恢复至术前水平;B组丙泊酚用量为（126.8±13.7）mg少于P组的（164.3±26.4）mg（P〈0.05）,术中麻醉效果优良率高于P组（P〈0.05）,术毕30min时疼痛VAS评分为（2.7±1.4）分低于P组的（6.4±2.1）分（P〈0.05）。结论布托啡诺复合丙泊酚麻醉效果可靠,有良好的术后镇痛效果,苏醒迅速,是一种安全有效的人工流产术麻醉方法。     

地佐辛复合丙泊酚用于人工流产手术麻醉的效果观察

目的 观察地佐辛复合丙泊酚静脉麻醉行无痛人工流产手术的麻醉效果.方法 拟行人工流产术患者60例,ASA Ⅰ～Ⅱ级.按随机数字表法分为两组:地佐辛复合丙泊酚组(A组),丙泊酚组(B组).记录麻醉前(T1)、术中扩宫颈时(T2)、术后苏醒时(T3)生理参数变化及不良反应发生率,记录患者丙泊酚用量及术后宫缩痛的情况.结果 T2时两组平均动脉压(MAP)、心率(HR)均低于T1时(P＜0.05).丙泊酚的用量A组显著少于B组[(2.5±0.4)mg/kg与(4.6±0.7)mg/kg,P＜0.05],呼吸抑制发生率显著低于B组(20％与30％,P＜0.05),A组术后宫缩痛好于B组(P＜0.05).结论 地佐辛复合丙泊酚静脉麻醉是一种安全、可控、有效的人工流产手术麻醉方法.     

地佐辛复合丙泊酚用于宫腔镜诊刮手术的临床观察

目的:观察地佐辛复合丙泊酚用于宫腔镜诊刮手术的临床效果.方法:90例患者随机均分为P组、PR组和PD组.P组静注丙泊酚2mg/kg;PR组静注瑞芬太尼0.5μg/kg,1min后静注丙泊酚2mg/kg;PD组静注地佐辛0.1mg/kg,15min后静注丙泊酚2mg/kg.观察三组不同时间点MAP、HR和SpO2的变化,观察三组麻醉起效时间、苏醒时间、手术完成时间、丙泊酚总用量、苏醒后5min疼痛程度(VAS评分)以及不良反应.结果:三组麻醉后MAP有不同程度下降(P<0.05或P<0.01);三组HR麻醉后有不同程度下降(P<0.05或P<0.01),PR组和PD组低于P组(P<0.05或P<0.01),P组在扩宫颈时明显上升(P<0.05),高于其他两组(P<0.05或P<0.01);麻醉后PR组SpO2明显下降(P<0.05);三组麻醉起效时间、手术时间、苏醒时间无明显差异.结论:地佐辛联合丙泊酚用于宫腔镜诊刮手术,麻醉平稳,不良反应少,麻醉效果满意.     

地佐辛与苏芬太尼用于无痛宫腔镜检查麻醉的比较

目的：比较地佐辛和苏芬太尼在无痛宫腔镜检查麻醉中的应用效果,为临床麻醉提供参考。方法选择60例行无痛宫腔镜检查的患者作为研究对象,按随机数字表法分为地佐辛＋丙泊酚组（ D组）30例和苏芬太尼＋丙泊酚组（S组）30例,D组给予地佐辛0．1 mg/kg和丙泊酚2 mg/kg麻醉,S组给予苏芬太尼注射液0．1μg/kg和丙泊酚2 mg/kg麻醉,监测麻醉前、给药2 min、苏醒时的SBP、DBP、HR和SpO2,记录丙泊酚的总用量、起效时间、唤醒时间、定向力恢复时间,记录两组患者呼吸抑制及体动反应的发生例数,观察出现呼吸抑制、术中体动、恶心、呕吐等不良反应的发生情况。结果两组给药2 min后SBP、DBP、HR和SpO2较麻醉前均有显著下降（均P＜0．05）;两组间麻醉前、给药2 min后和苏醒时SBP、DBP、HR和SpO2差异均无统计学意义（均P＞0．05）;两组手术时间、起效时间、定向力恢复时间、唤醒时间、丙泊酚用量差异均无统计学意义（t＝0．735、0．533、0．663、0．404、0．612,均P＞0．05）;S组患者术中出现体动、呼吸抑制比例明显低于D组,差异均有统计学意义（χ2＝5．192、5．192,均P＜0．05）。结论地佐辛或苏芬太尼复合丙泊酚均可用于无痛宫腔镜检查麻醉,镇痛效果良好,但苏芬太尼复合丙泊酚的不良反应较少,临床麻醉医师应灵活选择。     

