核设施流出物照射人体器官的当量剂量和有效剂量的计算

目的研究在核设施流出物照射条件下ＩＣＲＰ６０号出版物建议的新辐射量（当量剂量和有效剂量）算法和有关参数,建立在核设施防护领域应用新辐射量的剂量学资料。方法采用ＡＤＡＭ和ＥＶＡ拟人计算模型和组织空气比的方法计算器官当量剂量和有效剂量。结果给出了核设施正常运行和事故时可能释放的近２００种核素,在空气浸没、水中浸没和地表沉积物３种照射方式下,器官当量剂量率因子和有效剂量率因子,考虑了男性１８种和女性２０种器官;有效剂量与有效剂量当量相差在２０％以内。结论新旧辐射量相差不大,本文结果可用于核设施流出物外照射人员的剂量估计。     

核设施流出物照射人体器官的当量剂量和有效剂量的 …

目的 研究在核设施流出物照射条件下ＩＣＲＰ６０喉出版物建议的新辐射量算法和有关参数，建立在核设施防护领域应用新辐射量的剂量学资料。方法 采用ＡＤＡＭ和ＥＶＡ拟人计算模型和组织－经的方法计算器官当量剂量和有效剂量。结果 给出了人核设施正常运行和事故时可能释放的近２００种核素，在空气浸没，水中浸没和地表沉积物３种照射方式下，器官当量剂量率因子和有效剂量率因子，考虑了男性１８种和女性２０种器官；有效剂量     

氡暴露的剂量评价方法

吸入氡子体可以导致对人体的辐射照射 ,通常称为暴露(ｅｘｐｏｓｕｒｅ)。在对氡子体的暴露进行剂量评价和危险度的估算、比较时 ,需要把氡子体的暴露量换算为有效剂量。就其具体的剂量估算方法 ,联合国原子辐射效应科学委员会(ＵＮＳＣＥＡＲ)、国际放射防护委员会 (ＩＣＲＰ)、美国电离辐射生物效应委员会 (ＢＥＩＲ)等国际组织均提出了相应的方法 ,在此可以概括地将其分为两类 ,即 (1)剂量学评价方法 ,(2 )流行病学评价方法。ＵＮＳＣＥＡＲ一直采用的是剂量学评价方法。剂量学评价方法是根据ＩＣＲＰ第 32号出版物 (1981年 )提出的剂量…     

ICRP和NCRP新肺模型的特点

ＩＣＲＰ和ＮＣＲＰ新肺模型的特点李玮博，郑文忠，叶常青１简介１９８４年，国际放射防护委员会（ＩＣＲＰ）成立了肺模型工作组，在ＩＣＲＰ第３０号出版物［１］中采用的现行肺模型的基础上提出了新的呼吸道模型（简称ＩＣＲＰ新肺模型），并以ＩＣＲＰ第６６号出版物...     

婴幼儿心导管检查中职业照射剂量的研究

婴幼儿心导管检查中职业照射剂量的研究李连波，高野，甲斐伦明，草间朋子心导管检查已广泛应用于心脏病的诊断，若检查者操作时间过长，工作量较大，其受照剂量有可能接近或超过ＩＣＲＰ年剂量限值［１］，因此心导管检查中所致放射工作人员剂量水平已引起广泛重视，不少...     

人体受照器官有效剂量当量的实验评价

本文给出了人体受照器官平均剂量当量的实验评价。实验将氧化镀(Beo)热释光剂量计布放在RANDO男性和女性体模的不同器官内, 测量前一后入射方向(anterior-posterior)不同光子能量所产生的平均器官剂量, 并根据ICRP26号报告书推荐的剂量限值体系, 估算出人体器官的有效剂量当量。同时与蒙特卡罗理论计算结果进行了比较。结果表明, 人体受照器官有效剂量当量的理论值与实验估计值具有良好的一致性。尽管还没有证实测量值的总精确度, 考虑到实验条件较为先进, 可以认为, 总测量精度不超过20%。     

