日间连续性静脉-静脉血液透析滤过治疗心脏术后肾功能不全

目的 总结日间连续性静脉-静脉血液透析滤过(CVVHDF)在心脏术后的临床应用经验.方法 2002年6月～2008年3月对中国医科大学附属第一医院收治的12例患者在心脏手术后肾功能不全进行了日间CVVHDF,观察日间CVVHDF对患者的心率、中心静脉压、平均动脉压、动脉血氧分压、肾功能变化、升压药物剂量以及围术期和预后情况.结果 12例患者中8例在体外循环下行冠状动脉旁路移植手术(CABG),2例在非体外循环下行CABG,2例在体外循环下行瓣膜置换手术,术后均进行日问CVVHDF,每次透析持续8～12h,第一次透析6h后患者的心率、中心静脉压、肌酐和尿素氮及多巴胺用量较未透析时明显下降(P＜0.05),而平均动脉压、动脉血氧分压较未透析时明显升高(P＜0.05).围术期死亡2例,其余10例患者中有3例改为内科规律透析治疗,7例患者肾功能恢复到术前水平出院后尿量恢复未再透析治疗,术后随访(36.90±29.06)个月,生活质量明显提高.结论 日间CVVHDF是治疗心脏术后肾功能不全的有效方法.     

连续性静脉-静脉血液滤过在主动脉夹层术后急性肾衰竭中的应用

目的 探讨连续性静脉-静脉血液滤过(CVVH)在主动脉夹层术后急性肾衰竭(ARF)中应用的临床意义.方法 15例术后ARF患者,采用CVVH治疗,比较治疗前后血电解质、尿素氮、肌酐等相关指标的变化,以及全身水肿情况.结果 11例存活,4例死亡.存活患者血液滤过后尿素氮[(37.2±12.1)mmol/L与(22.1±6.8)mmol/L]和血肌酐[(351.4±160.9)μmol/L与(185.7±97.6)μmol/L]均逐渐下降直至恢复正常,尿量分别于滤过后6～40 d恢复正常,肾功能恢复时间为8～60 d.所有患者血液滤过后水肿得到明显改善.结论 CVVH是治疗主动脉夹层术后ARF的一种有效、方便而安全的方法.     

连续性静-静脉血液透析滤过在心脏外科手术后重症急性肾衰竭的应用

目的 研究连续性静-静脉血液透析滤过(continuous veno-venous hemodiafiltration,CVVHDF)在心脏术后重症急性肾衰竭(acute renal failure,ARF)中应用的疗效.方法 回顾分析20例心脏术后重症ARF患者采用CVVHDF治疗,比较治疗前后血尿素氮(BUN)、肌酐(Cr)、氧合指数(PaO2/FiO2)、APACHEⅡ评分和电解质(K 、Na 及Cl-)的变化,以及CVVHDF过程中血流动力学:心率(HR)、平均动脉压(MAP)及中心静脉压(CVP)的变化.结果 12例存活,8例死亡.CVVHDF治疗后BUN、Cr和血清K 、Na 及Cl-明显下降,而且CVVHDF过程中MAP显著上升,CVP显著下降(与治疗前比较,差异有统计学意义,P＜0.05),HR变化不大.结论 CVVHDF是治疗心脏外科手术后重症ARF的一种有效、方便而安全的方法.     

Pharmacokinetics of cefpirome in critically ill patients with renal failure treated by continuous veno-venous hemofiltration

Objective: To study the cefpirome pharmacokinetics of patients with sepsis and multiple organ failure treated with CVVH. Design: Measurements of serum and ultrafiltrate (UF) concentrations and in vitro sensitivity testing of isolated micro-organisms. Setting: University hospital-based, single ICU. Patients: Six critically ill CVVH- dependent patients with sepsis and multiple organ dysfunction syndrome in need of antimicrobial therapy. Age range: 60–75 years; APACHE II score for severity of illness on admission: 19–30. One patient survived. Interventions: Cefpirome i. v. was started at 2 g in 30 min, then continued 1 g i. v. b. i. d. Measurements: The UF rate was 27 ± 7 ml/min on day 1 and 34 ± 2 ml/min on day 2. Serum and ultrafiltrate samples were measured by a validated high performance liquid chromatography assay. Volume of distribution: 23 · 5(SD ± 4 · 6) l. Total cefpirome clearance was 32 ± 6 · 3 ml/min; cefpirome CVVH clearance (Cl_CVVH): 17 ± 4.2 ml/min; mean serum half-life (t^1/2): 8.8 ± 2.3 h; mass transfer on day 1: 660 ± 123 mg/12 h (33 ± 6 % of administered dose)and day 2: 642 ± 66 mg/12 h (64 ± 7 %). Estimated sieving coefficient (Cl_CVVH/UF rate): 64 ± 11 %. In vitro sensitivity of isolated microbes was excellent except for two non-sensitive enterococci and Candida spp. Conclusions: The sieving coefficient (64 %) indicates that a substantial fraction of the drug is not filtered; clearance by pathways other than CVVH mounted to 50 % of the total clearance and increased on day 2, indicating that the dosing schedule used is appropriate for this setting. Cefpirome appeared to be safe in these patients and effective for most of the nosocomial microbial isolates. During more than 90 % of the time, serum levels were maintained above killing concentrations for susceptible micro-organisms. Received: 23 July 1999 Accepted: 19 October 1999     

