Expression of bovine vitamin K-dependent carboxylase activity in baculovirus-infected insect cells.

A vitamin K-dependent carboxylase has recently been purified from bovine liver microsomes and candidate cDNA clones have been isolated. Definitive identification of the carboxylase remains circumstantial since expression of candidate carboxylase cDNAs in mammalian cells is confounded by the presence of endogenous carboxylase activity. To overcome this problem, a recombinant strain of baculovirus (Autographa california nuclear polyhedrosis virus, AcMNPV) encoding a putative carboxylase (vbCbx/AcMNPV) was used to infect Sf9 insect cells, which we demonstrate have no endogenous carboxylase activity. Infection with vbCbx/AcMNPV conferred vitamin K-dependent carboxylase activity to Sf9 insect cells. Carboxylase activity was demonstrated to peak 2-3 days after infection with vbCbx/AcMNPV. Metabolic radiolabeling with L-[35S]methionine revealed that the 90-kDa recombinant protein is the major protein synthesized at the time of peak activity after infection. An anti-peptide antibody directed against residues 86-99 reacted with bovine liver carboxylase on Western blot analysis and immunoprecipitated recombinant carboxylase from infected Sf9 microsomal protein preparations. Since Sf9 insect cells lack endogenous vitamin K-dependent carboxylase activity, expression of carboxylase activity in Sf9 insect cells with recombinant baculovirus demonstrates that the protein encoded by this cDNA is a vitamin K-dependent gamma-glutamyl carboxylase.     

Prenyl modification of guanine nucleotide regulatory protein gamma 2 subunits is not required for interaction with the transducin alpha subunit or rhodopsin.

Guanine nucleotide-binding regulatory protein (G protein) beta gamma dimers that were active in reconstitution assays were produced in insect cells using the baculovirus/Sf9 insect cell expression system. Sf9 cells were infected either singly or in combination with recombinant baculoviruses containing a human G-protein beta 1 gene or a bovine G-protein gamma 2 gene. It was possible to express the beta 1 and gamma 2 gene products independently of each other in this system, as determined by using immunological and metabolic labeling techniques. Further, the ability of recombinant beta and/or gamma chains to function in defined biochemical assays of beta gamma activity was assessed for membrane extracts and supernatant fractions from infected Sf9 cells. Extracts of cells expressing beta or gamma chain alone were inactive in these assays, whereas those from cells coinfected with beta 1 and gamma 2 did display activity. These assays were used to identify recombinant beta gamma dimer migration during chromatographic purification, and the recombinant dimers were purified to near homogeneity. Both the membrane-associated and soluble beta gamma dimers facilitated rhodopsin-catalyzed guanosine 5'-[gamma-thio]triphosphate binding to Gt alpha, the GTP-binding subunit of the retinal G protein transducin (K0.5 of 13 +/- 2 and 36 +/- 5 nM, respectively). Both recombinant beta gamma dimers also facilitated the pertussis toxin-catalyzed ADP-ribosylation of Gt alpha with equal potency (K0.5 of 9 +/- 1 and 10 +/- 3 nM for membrane and soluble dimers, respectively). [3H]Mevalonolactone labeling showed that the gamma 2 subunits of membrane-associated beta gamma dimers incorporated radiolabel, whereas in the soluble form they did not. Thus, prenyl modification of gamma 2 directs the membrane association of the beta 1 gamma 2 dimer and increases its apparent affinity for receptor, but it is not required for the functional interaction(s) of the dimer.     

Impact of Molecular Modification on the Efficiency of Recombinant Baculovirus Vector Invasion to Mammalian Cells and Its Immunogenicity in Mice

