沈阳军区放射工作人员个人剂量调查

沈阳军区放射工作人员个人剂量调查谢怀江，宋聚忠，彭涛，吴建华个人剂量监测是放射防护工作中一项重要内容，它可以较准确地反映放射工作人员接受的剂量，为放射工作场所防护效果的评价和放射损伤的临床诊断提供依据。１９９０年和１９９３年我们对全军区８０９名放射工...     

西市安两级医院放射医师外照射剂量调查与分析

随着放射医学在医学领域中的广泛应用 ,它在给患者的诊断、治疗带来极大便利的同时 ,也给放射医师的健康产生负面影响。放射医师受照剂量大小 ,不仅和放射防护有关 ,还与其工作量 ,工作条件及曝光时间有关。在放射防护较完善的今天 ,为探讨工作量对放射医师外照射剂量的影响 ,作者对西安市 3所两个级别的医院放射医师外照射剂量进行了调查 ,现将结果分析如下。一、对象和方法选取市级医院 1所 ,县级医院 1所 ,相当于县级医院的职工医院 1所。对放射工作人员的个人剂量监测采用佩带个人剂量计的方法。本监测采用组织等效好、线性好的LiF(Mg…     

X线摄影质量管理中QA、QC的应用

随着医学影像学的飞速发展，CT，MRI等先进设备的引进，如何提高X线摄影质量及诊断水平减少辐射剂量，一直是值得研究的课题，在贯彻落实国际防护委员会（ICRP）文件要求“电离辐射正当化，最优化，剂量限值最低”的同时，又迎来了QA、QC全面质量管理的热门话题。放射科全面质量保证（Qualityassuranc简称QA）和质量控制（QualityCOntrol简称QC）最早起源于美国，后在日本兴起，现正在全球广泛开展，我国放射技术界与中华放射杂志编辑部早在1989年便将此列为正式日程，我院在QA、QC实施过程中同样取得明显成效。一、应充分认识Q…     

X射线诊断所致受检者体表剂量分布特性研究

目的　调查常用X射线诊断所致受检者体表剂量 (ESD)的现状 ,为探索建立放射诊断的医疗照射指导水平提供依据。方法　用聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯塑料模体和平板型电离室对 14种检查的ESD进行普查。结果　 14种X射线诊断所致受检者ESD的平均值均未超过IBSS的相应值 ,有 8种投照的剂量分布为对数正态分布。结论　控制受检者入射体表剂量是医疗照射防护最优化的重要内容 ,应尽快建立适合我国国情的指导水平     

X射线诊断所致受检者体表剂量分布特性研究

目的　调查常用X射线诊断所致受检者体表剂量 (ESD)的现状 ,为探索建立放射诊断的医疗照射指导水平提供依据。方法　用聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯塑料模体和平板型电离室对 14种检查的ESD进行普查。结果　 14种X射线诊断所致受检者ESD的平均值均未超过IBSS的相应值 ,有 8种投照的剂量分布为对数正态分布。结论　控制受检者入射体表剂量是医疗照射防护最优化的重要内容 ,应尽快建立适合我国国情的指导水平     

医用诊断X线机机房防护设施检测与分析

齐齐哈尔市疾病预防控制中心对辖区内的普通医用诊断X线机机房防护设施进行了放射防护检测与评价,对其放射工作人员个人剂量监测、个人防护用品进行了调查,现将结果报道如下.     

2014-2018年江西省医用放射工作人员外照射个人剂量监测结果分析

目的 分析江西省医疗机构放射工作人员的外照射个人剂量情况,为放射防护工作提供参考.方法 以2014-2018年江西省医疗机构不同工种放射工作人员为调查对象,工种包括诊断放射学、放射治疗、核医学和介入放射学,统计分析江西医用放射工作人员的受照剂量水平.结果 本次共调查23 833人次,平均人均年有效剂量为0.316 mS...     

烟台市放射工作人员个人剂量监测结果分析

为了解我市放射工作人员的受照剂量，保护放射工作人员的健康与安全，也为放射防护评价和职业病诊断提供剂量依据，我们于2006年对烟台市医用X射线诊断者、X射线工业探伤工作人员、临床介入医护人员、密封源应用人员进行了个人剂量监测。放射工作人员人均年剂量当量为1．50mSv。     

福建省放射工作人员剂量超过调查水平的原因分析

外照射个人剂量监测中常出现监测结果超过调查水平的情况,本调查分析了2005-2007年福建省放射工作人员超过调查水平剂量产生的原因,以探讨今后放射防护工作的重点.     