A prospective study of continuous venovenous hemodiafiltration in critically ill patients with acute renal failure

We studied the biochemical and the clinical consequences of the application of continuous venovenous hemodiafiltration to the management of acute renal failure in critically ill patients. One hundred consecutive surgical and medical ICU patients with acute renal failure were entered into a prospective clinical study at an intensive care unit of tertiary institution. INTERVENTION: included assessment of illness severity by APACHE II score on admission and by organ failure score prior to initiation of renal replacement therapy; treatment of patients with continuous venovenous hemodiafiltration; and measurement of biochemical variables prior to and after therapy. Outcome assessment included incidence of complications, duration of oliguria, duration of intensive care and hospital stays, and survival to hospital discharge. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: included the following: mean patient age was 60.9 years (range 21-81 yr); mean APACHE II score, 28.6 (95% confidence interval; 27.4-29.8); and number of failing organs, mean, 4.1 (95% confidence interval; 3.8-4.4). At commencement of continuous venovenous hemofiltration with dialysis, 79% of patients were receiving inotropic drugs and 72% were septic, and, in 35%, bacteremia or fungemia was demonstrated. Renal replacement therapy was applied for a mean duration of 186.2 hours (95% confidence interval; 149.2-223.7), with a mean hourly net ultrafiltrate production of 621 mL (95% confidence interval; 594-648) and a mean urea clearance of 28.1 mL/min (95% confidence interval; 26.7-29.5). Azotemia was controlled in all patients (plasma urea < 30 mmol/L). During the more than 18,000 hours of treatment, there was no therapy-associated hemodynamic instability. Complications were rare. They included two cases of hemofilter rupture with minor blood loss and a single case of bleeding at the site of the vascular-access catheter. Forty-three patients survived to ICU discharge, and 40 survived to hospital discharge. Continuous venovenous hemodiafiltration is a safe and an effective form of renal replacement therapy in critically ill patients. In such patients, who have a high predicted mortality rate, it was associated with a 40% survival rate. These findings suggests that continuous venovenous hemodiafiltration may be ideally suited to patients with multisystem organ failure with acute renal failure.     

连续性静静脉血液透析滤过在儿童心脏术后急性肾衰竭中的应用

目的探讨连续性静静脉血液透析滤过（CVVHDF）对儿童心脏术后急性肾衰竭（ARF）的治疗效果。方法2004年7月至2008年7月应用PrismaTM机器行CVVHDF治疗11例心脏术后并发ARF患儿。结果11例患者开始CVVHDF治疗时的平均年龄是30.6个月（6个月～12.4岁）,平均体重是15Kg（9.4～30.8Kg）,肾脏替代治疗平均持续时间是62h（10～212h）。术后共8例（72.7%）患者死亡,其中4例在CVVHDF治疗期间死亡,均死于多器官功能障碍综合征（MODS）,并且肾功能未恢复;另外4例中2例死于心力衰竭,1例死于呼吸衰竭,1例死于蛛网膜下腔出血。治疗24h后存活患者血尿素氮（BUN）和肌酐（Scr）均明显降低（P〈0.05）,共7例（63.6%）患儿肾功能恢复。治疗48h后患者平均动脉压（MAP）明显上升,心率（HR）及中心静脉压（CVP）下降（P值均〈0.05）。结论CVVHDF是治疗心内直视术后合并ARF患儿的有效手段,可以改善患者肾功能,稳定血流动力学,但患儿预后仍主要取决于原发病及术后心力衰竭严重程度。     