The baculovirus display system (BDS), an excellent eukaryotic surface display technology that offers the advantages of safety, efficiency, and economy, is widely used in biomedicine. A previous study using rBacmid-Δgp64-ires-gp64 expressed in low copy numbers of the gp64 gene achieved high-efficiency expression and co-display of three fluorescent proteins (GFP, YFP, and mCherry). However, low expression of GP64 in recombinant baculoviruses also reduces the efficiency of recombinant baculovirus transduction into mammalian cells. In addition, the baculovirus promoter has no expression activity in mammalian cells and thus cannot meet the application requirements of baculoviral vectors for the BDS. Based on previous research, this study first determined the expression activity of promoters in insect Spodoptera frugiperda 9 cells and mammalian cells and successfully screened the very early promoter pie1 to mediate the co-expression of multiple genes. Second, utilizing the envelope display effect of the INVASIN and VSVG proteins, the efficiency of transduction of recombinant baculovirus particles into non-host cells was significantly improved. Finally, based on the above improvement, a recombinant baculovirus vector displaying four antigen proteins with high efficiency was constructed. Compared with traditional BDSs, the rBacmid-Δgp64 system exhibited increased display efficiency of the target protein by approximately 3-fold and induced an approximately 4-fold increase in the titer of serum antibodies to target antigens in Bal B/c mice. This study systematically explored the application of a new multi-gene co-display technology applicable to multi-vaccine research, and the results provide a foundation for the development of novel BDS technologies.     

利用昆虫杆状病毒表达系统表达人KCTD9蛋白

目的应用杆状病毒表达系统在昆虫细胞(sf9细胞)中表达人KCTD9蛋白,以进行其功能学研究。方法从pMD18-T-hKCTD9质粒中扩增hKCTD9全长基因片段,连接至pENTR/D-TOPO载体,将pENTR/D-TOPO-hKCTD9质粒与线形杆状病毒DNA在体外重组后,转染易感细胞系昆虫sf9细胞。采用免疫共聚焦和WesternBlot法分析融合蛋白的表达;在电子显微镜下观察病毒颗粒的形成。结果凝胶电泳分析hKCTD9基因存在于各载体中;激光免疫共聚焦显微镜证实感染重组杆状病毒的sf9细胞核内可见绿色荧光,提示目的基因表达正确;WesternBlot进一步显示hKCTD9蛋白大小约为55KD;透射电子显微镜观察发现被感染的sf9细胞核涨大、透亮,核内清晰可见大量的杆状病毒颗粒。结论 hKCTD9在昆虫杆状病毒表达系统中被成功表达,为进一步功能学研究奠定了基础。     

Overexpression, characterization, and purification of a recombinant mouse immunophilin FKBP-52 and identification of an associated phosphoprotein.

To gain insight into the structure and function of the immunophilin FKBP-52, a mouse FKBP-52 was overexpressed in Spodoptera frugiperda insect cells (Sf9 cells) with the baculovirus expression system. The purification and characterization of the recombinant FKBP-52 (rFKBP-52) was facilitated by incorporating a histidine 6-mer domain at its N terminus. The rFKBP-52 was highly purified on a N(i)2+ affinity resin with an estimated recovery of 10 mg of pure protein from 1 liter of Sf9 cell culture. Subcellular fractionation revealed that the rFKBP-52 is expressed predominantly in the nuclei of infected Sf9 cells maximally at 48 hr after infection, consistent with the nuclear localization of FKBP-52 in mammalian cells. The rFKBP-52 can be assembled in vitro with the glucocorticoid receptor complex, establishing its functionality and confirming that it is a component of the unactivated glucocorticoid receptor complex. The rFKBP-52 possesses an ATP/GTP binding activity that is stimulated by divalent cations. Furthermore, incubation of purified rFKBP-52 with [gamma-32P]ATP and MgCl2 resulted in the phosphorylation of a 59-kDa nuclear protein. Amino acid sequence analysis of this protein revealed that it is a phosphoprotein or kinase that is associated with the rFKBP-52.     