福建省放射工作人员剂量超过调查水平的原因分析

外照射个人剂量监测中常出现监测结果超过调查水平的情况,本调查分析了2005-2007年福建省放射工作人员超过调查水平剂量产生的原因,以探讨今后放射防护工作的重点.     

Radiation, thoracic imaging, and children: radiation safety

The chest is the most frequently evaluated region of the body in children. The majority of thoracic diagnostic imaging, namely "conventional" radiography (film screen, computed radiography and direct/digital radiography), fluoroscopy and angiography, and computed tomography, depends on ionizing radiation. Since errors, oversights, and inattention to radiation exposure continue to be extremely visible issue for radiology in the public eye it is incumbent on the imaging community to maximize the yield and minimize both the real and potential radiation risks with diagnostic imaging. Technical (e.g. equipment and technique) strategies can reduce exposure risk and improve study quality, but these must be matched with efforts to optimize appropriate utilization for safe and effective healthcare in thoracic imaging in children. To these ends, material in this chapter will review practice patterns, dose measures and modality doses, radiation biology and risks, and radiation risk reduction strategies for thoracic imaging in children.     

山东省医用X射线诊断应用频度调查

目的 分析山东省X射线影像诊断应用分布特点及影响因素，估算全省的X射线影像诊断的应用频度，为X射线装置的配置提供数据支撑。方法 采用随机分层典型抽样方法，抽取山东省10个地级市的32家医疗机构作为样本医院，调查医疗机构基本信息及受检者的年龄、性别、检查类型和检查部位等信息，分析X射线应用项目的分布情况并利用多元线性回归模型进行预估。结果 共有受检者14 694 085例，抽取的样本中男女比例并非完全均匀。共收集2016年的X射线影像诊断信息2 099 155条，常规X射线摄影应用频度最高，占59.49%；其次为CT检查，占28.34%；且两类检查的频度呈随年龄增加的趋势。在常规X射线诊断检查和CT检查的总频度中，三级医院所占比例最高，达52.13%；二级医院较低，占30.09%；一级医院最低，为17.77%。常规X射线摄影中的胸部摄影占比最高，占32.79%；CT检查中的颅脑检查占比最高，为10.07%。透视检查、乳腺摄影和牙科摄影主要集中在三级医院，一级医院主要以X射线摄影为主。多元线性回归模型显示，常规X射线诊断项目（包含常规X射线摄影、透视造影、牙科摄影和乳腺摄影）的应用频度与设备量、门急诊量、三级医院呈现正相关（t=4.334、3.615、2.339，P<0.05），CT检查与设备量和住院量呈现正相关（t=2.167、2.595，P<0.05）。通过估算，山东省常规X射线诊断和CT照射检查的检查频度分别491.17人次/千人口和258.17人次/千人口。结论 山东省X射线照射频度较"九五"期间显著增长，各相关部门应采取有力措施，加强医疗照射防护，降低辐射危害。     

Radiation dose and image quality in diagnostic radiology. Optimization of the dose-image quality relationship with clinical experience from scoliosis radiography,coronary intervention and a flat-panel digital detector