连续性静脉—静脉血液透析滤过治疗慢性肾功能衰竭合并心力衰竭患者的疗效观察及护理

目的探讨连续性静脉-静脉血液透析滤过(continuous veno-venous hemodiafiltration,CVVHDF)治疗慢性肾功能衰竭合并心力衰竭患者的疗效及总结护理要点。方法采用CVVHDF方式对40例慢性肾功能衰竭合并心力衰竭患者进行肾脏替代治疗,观察患者治疗前后各种生化指标及生命体征变化情况。结果 CVVHDF治疗后患者血压(BP)、心率(HR)、呼吸(R)频率明显下降,血氧饱和度(SPO2)明显升高;血肌酐(Cr)、尿素氮(BUN)、血钾(k+)明显下降,治疗前后各项指标比较,差异具有统计学意义(均P0.01),血钠(Na+)、血氯(Cl-)水平保持平稳(均P0.01)。结论 CVVHDF能有效改善慢性肾功能衰竭合并心力衰竭患者的症状,减少透析过程发生不良反应的风险性;科学的护理对CVVHDF的顺利进行至关重要。     

Acute renal failure in the critically ill patient

This article focuses on the epidemiology, pathogenesis, and prevention of the most common forms of acute renal failure encountered in the critically ill. These include pre-renal azotemia and acute tubular necrosis that occurs postoperatively, in patients with rhabdomyolysis, or as a complication of sepsis. In addition, some unusual causes of acute renal failure that occur predominantly in the intensive care unit are briefly discussed.     

The effects of pentoxifylline on circulating adhesion molecules in critically ill patients with acute renal failure treated by continuous veno-venous hemofiltration

Objective Circulating adhesion molecules appear to be excellent markers of endothelial activation in critically ill patients. Pentoxifylline (PTX) may limit sequelae of inflammation and subsequent endothelial activation by various mechanisms. The influence of PTX on the plasma levels of soluble adhesion molecules in critically ill patients undergoing continuous veno-venous hemofiltration (CVVH) was studied.Design Prospective, randomized, blinded study.Setting Clinical investigation in the surgical intensive care unit of a university hospital.Patients and participants Fourteen consecutive patients suffering from acute renal failure (ARF) with postoperative complications who received continuous pentoxifylline (CVVH-PTX) i.v. were compared with 14 patients with ARF who did not receive PTX (CVVH control group).Interventions Pump-driven CVVH was carried out with a blood flow ranging from 120 to 150 ml/min. All patients received fentanyl and midazolam continuously and were on mechanical ventilation. PTX (300 mg) was given as a loading dose, followed by continuous infusion of 1.2 mg/kg per h for the next 5 days.Measurements and results From arterial blood samples, plasma levels of soluble adhesion molecules (endothelial leukocyte adhesion molecules [sELAM-1], and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 [sICAM-1], vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 [sVCAM-1], and P-selectin granule membrane protein [sGMP-140] were measured using enzyme-linked immuno-sorbent assays (ELISA). Measurements were carried out before the start of CVVH to establish baseline values and continued during the next 5 days.Main results Eleven of the CVVH-PTX patients and 8 of the CVVH control patients survived during the investigation period. In the CVVH-PTX patients 2.4±0.3 g/day of PTX was given. At baseline, plasma levels of sELAM-1, sICAM-1, and sVCAM-1 were markedly higher than normal in both groups. In the CVVH control patients, all measured soluble adhesion molecules increased further during the study period (sELAM-1 from 90±22 to 134±30 ng/ml; sICAM-1 from 958±173 to 1460±209 ng/ml; sVCAM-1 from 1100±188 to 1804 ng/ml; sGM-140 from 499±102 to 688±121 ng/ml) (p<0.05), whereas in the PTX-treated CVVH patients, plasma levels of all soluble adhesion molecules remained almost unchanged. The PaO₂/FIO₂ increased in the PTX-treated patients (from 209±67 to 282±58 mmHg) and remained almost unchanged in the CVVH control patients.Conclusion Leukocyte/endothelial interactions play an important role in the inflammatory process. Circulating adhesion molecules may serve as markers of the extent of inflammation. Continuous i.v. administration of PTX was successful in blunting the increase of soluble adhesion molecules in critically ill patients undergoing CVVH. Whether these effects result from improved circulation at the microcirculatory level or from (direct or indirect) beneficial effects on endothelial cells warrants further controlled studies.     

Acute renal failure in critically ill HIV-infected patients

Acute renal failure (ARF) is common among hospitalized HIV-infected patients [1]. To our knowledge, however, data regarding ARF in HIV-infected patients in the intensive care unit are still lacking.     