单纯疱疹病毒1型糖蛋白gD的表达纯化及多克隆抗体的制备

目的表达及纯化单纯疱疹病毒1型(Herpes simplex virus type 1,HSV-1)糖蛋白D(glycoprotein D,gD)并制备多克隆抗体。方法双酶切pcDNA 3.1-HSV1-gD和pFastBacTM I质粒,gD基因克隆到pFastBacTM I载体,连接产物转化E.coli DH10Bac感受态细胞并鉴定重组杆状病毒质粒Bacmid-gD。将构建正确的重组杆粒转染Sf9细胞包装杆状病毒。杆状病毒经传代扩增后,诱导重组gD蛋白的表达,使用Ni-NTA亲和层析及凝胶过滤层析纯化重组gD蛋白,进行15%SDS-PAGE电泳鉴定并采用肽指纹图谱分析纯化的gD蛋白。将纯化的gD蛋白进行热稳定性试验检测其在不同缓冲液条件下的稳定性。用重组gD蛋白免疫小鼠,利用ELISA法检测血清抗体滴度。结果成功构建重组质粒pFastBacTM I-gD,转化E.coli DH10Bac感受态细胞后,经蓝白斑筛选鉴定重组杆状病毒质粒Bacmid-gD,鉴定正确的重组质粒感染Sf9细胞,包装出重组杆状病毒,获得滴度为8×108 pfu/ml的P3代杆状病毒。重组杆状病毒再次感染Sf9细胞能够表达高纯度可溶性的重组gD蛋白。不同缓冲液条件下重组gD蛋白稳定性良好。用gD蛋白免疫小鼠,获得ELISA效价为1×105的多克隆抗体。结论成功构建重组杆状病毒质粒Bacmid-gD,表达的HSV-1 gD蛋白稳定及免疫原性良好,制备的抗gD蛋白多克隆抗体滴度高,为HSV-1的亚单位疫苗的制备鉴定了基础。     

人巨细胞病毒 pp65基因重组蛋白在昆虫细胞中的表达与分析

目的为了制备人巨细胞病毒(HCMV)pp65基因疫苗,应用BacToBac系统对HCMVpp65基因进行表达,并对重组蛋白质的特异性及生物活性进行确定。方法通过脂质体法用HCMVpp65基因重组病毒感染Sf9昆虫细胞,并在感染的不同时期收集细胞,用特异性的HCMVpp65MAb对重组蛋白进行Westernblot,并选择HCMVIgG阳性及阴性的孕妇血清与重组蛋白进行免疫印迹反应。结果重组Bacmid大分子DNA直接转染昆虫细胞可得到100%的阳性重组病毒,病毒滴度为3×107pfu/ml,重组病毒组在感染后48h开始出现一相对分子质量为65000大小的特异带,感染后72h量明显增加,持续至感染后96h,在野生型AcNPV感染细胞及正常昆虫细胞的空白对照中未见该蛋白带。Westernblot显示目的蛋白条带与HCMVpp65MAb发生特异反应。6例阳性血清中有5例与重组pp65发生特异性反应,而阴性对照组未见特异性反应带。结论HCMVpp65基因可在Sf9昆虫细胞中有效表达,且所表达的重组蛋白pp65与人体中感染的野生型HCMVpp65具有相同的抗原性。因此有望为疫苗的制备打下基础。     

Native and mutant 5-lipoxygenase expression in a baculovirus/insect cell system.

Human 5-lipoxygenase (EC 1.13.11.34), the key enzyme involved in the transformation of arachidonic acid to the potent biologically active leukotrienes, has been overexpressed in insect cells using a baculovirus expression system. A recombinant baculovirus (3B6) carrying the human 5-lipoxygenase coding sequence downstream of the strong polyhedrin protein promoter was isolated. Approximately 48 hr after infection of Spodoptera frugiperda cells with the recombinant baculovirus, maximal intracellular enzyme activity and protein levels were detected. The recombinant 5-lipoxygenase in 10,000 x g supernatant fractions was able to synthesize large amounts of 5-hydroperoxy-6,8,10,14-icosatetraenoic acid, together with smaller amounts of the nonenzymatic hydrolysis products of leukotriene A4, and exhibited a dependence on Ca2+ and ATP for maximal activity. Immunoblot analysis of supernatant proteins from human leukocytes and recombinant virus-infected cells indicated the presence of indistinguishable approximately 80-kDa bands. However, 5-lipoxygenase protein in recombinant-infected cells was found to be present in amounts 50-200 times that present in leukocytes on a per-cell basis. Histidine-362 and histidine-372, potential iron-atom ligands within a putative iron-binding domain, were changed to serine residues. Recombinant baculoviruses carrying the mutations were isolated and used to infect insect cells. Although infected cells were able to express mutant 5-lipoxygenase protein, enzyme activity was not substantially altered, suggesting the nonessential nature of these histidines in binding iron at the putative ferric catalytic site.     

