自身免疫性肝病患者自身抗体检测及临床意义

目的 探讨自身免疫性肝病患者血清中出现的自身抗体等免疫学指标及临床意义.方法 对3 500例肝功能反复异常的患者采用间接免疫荧光法检测抗核抗体(ANA)、抗平滑肌抗体(SMA)、抗线粒体抗体(AMA).并对AMAM2型及抗可溶性肝抗原/肝胰抗原(抗SLA/LP)、抗肝肾微粒体抗体Ⅰ型(抗LKM-1)和抗肝特异性胞浆抗原Ⅰ型抗体(抗LC-1)等肝脏疾病相关的自身抗体进行检测.结果 3 500例患者中,自身免疫性肝炎患者29例,检出率为0.83%,其中符合Ⅰ型、Ⅱ型、Ⅲ型自身免疫性肝炎的比例占72.4%、10.3%和17.2%.原发性胆汁性肝硬化(PBC)患者58例,检出率为1.65%,血清中AMAM2型抗体阳性率为93.1%,其中19例AMAM2阳性患者进行肝穿病理检查时12例(63.7%)患者病理提示符合PBC诊断.结论 每种自身免疫性肝病都具有特征性自身抗体谱,注重自身抗体检测对明确诊断及鉴别诊断自身免疫性肝病具有重要的临床意义.     

不同肝病患者抗肝抗原自身抗体的研究

目的：观察我国不同类型肝病患者中几种抗肝抗原自身抗体的存在状况；探讨自身免疫性肝脏疾病的自身抗体特征。方法：由1412例标本中选择230例肝功能异常患者分为5组：①自身免疫性肝病组42例：自身免疫性肝炎（AIH）18例、原发性胆汁性肝硬化（PBC）21例、原发性硬化性胆管炎（PSC）3例。②HAV组23例；③HBV组70例；④HCV组35例；⑤非甲-戊型肝炎组60例。用间接免疫荧光、Western blot、酶免疫条带技术等分别检测抗核抗体（ANA）、抗线粒体抗体（AMA）、平滑肌抗体（SMA）、肝肾微粒抗体I型（LKM-1）、肝细胞胞溶质抗原I型（LC-1）、可溶性肝抗原（SLA）/肝胰抗原（LP）和AMA-M2亚型，以及SS-A、SS-B、dsDNA等多种抗体。结果：1412例中诊断AIH、PBC和PSC者分别为送检标本的1.27%，1.49%和0.21%。230例血清中2例LKM-1阳性和2例SLA/LP阳性，分别见于AIH和HCV感染者。PBC患者AMA和M2全部阳性；其ANA以核膜型为主（7/14）；AIH患者ANA抗体未见特定的荧光类型，而抗-Actin仅见于AIH者。非甲-戊组4例AMA和M2阳性，3例SMA高滴度阳性，4例出现SS-A、SS-B或dsDNA等抗体。结论：肝抗原抗体和ANA及AMA分型的检测有助于自身免疫性肝端正和重叠多种免疫性肝病的诊断；非甲-戊型肝炎诊断时应考虑自身免疫性疾病。     

中国西部自身免疫性肝病患者自身抗体的分布特征

目的: 探讨中国西部自身免疫性肝病患者中相关自身抗体的存在状况及特征.方法: 57例自身免疫性肝病患者分为3组: 自身免疫性肝炎(AIH)12例、原发性胆汁性肝硬化(PBC)32例、原发性硬化性胆管炎(PSC)13例.用间接免疫荧光法检测抗核抗体(ANA)、平滑肌抗体(SMA)、抗肝肾微粒抗体1型抗体(anti-LKM1)、抗线粒体抗体(AMA)和抗中性粒细胞胞质抗体(ANCA),Western blot检测抗肝细胞胞溶质抗原1型抗体(anti-LC1)、抗可溶性肝抗原/肝胰抗原抗体(anti-SLA/LP)、抗肝肾微粒抗体1型(anti-LKM1)、 AMA-M2亚型等多种肝抗原自身抗体.结果: 57例中ANA、AMA、M-2、pANCA阳性率在组间有统计学差异(P<0.01).PBC中AMA、M-2阳性检出率均为100%, PSC中pANCA阳性检出率为53.8%, Fisher精确检验在α'=0.002水准与其他各组比较有统计学差异.AIH与PBC的ANA阳性率分别为100%和50%,Fisher精确检验在α'=0.002水准二者无统计学意义,与其他各组比较有明显差异.在AIH组SMA阳性率为25%,LKM-1、LC-1、SLA/LP阳性率均为8.3%, 与其他组无统计学意义,可能与病例少有关.PBC中分别有1例患者ANA、SMA以及ANA、LKM-1同时阳性, PSC中有1例ANA、SLA/LP同时阳性,此3例患者结合性别、生化、自身抗体等资料符合AIH诊断条件;AIH中有1例M-2阳性综合各项资料符合PBC(重叠综合征).结论: 肝抗原自身抗体、ANA、AMA及M-2亚型的检测有助于自身免疫性肝病的诊断.对肝炎病毒血清标志物阴性的肝功能异常者应该行肝抗原自身抗体检测协助诊断.     