江西省食品和水中天然放射性核素水平及所致居民内剂量评价

本文报道了1982～1984年全省主要食品和水中天然放射性核素含量调查的结果,同时计算了居民由食品和水中放射性核素的摄入量,进而采用ICRP30号出版物给出的方法估算待积有效剂量当量。     

医用诊断X射线工作者有效剂量与剂量计读数的关系研究

医用诊断Ｘ射线工作者有效剂量与剂量计读数的关系研究辛旺堂，张平化，张乃虎，何慧敏，卫军关于医用诊断Ｘ射线工作者剂量计的佩戴位置曾经历了长期争论［１］，一般每个工作者只带一枚剂量计，该剂量计读数即代表全身剂量，若剂量计读数与有效剂量间相互转换关系的说明...     

3种常见介入诊疗中放射工作人员有效剂量的估算

目的 选取介入放射学中较常见的脑血管、心血管和肝脏介入诊疗,估算以上3种介入诊疗中放射工作人员的有效剂量.方法 通过仿真人体模型实验,了解脑血管、心血管、肝脏介入诊疗中仿真体模内组织、器官的吸收剂量,并根据ICRP 103号出版物中规定的组织权重因子估算3种介入诊疗中放射工作人员的有效剂量.结果 脑血管介入诊疗时,介入放射工作人员的有效剂量分别为高剂量组24.0μSv、中剂量组9.7μSv、低剂量组6.8 μSv;心血管介入诊疗时,放射工作人员的有效剂量分别为高剂量组36.3 μSv、中剂量组29.3 μSv、低剂量组17.8μSv;肝脏介入诊疗时,放射工作人员的有效剂量分别为高剂量组23.9 μSv、中剂量组11.3μSv、低剂量组5.5μSv.结论 心血管介入诊疗中放射工作人员高、中、低3个剂量组的有效剂量分别高于脑血管和肝脏介入诊疗时相应剂量组的有效剂量.

Abstract：

Objective To study and estimate the effective dose of interventional employees in the common cerebralvascular, cardiovascular and liver interventional diagnosis and treatment.Methods The absorbed doses of tissue or organ of anthropomorphic phantom in these three procedures were estimated by the anthropomorphic phantom experiment.The effective doses were calculated by the tissue weight factor which was given by International Commission on Radiological Protection publication 103.Results The effective doses to high, medium and low group were 24.0, 9.7,6.8 μSv for cerebralvascular interventional diagnosis and treatment, and 36.3, 29.3, 17.8 μSv for cardiovascular interventional diagnosis and treatment, and 23.9, 11.3, 5.5 μ Sv for liver interventional diagnosis and treatment, respectively.Conclusions The effective doses of high, medium and low group of interventional employees in cardiovascular interventional procedure are higher than those of cerebralvascular and liver interventional procedures.     

我国食物和环境氚所致居民剂量

目的：研究90年代初我国第一人核电站商业运行前我国居民经食物,饮水和空气途径的年氚摄入量和氚致待有积有效剂量。方法：根据我国食物和环境氚调查的氚浓度数据。我国居民空气、饮水和食物摄入量数据和ICRP72号出版物推荐的剂量系数,用MSOffice软件进行计算和归因分析。结果：计算了氚致列我国各地区成年,少年,幼儿组经诸途径的年氚摄入量和待积有效剂量。我国成人,少年和幼儿平均每年的氚摄入量分别为16200,11600和8040Bq/a,氚致待积有效剂量分别为0．53,0．52和0．75μSv/a。结论：我国氚致居民剂量的主要来源是食物,特别是食物中的有机结合氚,食物氚致剂量对3个年龄组平均约占87％。     

Evaluation of effective dose from a RANDO phantom in videofluorography diagnostic procedures for diagnosing dysphagia

Objectives

Videofluorography (VF) is useful for diagnosing dysphagia; however, few reports have investigated appropriate effective doses for VF. The present study aimed to estimate the effective radiation dose in VF for diagnosis of dysphagia.