乙型肝炎病毒多聚酶基因在重组杆状病毒系统中的表达

目的利用杆状病毒一昆虫细胞表达系统制备乙型肝炎病毒多聚酶重组蛋白。方法构建含有乙型肝炎病毒多聚酶基因的杆状病毒转移载体pFastbac Dual—polymerase，转化大肠杆菌DH10Bac进行转座，提取重组Bacmid转染昆虫细胞获得含有HBVpol基因的重组杆状病毒。用重组杆状病毒感染昆虫细胞进行蛋白表达，用SDS—PAGE电泳分析表达情况。结果将所得Bacmid行PCR鉴定，结果表明成功构建了的含乙型肝炎病毒多聚酶基因的重组杆状病毒，SDS-PAGE分析表明该病毒能在昆虫细胞中高效表达重组的多聚酶蛋白。结论利用杆状病毒表达系统，构建的重组杆状病毒在昆虫细胞中高效表达乙型肝炎病毒多聚酶，为进一步的乙型肝炎病毒多聚酶的体外功能研究奠定了基础。     

HepG2 cells support viral replication and gene expression of hepatitis C virus genotype 4 in vitro

AIM: To establish a cell culture system with long-term replication of hepatitis C virus (HCV) genome and expression of viral antigens in vitro. METHODS: HepG2 cell line was tested for its susceptibility to HCV by incubation with a serum from a patient with chronic hepatitis C. Cells and supernatant were harvested at various time points during the culture. Culture supernatant was tested for its ability to infect naive cells. The presence of minus (antisense) RNA strand, and the detection of core and El antigens in cells were examined by RT-PCR and immunological techniques (flow cytom-etry and Western blot) respectively. RESULTS: The intracellular HCV RNA was first detected on d 3 after infection and then could be consistently detected in both cells and supernatant over a period of at least three months. The fresh cells could be infected with supernatant from cultured infected cells. Flow cytometric analysis showed surface and intracellular HCV antigen expression using in house made polyclonal antibodies (anti-core, and anti-El). Western blot analysis showed the expression of a cluster of immunogenic peptides at molecular weights extended between 31 and 45 kDa in an one month old culture of infected cells whereas this cluster was undetectable in uninfected HepG2 cells. CONCLUSION: HepG2 cell line is not only susceptible to HCV infection but also supports its replication in vitro. Expression of HCV structural proteins can be detected in infected HepG2 cells. These cells are also capable of shedding viral particles into culture media which in turn become infectious to uninfected cells.     

HepG2 cells support viral replication and gene expression of hepatitis C virus genotype 4 in vitro

AIM: To establish a cell culture system with longterm replication of hepatitis C virus (HCV) genome and expression of viral antigens in vitro. METHODS: HepG2 cell line was tested for its susceptibility to HCV by incubation with a serum from a patient with chronic hepatitis C. Cells and supernatant were harvested at various time points during the culture. Culture supernatant was tested for its ability to infect naive cells. The presence of minus (antisense) RNA strand, and the detection of core and E1 antigens in cells were examined by RT-PCR and immunological techniques (flow cytometry and Western blot) respectively. RESULTS: The intracellular HCV RNA was first detected on d 3 after infection and then could be consistently detected in both cells and supernatant over a period of at least three months. The fresh cells could be infected with supernatant from cultured infected cells. Flow cytometric analysis showed surface and intracellular HCV antigen expression using in house made polyclonal antibodies (anti-core, and anti-E1). Western blot analysis showed the expression of a cluster of immunogenic peptides at molecular weights extended between 31 and 45 kDa in an one month old culture of infected cells whereas this cluster was undetectable in uninfected HepG2 cells. CONCLUSION: HepG2 cell line is not only susceptible to HCV infection but also supports its replication in vitro. Expression of HCV structural proteins can be detected in infected HepG2 cells. These cells are also capable of shedding viral particles into culture media which in turn become infectious to uninfected cells.     