术中应用地佐辛对丙泊酚复合瑞芬太尼麻醉恢复的影响

目的 探讨术毕应用不同浓度地佐辛对丙泊酚复合瑞芬太尼麻醉恢复的影响.方法 80例美国麻醉师协会分级Ⅰ或Ⅱ级的择期腹腔镜胆囊切除术患者,完全随机分为4组,均采用全凭静脉麻醉加气管插管,术中靶控输注瑞芬太尼及丙泊酚,间断给予维库溴铵维持麻醉.关腹前15 min分别静脉注射地佐辛0.05 mg/kg(A组,n=20)、0.1mg/kg(B组,n=20)、0.15 mg/kg(C组,n=20),对照组(n=20)不给予地佐辛.评定患者拔管后疼痛和镇静程度,记录患者呼吸恢复、意识恢复和拔管时间以及拔管后麻醉恢复室内患者芬太尼处理例数和用量及其恶心呕吐及烦躁等不良反应.结果 C组的视觉模拟评分(VAS)明显低于A、B组及对照组[(1.4±0.7)比(2.4±0.9),(2.1±0.8),(5.1±1.3),P＜0.05];C组Ramsay评分明显高于A、B组及对照组[(2.2±0.7)比(1.8±0.6),(1.7±0.6),(1.5±0.6),P＜0.01].C组的呼吸恢复、意识恢复和拔管时间明显延长于A、B和对照组[ (15.7±2.5)min比(9.6±1.4) min,(10.7±1.8)min,(9.2±1.5) min;(18.1±0.7) min比(12.4±2.0) min,(13.1±1.8) min,(13.9±3.1)min; (21.4±2.3) min比( 15.0±1.8) min,(15.6±1.6)min,(14.8±1.8) min,各项参数P＜0.01].结论 在腹腔镜胆囊切除术手术结束前15 min应用0.05 mg/kg或0.1 mg/kg地佐辛可减轻瑞芬太尼停药后的疼痛反应,但不明显延长苏醒和拔管时间.     

地佐辛复合丙泊酚麻醉对人工流产术后子宫收缩痛的影响

目的评价地佐辛复合丙泊酚麻醉对减轻人工流产术后子宫收缩痛的效果。方法将60例要求无痛人工流产者随机分为观察组和对照组,每组30例。观察组先缓慢注射地佐辛5 mg,15 min后静脉注射丙泊酚2.0 mg/kg;对照组单独静脉注射丙泊酚2.0 mg/kg。术中根据受术者肢体扭动反应追加丙泊酚0.2～0.3 mg/kg。结果观察组患者苏醒即刻、苏醒后15 min及30 min宫缩痛的VAS评分分别为1.9±1.2、2.3±1.0及1.8±0.9分,明显低于对照组6.7±1.6、7.9±1.4及6.5±1.3分,(P<0.01)。结论地佐辛复合丙泊酚能减轻人工流产术后子宫收缩痛。结论地佐辛;丙泊酚;人工流产术     

地佐辛与丙泊酚复合在人工流产术的麻醉效果观察

目的 探讨地佐辛与丙泊酚复合在人工流产麻醉中的应用效果.方法 选取我院收治的105例行无痛人工流产术患者,按照患者麻醉方式分为A组、B组及C组,各35例;A、B组患者均应用地佐辛与丙泊酚复合麻醉,A组患者地佐辛用量0.05 mg/kg,B组患者地佐辛用量0.1 mg/kg,C组单用丙泊酚麻醉,比较三组患者术中麻醉过程监测指标及围手术期相关情况.结果 A、B两组患者麻醉过程中监测指标比较无明显差异,但均优于C组;A组患者诱导时间为( 1.02±0.38) min、清醒时间为(6.70±2.00) min、定向力恢复时间为( 9.70±1.30) min、丙泊酚用量为(104.30±13.50) mg,手术后无呼吸抑制出现,仅1例出现术中宫缩疼痛,围手术相关情况优B、C组,各组比较差异有显著性(P＜ 0.05).结论 0.05 mg/kg地佐辛复合丙泊酚麻醉应用于人工流产手术,麻醉安全有效,值得在临床推广.     

地佐辛复合氟比洛芬酯预处理对瑞芬太尼麻醉术后痛觉过敏的作用

目的 观察地佐辛复合氟比洛芬酯预处理对瑞芬太尼麻醉术后痛觉过敏的效果和安全性.方法 妇科拟择期行腹腔镜手术患者90例,ASA Ⅰ～Ⅱ级,随机分为3组,包括地佐辛组、氟比洛芬酯组、地佐辛复合氟比洛芬酯组,每组30例.所有患者均采用咪唑安定2 mg、丙泊芬2mg/kg、舒芬太尼0.5 μg/kg、维库溴铵0.15 mg/kg静脉注射快速诱导气管插管,术中用瑞芬太尼及丙泊芬静脉泵注维持,根据需要间断推注维库溴铵.手术结束前20 min地佐辛组给予地佐辛10 mg静脉注射,氟比洛芬酯组给予氟比洛芬酯100mg缓慢(约90 s)静脉注射,地佐辛复合氟比洛芬酯组给予地佐辛5mg、氟比洛芬酯50mg缓慢(约90 s)静脉注射.记录3组患者麻醉苏醒时间(停用麻醉药至呼之睁眼时间)、拔管时间(停用麻醉药至拔管时间)、拔管后5 min及15 min VAS评分、术后不良反应发生情况.结果 与地佐辛组、氟比洛芬酯组相比,地佐辛复合氟比洛芬酯组拔管后5 min、15 min VAS评分较低(P＜0.05).与氟比洛芬酯组、地佐辛复合氟比洛芬酯组相比,地佐辛组的麻醉时间及苏醒时间较长(P＜0.05),术后恶心呕吐、嗜睡发生率较高(P＜0.05).结论 地佐辛复合氟比洛芬酯预处理瑞芬太尼麻醉术后痛觉过敏安全、有效,减少了单一用药出现的镇痛不全,降低了不良反应发生率.     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.