X-rays are known to cause malignancies, skin damage and other side effects and they are thus potentially dangerous. Therefore, it is essential and in fact mandatory to reduce the radiation dose in diagnostic radiology as far as possible. This is also known as the ALARA (as low as reasonably achievable) principle. However, the dose is linked to image quality and the image quality may not be lowered so far that it jeopardizes the diagnostic outcome of a radiographic procedure. The process of reaching this balance between dose and image quality is called optimization. The aim of this thesis was to propose and evaluate methods for optimizing the radiation dose-image quality relationship in diagnostic radiography with a focus on clinical usefulness. The work was performed in three main parts. OPTIMIZATION OF SCOLIOSIS RADIOGRAPHY: In the first part, two recently developed methods for digital scoliosis radiography (digital exposure and pulse fluoroscopy) were evaluated and compared to the standard screen-film method. Radiation dose was measured as kerma area-product (KAP), entrance surface dose (ESD) and effective dose; image quality was assessed with a contrast-detail phantom and through visual grading analysis. Accuracy in angle measurements was also evaluated. The radiation dose for digital exposure was nearly twice as high as the screen-film method at a comparable image quality while the dose for pulsed fluoroscopy was very low but with a considerably lower image quality. The variability in angle measurements was sufficiently low for all methods. Then, the digital exposure protocol was optimized to a considerably lower dose with a slightly lower image quality compared to the baseline. FLAT-PANEL DETECTOR: In the second part, an amorphous-silicon direct digital flat-panel detector was evaluated using a contrast-detail phantom, measuring dose as entrance dose. The flat-panel detector yielded a superior image quality at a lower dose than both storage phosphor plates and screen-film. Equivalent image quality compared to storage phosphor plates was reached at about one-third of the dose. OPTIMIZATION OF PERCUTANEOUS CORONARY INTERVENTION (PCI): In the third part, influence of various settings on radiation dose and image quality in coronary catheterisation and PCI was investigated. Based on these findings, the dose rate for fluoroscopy was reduced to one-third. The dose reduction was evaluated in a clinical series of 154 PCI procedures before and 138 after the optimization. Through this optimization, the total KAP was significantly reduced to two-thirds of the original value. IN SUMMARY: This thesis indicates the possibility of dose reduction in diagnostic radiology through optimization of the radiographic process.     

Radiation protection of patients in diagnostic radiology: status of practice in five Eastern-European countries, based on IAEA project

The purpose of this work was to investigate status of imaging technology and practice in five countries in Eastern-European region and evaluate the impact of IAEA projects on radiation protection of patients. Information collected using standardized IAEA protocol included status of technology, practices and patient dose levels in interventional procedure, radiography, mammography and computed tomography (CT). In spite of increased number of digital units, single phase generators or units older than 30 year are still in use. Examples of obsolete practice such as using fluoroscopy for positioning, photofluorography, chest fluoroscopy and soft-beam technique for chest radiography are also in use. Modern multi-slice CT or digital mammography units are available; however, there is lack of adequate radiation protection and medical physics support in hospitals. Information on patient doses in interventional procedures, conventional radiography, mammography and CT was collected to have baseline data and corrective measures were proposed with appropriate follow up actions taken.     

Effective dose in Albanian direct chest fluoroscopy

In the absence of reliable supplies of X-ray film, direct fluoroscopy is still extensively used in Albania, with chest radiology a particularly common application. This paper aims to quantify both patient skin dose and the risk-related quantity effective dose for direct fluoroscopy units based in seven different Albanian X-ray departments. A standard Quality Assurance (QA) protocol was used to assess tube potential accuracy, half value layer and X-ray tube output of these units. Three groups of X-ray beam parameters were defined from the QA results, covering the range of chest posteroanterior (PA) fluoroscopy technique factors seen during the study. Organ-equivalent doses were then measured for a nominal PA chest fluoroscopy examination using a Rando anthropomorphic phantom loaded with lithium fluoride thermoluminescent dosimeter chips. Normalised organ dose factors are listed for the three groups of beam conditions simulated. Using these factors, effective dose for the seven systems surveyed was found to be between 0.06 and 0.42 mSv for a 20 s PA chest fluoroscopy examination. Mean effective dose for this group of systems was 0.22 mSv which is a factor of 13 greater than mean effective dose for film/screen PA chest radiography in the UK, whereas entrance surface dose was a factor of 50 greater than the current EU reference level. Received: 11 February 2000 Accepted: 23 May 2000     

欧洲儿童CT成像的诊断参考水平

欧盟委员会（EC）发布了最新《欧洲儿童成像诊断参考水平指南》（辐射防护第185号）。该指南详细介绍了建立欧洲儿童成像诊断参考水平（DRL）的背景、目的、方法和用法,涵盖X射线摄影、透视、CT及介入放射学（IR）方面。回顾性分析了现有欧洲儿童国家级DRL（NDRL）的现状、优势和局限性,在现有辐射剂量数据资源的基础上,达成了一些共识,出台了欧洲儿童的DRL（EDRL）,为欧洲儿童的辐射防护优化提供了最新的指导意见。对于国内放射从业人员了解相关知识具有积极的借鉴意义。     

Strahlenschutz in der interventionellen Radiologie

The application of ionizing radiation in medicine seems to be a safe procedure for patients as well as for occupational exposition to personnel. The developments in interventional radiology with fluoroscopy and dose-intensive interventions require intensified radiation protection. It is recommended that all available tools should be used for this purpose. Besides the options for instruments, x?ray protection at the intervention table must be intensively practiced with lead aprons and mounted lead glass. A special focus on eye protection to prevent cataracts is also recommended. The development of cataracts might no longer be deterministic, as confirmed by new data; therefore, the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) has lowered the threshold dose value for eyes from 150 mSv/year to 20 mSv/year. Measurements show that the new values can be achieved by applying all X?ray protection measures plus lead-containing eyeglasses.     