Polydnavirus Innexins Disrupt Host Cellular Encapsulation and Larval Maturation

Polydnaviruses are dsDNA viruses associated with endoparasitoid wasps. Delivery of the virus during parasitization of a caterpillar and subsequent virus gene expression is required for production of an amenable environment for parasitoid offspring development. Consequently, understanding of Polydnavirus gene function provides insight into mechanisms of host susceptibility and parasitoid wasp host range. Polydnavirus genes predominantly are arranged in multimember gene families, one of which is the vinnexins, which are virus homologues of insect gap junction genes, the innexins. Previous studies of Campoletis sonorensis Ichnovirus Vinnexins using various heterologous systems have suggested the four encoded members may provide different functionality in the infected caterpillar host. Here, we expressed two of the members, vnxG and vnxQ2, using recombinant baculoviruses in susceptible host, the caterpillar Heliothis virescens. Following intrahemocoelic injections, we observed that >90% of hemocytes (blood cells) were infected, producing recombinant protein. Larvae infected with a vinnexin-recombinant baculovirus exhibited significantly reduced molting rates relative to larvae infected with a control recombinant baculovirus and mock-infected larvae. Similarly, larvae infected with vinnexin-recombinant baculoviruses were less likely to survive relative to controls and showed reduced ability to encapsulate chromatography beads in an immune assay. In most assays, the VnxG protein was associated with more severe pathology than VnxQ2. Our findings support a role for Vinnexins in CsIV and more broadly Ichnovirus pathology in infected lepidopteran hosts, particularly in disrupting multicellular developmental and immune physiology.     

1．2倍基因组长度C基因型乙型肝炎病毒重组体构建及其在HepG2细胞中表达和复制

目的构建基于pBlueBac4．5质粒的1．2倍基因组长度C基因型乙型肝炎病毒（HBV）重组体，并研究其在HepG2细胞中的表达和复制。方法以重组质粒pWT上的1．2倍基因组长度C基因型HBVDNA序列和pBB4．5HBV1．3（D基因型）上的pBlueBac4．5载体序列为模板，构建重组质粒pBB4．5HBV1．2（C基因型）。用FuGENEHD瞬时转染法，将pBB4．5HBV1．2导人HepG2细胞。用化学发光免疫分析法、Southern印迹杂交法、荧光定量PCR法，分别检测转染后不同时间点HBsAg和HBeAg、HBV复制中间体及HBVDNA水平。此外，对转染时重组质粒用量进行优化。结果酶切和序列分析证实，pBB4．5HBV1．2重组质粒构建成功。初步转染实验证实，在转染细胞培养上清中可检测到HBsAg和HBeAg。优化后转染条件为：使用60mm细胞培养皿，8～11tLgpBB4．5HBV1．2，质粒与转染试剂5：9（μg：μl）。在此条件下，5d实验周期内可检测到HBsAg和HBeAg持续表达（峰值一般出现在转染后第3天）、HBVDNA持续复制（10^6～10^8拷贝／ml）及HBVDNA复制中间体形成。结论在HepG2细胞中，建立了以杆状病毒转移载体pBlueBac4．5为基础的1．2倍基因组长度C基因型HBV体外培养体系，有望为研究HBV耐药、筛选新抗病毒药物等提供新技术平台。     

Isolation of the full-length murine erythropoietin receptor using a baculovirus expression system

The full-length murine erythropoietin receptor was expressed in Spodoptera frugiperda (Sf9) cells using a recombinant baculovirus vector. Erythropoietin receptor protein production was maximal 48 hours after infection, as determined by metabolic labeling and immunoblotting; receptor protein varied in molecular mass from 62 to 76 kD. Erythropoietin receptors produced in Sf9 cells could be solubilized using CHAPS in a form capable of binding erythropoietin, and the solubilized receptor bound to immobilized Concanavalin A (Con A) and wheat germ agglutinin, as well as to immobilized recombinant human erythropoietin. Analysis of the distribution of erythropoietin receptors in Sf9 plasma membrane and cytosol fractions using lectin affinity chromatography revealed that membrane-bound receptor had a higher apparent molecular mass and contained the bulk of receptors that bound to wheat germ agglutinin. The receptor was purified by sequential affinity chromatography on Con A-Sepharose and immobilized erythropoietin. Erythropoietin receptors expressed in Sf9 cells were inserted into the plasma membrane in the correct orientation, bound 125I-erythropoietin with a single affinity (kD, 330 pmol/L), and were internalized after ligand binding. However, kD varied inversely with the number of cell surface receptors. Solubilized erythropoietin receptors in whole-cell lysates and isolated plasma membranes exhibited high-affinity binding, with kD values of 92 and 57 pmol/L, respectively. Erythropoietin bound to the surface of infected Sf9 cells could be cross-linked to two proteins with molecular masses of 90 and 65 kD using the homobifunctional cross-linker, disuccinimidyl suberate (DSS). Similar results were obtained with solubilized receptors in whole-cell lysates, and both proteins could be immunoprecipitated by an antiserum to the erythropoietin receptor carboxyl-terminal domain.     