Methods

Radiation doses to tissues and organs were measured using the anthropomorphic RANDO woman phantom as an equivalent to the human body. Effective doses were estimated according to the recommendations of the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) 60 in 1990 and IRCP 103 in 2007. The tissues measured were those recommended by ICRP 60 and ICRP 103 including gonads (ovaries and testes), red bone marrow and tissues in which excessive radiation commonly causes malignant tumours including lung, thyroid gland, stomach, large intestine, liver, oesophagus, bladder, breast, bone marrow, skin, brain and salivary gland. Skin dose was also measured using thermoluminescent dosimeters.

Results

Using ICRP 103, the effective dose was estimated as 118.1 μSv at a tube voltage of 50 kV and 82.4 μSv at 45 kV. However, using ICRP 60 the effective dose for 1 min of VF was estimated at 62.4 μSv and 47.2 μSv under the same exposure conditions.

Conclusions

Using ICRP 103, the effective dose for VF per examination at a total estimation time of 1 min was estimated as approximately 2.5–8.3 times that observed for digital panoramic radiography and 1/12 to 3 times depending on the measurement device for cone beam CT (CBCT). This value can be decreased in the future using a smaller irradiation field and decreased time for examination in VF in the future.     

不同版本国际放射防护委员会建议组织器官权重因子对心脏介入诊疗所致有效剂量的影响

目的 对比采用国际放射防护委员会(ICRP)60和ICRP 103组织器官权重因子计算冠状动脉血管造影术(CAG)及经皮穿刺腔内冠状动脉成形术(PCI)所致有效幅射剂量的变化.方法 采用在ART仿真人体辐照体模(fluke biomedical)躯干部分布放热释光剂量计的方法获得器官剂量,再将器官剂量按照不同版本ICRP组织器官权重因子加权求和获得有效剂量.分析有效剂量变化趋势及原因.同时计算有效剂量与剂量面积乘积(DAP)转换系数.结果 ICRP 103对组织器官权重因子进行调整后带来了有效剂量的增加:CAG(6.88%)和PCI(8.46%).对于CAG、PCI诊疗过程,权重因子的变化带来女性有效剂量的变化为7.25%(8.76%),男性有效剂量的变化为6.51%(8.17%);有效剂量对DAP的转换系数也从0.10(0.13)变为0.11(0.14).结论 ICRP 103对组织器官权重因子的调整导致了CAG和PCI诊疗过程所致患者器官剂量的增加,对于有效剂量增加幅度PCI略高于CAG,女性患者略高于男性患者.有效剂量的增加有两方面原因:器官权重因子变化小而器官当量剂量大和器官当量计晕小但器官权重因子变化大.有效剂量和DAP之间转换系数的变化表明在介入放射工作中用转换系数估算患者有效剂量时要考虑新版本ICRP对组织器官权重因子的调整.     

A PC program for estimating organ dose and effective dose values in computed tomography

Dose values in CT are specified by the manufacturers for all CT systems and operating conditions in phantoms. It is not trivial, however, to derive dose values in patients from this information. Therefore, we have developed a PC-based program which calculates organ dose and effective dose values for arbitrary scan parameters and anatomical ranges. Values for primary radiation are derived from measurements or manufacturer specifications; values for scattered radiation are derived from Monte Carlo calculations tabulated for standard anthropomorphic phantoms. Based on these values, organ doses can be computed by the program for arbitrary scan protocols in conventional and in spiral CT. Effective dose values are also provided, both with ICRP 26 and ICRP 60 tissue-weighting coefficients. Results for several standard CT protocols are presented in tabular form in this paper. In addition, potential for dose reduction is demonstrated, for example, in spiral CT and in quantitative CT. Providing realistic patient dose estimates for arbitrary CT protocols is relevant both for the physician and the patient, and it is particularly useful for educational and training purposes. The program, called WinDose, is now in use at the Erlangen University hospitals (Germany) as an information tool for radiologists and patients. Further extensions are planned. Received: 9 March 1998; Revision received: 4 June 1998; Accepted: 4 November 1998     