肝病患者自身抗体特征性的研究

目的：观察抗肝抗原自身抗体在我国不同类型肝病患者中的存在状况；探讨自身免疫性肝脏疾病的自身抗体特征。方法：间接免疫荧光法初筛1412例肝功能异常血清，从中选择28例：①自身免疫性肝病组42例：初步诊断为AIH18例、PBC21例、PSC3例。②HAV组23例；③DBV组70例；④HCV组33例；⑤非甲—非戊型肝炎组60例。结合Western blot、酶免疫条带技术等分别检测ANA、AMA、SMA、LKM—1、LC—1、SLA/LP和AMA-M2亚型、dsDNA及ENA类多种抗体。结果：1412例中诊断AIH、PBC和PSC者分别为送检标本的12．7‰，14．9‰和2．1‰。28例血清中2例LKM—1阳性和2例SLA／LP阳性；按AIH的分型标准，自身免疫性肝病组属于I型AIH者14例(78％)，Ⅱ型2例(11％)，Ⅲ型2例(11％)；AIH患者ANA抗体未见特定的荧光类型。PBC患者AMA和M2全部阳性；其ANA以核膜型为主(7／14)。NonA—E组4例AMA和M2阳性，3例SMA高滴度阳性，4例出现SS-A、SS-B或dsDNA等抗体。结论：三型自身免疫性肝炎在中国都存在，肝抗原自身抗体和ANA及AMA的分型检测有助于自身免疫性肝病的诊断与治疗；少数非甲—非戊型肝炎应考虑自身免疫性肝病诊断。     

多种自身抗体联合检测对自身免疫性肝病的诊断价值

目的：分析各种肝病患者多种自身抗体的检出率,探讨其对自身免疫性肝病（autoimmune liver diseases,ALD）的诊断价值。方法：根据临床诊断将患者分为ALD组（n=96）、病毒性肝炎组（n=135,包括75例乙型肝炎,65例丙型肝炎）,另取62例健康体检者作为健康对照组（n=62）;其中,ALD组又分为自身免疫性肝炎组（AIH组,n=36）、原发性胆汁性肝硬化组（PBC组,n=58）、原发性硬化性胆管炎组（PSC组,n=2）。用间接免疫荧光法检测上述各组的抗核抗体（antinuclear antibodies,ANA）、抗平滑肌抗体（anti-smooth muscle antibodies,ASMA）、抗线粒体抗体（antimitochondrial ant-ibodies,AMA）;用Western印迹法检测抗肝肾微粒体Ⅰ型抗体（anti liver-kidney microsomal antibody Type 1,LKM-1）和抗线粒体Ⅱ型抗体（subtype of AMA,AMA-M2）、抗可溶性肝抗原/胰抗原抗体（soluble liver antigen/liver pancreas,SLA/LP）、抗肝细胞溶质抗原Ⅰ型抗体（antihepatocyte cytosol antigen Type 1,LC-1）。结果：AIH组ANA阳性率（69.4%）和PBC组ANA阳性率（87.9%）显著高于病毒性肝炎组（37.3%）和健康对照组（4.8%）（均P〈0.01）;AIH组ASMA,LKM-1,SLA/LP,LC-1阳性率（44.4%,11.1%,2.8%,8.3%）显著高于病毒性肝炎组（1.3%,1.7%,0,0）和健康对照组（均P〈0.01）;PBC组AMA-M2阳性率（91.3%）显著高于病毒性肝炎组（1.3%）和健康对照组（0）（均P〈0.01）。结论：联合检测ANA,ASMA,LKM-1,SLA/LP,LC-1和AMA-M2等自身抗体可提高ALD诊断的灵敏性和特异性,且对ALD分型、诊疗具有重要意义。     

肝抗原自身抗体在自身免疫性肝病诊断中的意义

目的 探讨肝抗原自身抗体在自身免疫性肝病患者血清中的阳性率。方法 将患者分为3组：①自身免疫性肝病组，包括自身免疫性肝炎(AIH)、原发性胆汁性肝硬化(PBC)，原发性硬化性胆管炎(PSC)。②各类病毒性肝炎组；③不明原因肝损伤组。分别用间接免疫荧光法、免疫印迹法检测肝抗原(SAL/LP、LKM-1、LC-1、AMA-M2)自身抗体。结果 抗SLP／LP抗体在AIH患者血清中阳性率为46．4％，明显高于LKM-1(13．3％)、LC-1(0．O％)及AMA-M2(13．3％)抗体，并且在病毒性肝炎患者血清中呈阴性反应。抗AMA-M2抗体在PBC患者血清中阳性率达95．0％。不明原因肝损伤组患者中有10．0％的AMA-M2抗体阳性。结论 抗SLA/LP抗体对AIH具有特异性，肝抗原自身抗体的检测将有助于自身免疫性肝病患者的诊断及治疗。     