分泌型卷曲相关蛋白2对HepG2细胞生物学行为的影响

目的 了解分泌型卷曲相关蛋白2(sFRP2)对HepG2细胞增殖、侵袭和迁移等生物学行为的影响.方法 采用sFRP2重组腺病毒感染HepG2细胞,四甲基偶氮唑盐法检测HepG2细胞增殖,流式细胞术检测细胞周期分布,免疫组织化学法检测肿瘤转移相关因子的表达,Westernblot检测β连环素的表达,Tmnswell小室检测细胞迁移能力.结果 sFRP2明显抑制HepG2细胞增殖,限制细胞周期从Go/G<,1>期进入S期;sFRP2显著增强nepG2细胞CD44和CD82/KAI1等与肿瘤转移抑制相关蛋白的表达,而明显降低有助于肿瘤侵袭转移的细胞外基质金属蛋白酶诱导因子的表达; sFRP2可降低HepG2细胞的迁移能力.sFRP2感染前后,HepG2细胞均有β连环素的表达,且其表达差异无统计学意义.结论 sFRP2的重组腺病毒能成功感染HepG2细胞,并对H印G2细胞的增殖、侵袭和转移具有抑制效应.     

昆虫细胞偏爱密码子优化的HPV16L1基因在昆虫和哺乳动物细胞中的表达

目的获得有效表达人乳头瘤病毒16型（HPV16）L1基因的重组杆状病毒和腺病毒，为研究HPV的免疫保护机制提供材料。方法按照昆虫细胞密码子偏爱优化并合成HPV16LI基因，利用Bac—to-Bac昆虫表达系统获得表达HPV16L1基因的重组杆状病毒，利用AdEasy腺病毒载体系统获得表达HPV16L1基因的重组腺病毒载体。通过间接免疫荧光和Westernblot对HPV16L1基因表达进行鉴定，利用负染电子显微镜观察病毒样颗粒（VLP）的形成。结果获得了稳定表达HPV16L1蛋白的重组杆状病毒和重组腺病毒载体，在Sf9细胞和293细胞中可有效表达能被抗HPV16L1单克隆抗体识别的L1蛋白，分子质量单位为56ku，在Sf9细胞中可观察到VLP的形成。结论按照昆虫细胞密码子偏爱进行优化的HPV16L1基因，在昆虫细胞和哺乳动物细胞内均可有效表达。     

狂犬病毒核蛋白基因的克隆表达及其免疫原性

目的构建狂犬病毒核蛋白(NP)基因的重组杆状病毒表达载体,在昆虫细胞中表达出具有免疫原性的抗原,用于狂犬病的检测及诊断。方法应用RT-PCR方法扩增ERA株狂犬病毒NP基因后克隆到PCR2.1TA载体,转化OneShortTMTOP10感受态细胞构建TA克隆载体,并与pFastBacTM1转座质粒载体分别用KpnΙ和NotΙ双酶切,用T4连接酶连接,构建pFast ERA-NP重组转座质粒,经双酶切、PCR扩增及插入序列方向鉴定后,转化到DH10BacTME.coli感受态细胞,经三抗培养基筛选和PCR扩增鉴定后获得重组Bacmid质粒,将重组Bacmid质粒转染Sf9昆虫细胞制备重组杆状病毒毒液,并继续扩增重组杆状病毒,以第三代毒液感染Sf9昆虫细胞,96h收获细胞,用直接免疫荧光(DFA)、SDS-PAGE和Western blot对表达产物进行检测和分析。结果构建了含有ERA NP基因的重组杆状病毒,并在昆虫细胞中获得表达。结论本研究成功表达出了具有免疫原性的狂犬病毒核蛋白。