Effective dose from radiopharmaceuticals

The effective dose, as defined by the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP 1991), provides a possibility of expressing the radiation risk to patients undergoing different radiodiagnostic procedures by means of a single figure. This has been obtained by introducing organ or tissue weighting factors reflecting the radiation sensitivity of the organs. Such weighting factors were first published by the ICRP in publication 26 (1977), and have now been revised in publication 60 (1991). The effective dose for almost all radiopharmaceuticals in clinical use has been recalculated using the new weighting factors from ICRP 60 (1991) and compared with results from former calculations. A slight decrease in the numerical value for the effective dose has been observed, on average 11%. However, this does not correspond to a decrease in the estimated risk from the irradiation, since this has been re-evaluated and found to be higher than earlier believed (NAS 1990; ICRP 1991). Correspondence to: L. Johansson     

Estimation and comparison of effective dose (E) in standard chest CT by organ dose measurements and dose-length-product methods and assessment of the influence of CT tube potential (energy dependency) on effective dose in a dual-source CT

Purpose

To determine effective dose (E) during standard chest CT using an organ dose-based and a dose-length-product-based (DLP) approach for four different scan protocols including high-pitch and dual-energy in a dual-source CT scanner of the second generation.

Materials and methods

Organ doses were measured with thermo luminescence dosimeters (TLD) in an anthropomorphic male adult phantom. Further, DLP-based dose estimates were performed by using the standard 0.014 mSv/mGycm conversion coefficient k. Examinations were performed on a dual-source CT system (Somatom Definition Flash, Siemens). Four scan protocols were investigated: (1) single-source 120 kV, (2) single-source 100 kV, (3) high-pitch 120 kV, and (4) dual-energy with 100/Sn140 kV with equivalent CTDIvol and no automated tube current modulation. E was then determined following recommendations of ICRP publication 103 and 60 and specific k values were derived.

Results

DLP-based estimates differed by 4.5–16.56% and 5.2–15.8% relatively to ICRP 60 and 103, respectively. The derived k factors calculated from TLD measurements were 0.0148, 0.015, 0.0166, and 0.0148 for protocol 1, 2, 3 and 4, respectively. Effective dose estimations by ICRP 103 and 60 for single-energy and dual-energy protocols show a difference of less than 0.04 mSv.

Conclusion

Estimates of E based on DLP work equally well for single-energy, high-pitch and dual-energy CT examinations. The tube potential definitely affects effective dose in a substantial way. Effective dose estimations by ICRP 103 and 60 for both single-energy and dual-energy examinations differ not more than 0.04 mSv.     

Effective dose evaluation for BNCT brain tumor treatment based on voxel phantoms

For BNCT treatments, in addition to tumor target doses, non-negligible doses will result in all the remaining organs of the body. This work aims to evaluate the effective dose as well as the average absorbed doses of each of organs of patients with brain tumor treated in the BNCT epithermal neutron beam at THOR. The effective doses were evaluated according to the definitions of ICRP Publications 60 and 103 for the reference male and female computational phantoms developed in ICRP Publication 110 by using the MCNP5 Monte Carlo code with the THOR-Y09 beam source. The effective dose acquired in this work was compared with the results of our previous work calculated for an adult hermaphrodite mathematical phantom. It was found that the effective dose for the female voxel phantom is larger than that for the male voxel phantom by a factor of 1.2–1.5 and the effective dose for the voxel phantom is larger than that for the mathematical phantom by a factor of 1.3–1.6. For a typical brain tumor BNCT, the effective dose was calculated to be 1.51 Sv and the average absorbed dose for eye lenses was 1.07 Gy.     