持续静脉-静脉血液滤过治疗老年急性肾衰竭

目的探讨应用持续静脉-静脉血液滤过(CVVH)治疗老年急性肾衰竭的价值。方法对我院危重病监护病房2000年6月～2004年12月应用血液净化治疗的30例老年急性肾衰竭患者进行回顾性分析。30例患者分为两组,常规血液透析(HD)组(16例)和CVVH组(14例),观察两组患者治疗前后血肌酐、血尿素氮、血PH、血碳酸氢根、血钾的变化,治疗过程中血压、心律的改变,心功能不全发生率和液体输入量,患者的死亡率。结果与常规血液透析组比较,CVVH组患者血肌酐、血尿素氮很快下降,并能维持在相对较低的水平;电解质、碳酸氢根、血PH水平较稳定,波动小,未发生高血钾。低血压、心律失常和心功能不全发生率低,而每天进入体内的液体却多过常规血液透析组,P<0.05。两组患者的死亡率无显著差异(P>0.05),但CVVH组患者的APACHEII评分明显高于常规血液透析组,P<0.05。结论CVVH较好地维持老年急性肾衰竭患者内环境的稳定,减少低血压、心律失常和心功能不全发生率,并能改善患者的预后。     

Pharmacokinetics of piperacillin and tazobactam in critically ill patients with renal failure, treated with continuous veno-venous hemofiltration (CVVH)

Objective: Kinetics of piperacillin (pip), in combination with the beta-lactamase inhibitor tazobactam (taz) have been studied in volunteers and patients in relatively stable conditions. The fixed drug preparation appeared to have ideal pharmacokinetic properties if renal function was normal or slightly impaired, but no data are available for critically ill patients in anuric renal failure. This study should provide such data. Patients, design: We studied the pharmacokinetics in nine patients with multiple organ failure, including anuric renal failure, treated with continuous veno-venous hemofiltration (CVVH). Patients received a standard schedule of 4 g pip and 0.5 g taz administered over 0.5 h intravenously, 8 hourly. During 2 consecutive days, the serum levels of both compounds were determined, and total clearance (CI_T) was calculated from serum concentrations. Results: All nine patients completed day 1, and 8 completed day 2 of the protocol. On day 1, single-dose kinetics showed considerable spread, but pip/taz serum levels followed the pattern as expected, with a pip / taz concentration ratio of 20 : 1. On day 2, however, taz serum concentrations showed a relative increase as compared to pip, resulting in a change in the serum pip/taz concentration ratio to 10 : 1 on day 2. The CI_T of pip was 2.52 ± 1.38 l/h (t ¹/₂ : 5.9 ± 2.9 h), and CI_T of taz 4.44 ± 2.28 l/h (t ¹/₂ : 8.1 ± 3.7 h). The CI_T and t ¹/₂ of pip and taz correlated highly significantly with clearance by CVVH. Despite a higher CI_T, taz has a longer half-life, because of a higher volume of distribution. Conclusion: In CVVH dependent patients, pip/taz fixed drug preparations can be used initially, but the pip dosage should be increased relative to that of taz (or interval-adjusted) to prevent cumulation of taz, as compared to the active antimicrobial agent pip. Received: 19 February 1997 Accepted: 20 May 1997     

连续性静脉-静脉血液滤过治疗心脏病术后急性肾功能衰竭的护理

目的:观察连续性静脉-静脉血液滤过(CVVH)治疗心脏病术后急性肾功能衰竭(ARF)的效果,减少护理并发症,提高治疗的安全性和有效性。方法:对53例心脏病术后并发重症ARF患者进行CVVH治疗,观察治疗前后患者MAP,CVP,BUN,Scr,K+等的变化,观察治疗过程中护理并发症发生情况。结果:53例患者经过CVVH治疗后32例存活,15例死亡,6例放弃治疗。存活患者经过CVVH治疗后CVP,Scr,BUN,K+,MAP升高。结论:连续性静脉-静脉血液滤过治疗ARF对于缓解患者临床症状和改善预后是一个有效的治疗手段,治疗过程中科学的护理计划,严密的护理监测和管理是使患者安全及治疗有效的保证。     

Acute renal failure in the ICU: assessing the utility of continuous renal replacement

Acute renal failure (ARF) in the ICU patient still remains a common problem and is associated with increased morbidity, mortality, and cost. Potential advantages of continuous renal replacement (CRRT), compared with intermittent hemodialysis (IHD) include enhanced hemodynamic stability, increased solute removal, and greater ultrafiltration. Although it was hoped that CRRT would lead to improvement in patient outcomes, there are few prospective, randomized clinical studies comparing this modality with conventional hemodialysis in the treatment of patients with ARF. The difficulties associated with designing such prospective studies are the complex status of the medical patients and the ethical dilemma of randomizing patients to a certain dialysis modality. At this time, there is no evidence to support the assertion that CRRT improves clinical outcomes compared with IHD.