Computed tomography diagnostic reference levels for adult brain,chest and abdominal examinations: A systematic review

ObjectivesRadiation dose variation within and among Computed Tomography (CT) centres is commonly reported. This work systematically reviewed published articles on adult Diagnostic Reference Levels (DRLs) for the brain, chest and abdomen to determine the causes and extent of variation. A systematic literature search and review was performed in selected databases containing leading journals in radiography, radiology and medical physics using carefully defined search terms related to CT and DRLs. The quality of the included articles was determined using the Effective Public Health Practise Project tool for quantitative studies.Key findingsThe 54 articles reviewed include: 45 studies using human data, 8 studies using phantom data, and one study with both human and phantom data. The main comparator in between studies was the dose indices used in reporting DRLs. DRL variations of up to a factor of 2 for the same procedure were noted in phantom studies, and up to a factor of 3 in human studies. Sources of variation include the type of scanner, the age of the scanner, differences in protocols, variations in patients, as well as variations in study design. Different combinations of dose indices were reported: volume computed tomography dose index (CTDIvol) and dose length product (DLP) (59%); DLP only (11%); weighted computed tomography dose index (CTDIw) and DLP (9%); CTDIvol only (7%); CTDIvol, DLP and effective dose (ED) (6%); CTDIw only (4%); CTDIvol, DLP and size specific dose estimate (SSDE) (1%) and CTDIw, CTDIvol and DLP (1%). The use of different dose indices limited dose comparison between studies.ConclusionThe study noted a 2–3 fold variation in DRLs between studies for the same procedure. The causes of variation are reported and include study design, scanner technology and the use of different dose indices.Implications for practiceThere is a need for standardisation of CT DRLs in line with the International Commission on Radiological Protection recommendations to reduce dose variation and facilitate dose comparison.     

一台引起放射性皮肤损伤的介入放射学设备检测结果调查与分析

目的 通过调查和分析一台引起放射性皮肤损伤的介入放射学设备的质量控制检测结果,为介入放射学程序运行过程中的放射防护最优化提供建议。方法 调取一台引起患者放射性皮肤损伤的介入放射学设备近3年的5次质量控制检测报告,比较检测结果的差异并分析存在的问题。结果 对于“透视受检者入射体表空气比释动能率典型值”项目,3家机构5次检测结果在6.08~24.89 mGy/min之间,符合相关标准的要求;不同曝光模式(普通剂量率透视模式、高剂量率透视模式、电影模式)和不同帧率对受检者入射体表空气比释动能率和透视防护区检测平面上周围剂量当量率检测结果影响较大;操作该设备的介入医生对设备的曝光模式了解不足,手术后未记录患者剂量。结论 通过对介入放射学设备的调试可显著降低患者剂量;建议在标准修订时增加参考点累积剂量或剂量面积乘积准确性指标的检测;加强对介入医生和技师的专业培训,使其充分了解设备不同曝光模式对患者和术者剂量的影响。     

Radiation doses in extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy

Patients undergoing lithotripsy on the Siemens Lithostar system are exposed to radiation in three modes: film radiography, electronic radiography and fluoroscopy. Radiation exposure techniques (kVp, field size, number of exposures and projection) were recorded for the first 125 patients undergoing treatment on a recently installed Lithostar unit at a Winnipeg hospital. These data were then used in conjunction with phantom-based radiation dose measurements to calculate entrance skin dose and total energy imparted for each patient. Values of 142 mGy and 53 mJ, respectively, were found. In the case of energy imparted, 20% of the total arose from film radiography, 30% from electronic radiography and the remaining 50% from fluoroscopy. The estimated effective dose-equivalent, HE, to the average patient undergoing lithotripsy was 0.75 mSv. This corresponds to an estimated radiation risk for the induction of fatal cancers and genetic defects (in the first two generations of offspring) of between 5 and 11 per million.