Effective dose evaluation for BNCT treatment in the epithermal neutron beam at THOR

This paper aims to evaluate the effective dose as well as equivalent doses of several organs of an adult hermaphrodite mathematical phantom according to the definition of ICRP Publication 60 for BNCT treatments of brain tumors in the epithermal neutron beam at THOR. The MCNP5 Monte Carlo code was used for the calculation of the average absorbed dose of each organ. The effective doses for a typical brain tumor treatment with a tumor treatment dose of 20 Gy-eq were evaluated to be 0.59 and 0.35 Sv for the LLAT and TOP irradiation geometries, respectively. In addition to the stochastic effect, it was found that it is also likely to produce deterministic effects, such as cataracts and depression of haematopoiesis.     

3种介入术中工作人员的辐射剂量水平分析

目的 分析和评价临床实施较多的3种典型介入术中,工作人员的辐射剂量水平.方法 用仿真模体模拟实际诊疗情况,用热释光(TLD)元件作为测量工具,检测X射线机旁有/无防护组合时介人工作者眼晶状体、颈部及胸部的辐射剂量水平,估算其眼晶状体当量剂量和有效剂量.结果 X射线机旁有防护设施条件下,头部受照剂量减少85%～90%.脑血管介入术第一手术者眼晶状体当量剂量高于心血管和外周血管介入术,外周血管介入术第一手术者年有效剂量低于脑血管和心血管介入术.结论 介入工作者在本研究中使用的防护措施及适当的工作强度下,年有效剂量不会超过20 mSv的限值,但眼晶状体当量剂量可能会超过ICRP最新推荐的眼晶状体剂量限值(20 mSv),介入工作者应重视对眼晶状体的防护.

Abstract：

Objective To assess the level of radiation exposures of operators in three typical types of interventional fluoroscopic procedures.Methods Alderson Radiation Therapy (ART) phantom was used to stimulate the practices of diagnosis and therapy using TLDs for dose measurement.The radiation exposures of eye lens, neck, and breast were measured when the lead shielding of machine was on/off and the equivalent dose and effective dose to the eye lens were estimated.Results Radiation exposure of head was obviously reduced by 85% -90% when the lead shielding was on.The doses in different procedures were different.In cerebral angiography the dose equivalent of eye len was the highest in the three procedures.The annual effective dose for the operators was smaller in peripheral vascular interventions than that in cardiovascular interventional therapy and that in cerebral angiography.Conclusions The operators involved in intervention will receive an annual effective dose of less than 20 mSv as recommended by the ICRP under the protection conditions provided by the current study, except for eye lens.Attention should be paid to the protection of the eyes of operators.     

心血管病介入诊疗程序中第一术者有效剂量估算方法的比较研究

目的 通过模拟实验测量,比较国际辐射防护委员会（ICRP）139号报告推荐的4种单双剂量计算法对估算心血管介入诊疗程序中第一术者有效剂量之间的差异,以探讨这4种算法对介入诊疗场景的适用性。方法 模拟第一术者的男性躯干模体穿戴铅衣和铅围脖,在其体内布放热释光探测器,在其铅衣内外布放热释光个人剂量计,模拟心血管病介入诊疗场景,通过模拟测量得到的器官剂量计算第一术者的有效剂量,与通过个人剂量计及4种单双剂量计算法得到的结果进行比较。结果 在本实验条件下,由模拟测量计算得到的有效剂量为0.581 mSv;而用Swiss ordinance法、McEwan法、Von Boetticher法与Martin-Magee法估算得到的有效剂量分别为0.667、0.484、0.485和0.726 mSv,与模拟测量得到的有效剂量的相对偏差分别为14.8%、-16.7%、-16.5%和24.9%。结论 4种计算方法得到第一术者有效剂量与模拟测量结果均有较大的差异;从辐射防护观点出发,推荐使用Swiss ordinance法开展心血管病介入诊疗程序中第一术者的个人剂量监测。