后腹腔镜下肾盂输尿管切开取石术（附38例报告）

目的总结后腹腔镜肾盂输尿管切开取石术经验。方法回顾分析后腹腔镜肾盂输尿管切开取石术治疗肾盂结石5例,输尿管中上段结石33例。结果37例取石成功。手术时间平均80.7 min;术中出血量平均86 mL;术后住院时间平均4.8 d;随访2-38月,术后平均20.5 d恢复正常,术后输尿管狭窄1例。结论后腹腔镜肾盂输尿管切开取石术是治疗肾盂和输尿管中上段结石的一种安全有效的微创手术方式,可取代部分开放性手术。     

后腹腔镜肾盂输尿管切开取石术(附81例报告)

目的　评价后腹腔镜肾盂输尿管切开取石术治疗肾盂及输尿管中上段结石的应用价值。　方法　施行后腹腔镜肾盂输尿管切开取石术 81例 88侧。男 5 1例 ,女 30例。年龄 12～ 6 5岁 ,平均 36岁。结石直径 0 .8～ 3.0cm。左侧 4 1例 ,右侧 33例 ,双侧 7例。其中肾盂结石 11例 ,输尿管上段结石 6 8例 ,中段 2例。 3例为输尿管阴性结石。 2 1例曾行体外冲击波碎石术 (ESWL)或经输尿管镜气压弹道碎石术 (URL)或两者联合治疗 ;1例曾行经皮肾镜取石术 (MPCNL)、1例行URL致输尿管穿孔 ,中转腹腔镜手术。　结果　结石均一次取净。手术时间 30～ 2 10min ,平均 6 5min ;术中出血量 10～ 6 0ml,平均 2 5ml。 30例合并其他泌尿系疾病者术中一并施行后腹腔镜手术治疗。术后住院时间 4～ 10d。 6 0例获随访 1～ 16个月 ,无结石复发。　结论　后腹腔镜肾盂输尿管切开取石术可成为较大、质硬、阴性、慢性嵌顿性肾盂输尿管上段结石 ,尤其在孤立肾时的一线治疗 ;可作为ESWL和腔内治疗失败的补救治疗措施 ;并可同期行腹腔镜手术治疗并发疾病。     

经腹与经腹膜后腹腔镜输尿管切开取石术的比较

目的探讨经腹与经腹膜后腹腔镜输尿管切开取石术的选择。方法2002年10月~2004年10月采用腹腔镜技术行输尿管切开取石术70例,其中22例采用经腹腔途径手术(腹腔组),48例采用经腹膜后途径手术(腹膜后组)。结果腹膜后组1例因结石移入肾脏改行开放性手术,余69例取石成功。手术时间45~180 m in,平均73 m in。腹腔组与腹膜后组比较,手术时间分别为(71±13)m in与(79±17)m in,术后引流时间分别为(4.2±1.8)d与(3.6±1.2)d,术后住院时间分别为(6.2±2.8)d与(6.1±2.9)d,上述指标组间比较差异均无显著性(P>0.05)。59例随访2~18个月,平均6个月,B超、肾功能及静脉尿路造影(intravenous urography,IVU)检查肾盂积水不同程度缩小及肾功能明显好转(血BUN 5.2~10.4 mmol/L;血Cr 75~158μmol/L);无输尿管切开处狭窄,炎性息肉切除后无复发,结石无复发。结论经腹与经腹膜后腹腔镜输尿管切开取石术是安全有效的治疗输尿管结石的方法,创伤小,恢复快,输尿管上段结石宜经腹膜后途径,中、下段结石宜经腹腔途径。     

后腹腔镜肾盂输尿管切开取石术20例报告

目的：探索后腹腔镜肾盂输尿管切开取石术的方法。方法：采用后腹腔镜直视下肾盂输尿管切开取石术治疗肾盂结石患者4例和输尿管中上段结石患者16例。结果：19例取石成功，1例失败改为开放手术。手术时间平均89.7min，术中出血量平均98ml，术后住院时间平均5.8d。随访4～18个月，术后恢复正常工作时间平均23．8d；术后输尿管狭窄1例。结论：后腹腔镜肾盂输尿管切开取石术是治疗肾盂和输尿管中上段结石的一种安全、有效的微创手术方式，可取代部分开放性手术，具有推广价值。     

腹腔镜辅助体外输尿管切开取石术21例报告

目的:探讨腹腔镜辅助体外输尿管切开取石术治疗输尿管中上段结石的可行性。方法:经腹腔在腹腔镜下游离结石部位输尿管,延长结石体表投影处戳口1~2cm,通过戳口将结石部位输尿管提至腹壁外,行输尿管切开取石术。结果:21例手术均获成功。手术时间为28~65min,平均43min;术中出血量10~40ml,平均25ml;术后住院7~8d,平均7.3d;术中术后无并发症发生。19例随访2~12个月,平均5.5个月,经静脉肾盂造影或B超检查未见积水及结石复发。结论:腹腔镜辅助体外输尿管切开取石术结合了开腹手术与腹腔镜手术的优点,减少了手术创伤,缩短了手术时间,手术难度降低,术后患者康复快,效果满意。     

后腹腔镜输尿管上段切开取石术12例报告

目的:探讨经后腹腔镜输尿管上段切开取石术治疗输尿管结石的临床价值和疗效。方法:对12例(14侧)输尿管上段结石采用后腹腔镜治疗。结果:均一次性取石成功,一侧手术时间72~163m in,平均89m in,出血量25~80m l。术后1~2d拔除导尿管,7d拆线治愈出院。3~4周后门诊拔出双J管。结论:对结石直径较大、质硬、多次ESWL碎石失败、嵌顿时间长或有息肉包裹、输尿管严重迂曲的输尿管上段结石进行后腹腔镜治疗,安全、微创、疗效确切。     

后腹腔镜输尿管切开取石术的临床应用

目的:探讨后腹腔镜输尿管切开取石术的手术技巧及治疗效果。方法:为25例输尿管中上段结石患者行后腹腔镜输尿管切开取石术。结果:25例均取石成功,手术时间60~140m in,平均100m in。术后仅1例漏尿。术后3~4周拔双J管,术后随访1~12个月,行B超、KUB及IVP检查,结石无复发,输尿管无狭窄,肾功能改善。结论:后腹腔镜输尿管切开取石术安全,效果确切,患者损伤小,康复快,并发症少,在基层医院有望代替开放性输尿管切开取石术。     

140例后腹腔镜输尿管切开取石术经验总结及改良

目的总结后腹腔镜输尿管切开取石术经验,并改良术式。方法回顾性分析140例后腹腔镜输尿管切开取石术的患者临床资料。结果手术时间50～220 min(平均时间82 min),出血量10～50 m(l平均出血20 ml)。术后无漏尿、无结石残留,随访2～20个月,患者肾、输尿管积水消失或好转,无输尿管狭窄等并发症。结论后腹腔镜输尿管切开取石术输尿管结石安全、有效。     

腹腔镜手术治疗输尿管结石33例报告

目的 探讨后腹腔镜输尿管切开取石术治疗输尿管结石的安全有效性.方法 33例输尿管中上段结石均采用后腹腔镜下输管切开取石术.其中,26例有体外冲击波碎石(ESWL)或输尿管镜下碎石(URSL)治疗史,结石直径0.7～2.1 cm.结果 33例手术均成功,手术时间30～120 min,平均55 min;术中出血20～80 ml,平均40 ml;随访6～12 个月,肾积水减轻,无并发症.结论 后腹腔镜下输尿管切开取石术是安全有效的微创技术,患者术后恢复快,尤其适合其他方法治疗失败的输尿管结石.     

后腹腔镜下输尿管切开取石术体会（附146例报告）

目的探讨后腹腔镜输尿管切开取石术的技术要点和临床价值。方法采用后腹腔镜完成146例输尿管中上段切开取石术,结石2～5cm;术后均留置双J管。结果手术顺利,结石清除率100％。术后腹膜后引流量不多,3～5d拔引流管,1周后出院。结论后腹腔镜切开取石术是一种有效而微创的手术明显优于开放手术,值得推广,随着技术的不断完善和普及,基本上可取代常规的开放肾盂输尿管中上段切开取石术。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.