原发性胆汁肝硬化患者血清中抗线粒体抗体及其亚型和抗核抗体的联合检测的临床价值

为了分析原发性胆汁性肝硬化(primary biliary cirrhosis,PBC)患者的抗线粒体抗体(anti-mitochondria antibody,AMA)及其M2、M4、M9亚型、抗核抗体(antinuclear antibody,ANA)的阳性率。应用间接免疫荧光法检测ANA、AMA,免疫斑点法检测AMA M2、M4、M9。结果显示91例PBC患者中AMA有89例为阳性。其中96.7%(88/91)的患者M2型阳性,45.1%(41/91)M4型阳性,2.2%(2/91)M9型阳性。39/91例患者ANA阳性,其中21例为核膜型。ANA、AMA及其M2、M4、M9亚型联合检测对于PBC患者的诊断有重要价值。     

原发性胆汁性肝硬化患者血清抗线粒体抗体与抗核抗体分析及其临床意义

目的 探讨线粒体抗体(AMA)阴性和阳性的PBC患者抗线粒体抗体M2亚型(AMA-M2)阳性率及其相伴抗核抗体(ANA)核型,抗核抗体谱的不同免疫球蛋白抗体分布频率.方法 收集北京地坛医院2014年12月至2016年2月就诊的122例AMA阳性(AMA+)和46例AMA阴性(AMA-)PBC患者及224例非PBC患者(48例自身免疫性肝炎(AIH)、83例慢性乙型肝炎(CHB)、80例慢性丙型肝炎、13例酒精性肝病),采用间接免疫荧光法检测抗核抗体,免疫印迹法检测抗核抗体谱,免疫斑点法检测AMA-M2.结果 122例AMA(+)PBC患者中AMA-M2阳性率96.7％;46例AMA(-) PBC患者中AMA-M2阳性率17.4％.AMA阳性PBC患者的核膜型,核点型,着丝点型,核颗粒型阳性率分别是20.5％,7.4％,21.3％,40.2％;高于非PBC组的1.8％,0.8％,2.2％,13.8％(P均＜0.01);AMA阴性PBC患者的核膜型,核点型,着丝点型,核颗粒型阳性率分别是17.4％,10.8％,19.5％,45.6％;高于非PBC组的1.8％,0.8％,2.2％,13.8％(P均＜0.01).结论 AMA与AMA-M2及ANA部分核型的检测有助于PBC特别是AMA阴性PBC患者的诊断.     

慢性丙型肝炎相关的自身抗体

近年的研究发现慢性丙型肝炎（CHC）血清常有自身抗体出现，因而CHC相关的自身抗体对病情的影响以及与自身免疫性肝炎（AIH）相关的自身抗体的鉴别成为当前研究热点。本文就这方面的研究进展作一综述。1自身抗体的种类及阳性率＊＊C相关的自身抗体已被广泛研究，多数学者报道：大约有1／3的CHC患者有自身抗体，主要是抗核抗体（ANA），抗平滑肌抗体（SMA）和肝肾微粒抗体（抗一LKMI）。明确的亚型有同种ANA（ANA－H）和SMA特异性抗肌纤蛋白抗体（SMA－AA），AIH血清可见到这两种亚型。最近Cassani一项纳人290例CHC患者的…     

161例自身免疫性肝病患者相关自身抗体检测的临床研究

目的探讨自身抗体检测对自身免疫性肝病(AILD)诊断的临床意义。方法 161例自身免疫性肝病[其中自身免疫性肝炎(AIH)68例、原发性胆汁性肝硬化(PBC)41例和原发性硬化性胆管炎(PSC)52例]、276例病毒性肝炎患者和50例健康体检者采用间接免疫荧光法(IIF)检测抗核抗体(ANA)、抗中性粒细胞胞浆抗体(ANCA)、抗平滑肌抗体(SMA)和抗线粒体抗体(AMA)等自身抗体,采用酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)检测抗MPO抗体,并对其结果进行回顾性分析。结果 161例AILD检测ANA、ANCA、SMA、抗MPO抗体及AMA结果显示其阳性率分别为42.9%、46.6%、29.2%、30.1%、42.2%,与病毒性肝炎及对照组比较,均P<0.01。各种肝病对自身抗体的检测结果显示AIH较高;AIH中ANCA及p-ANCA检出率与其他肝病组及对照组相比,除PSC外P<0.01,有非常显著意义。结论肝病相关自身抗体的联合检测对自身免疫性肝病的检出、诊断、鉴别诊断、临床分型有重要临床价值,对提高自身免疫性肝病在临床上同病毒性肝炎鉴别诊断和指导治疗有着非常重要的意义。     

An immunoenzyme quantitative assay for the antiviral effect of interferons

A technique is described for measurement of the antiviral activity of interferon by an immunoenzymatic assay for viral proteins. Cells treated by tested samples of interferon (IFN) are infected with vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) and following the development of viral cytopathy are lysed by the addition of deoxycholate and then transferred into ELISA microplates. The viral proteins bind effectively to the microplates proportionally to their level in the culture and may be measured by incubating the plates sequentially with (1) rabbit antiserum against VSV, (2) a conjugate of alkaline phosphatase either to protein A or to an antibody against rabbit IgG and (3) p-nitrophenylphosphate. This procedure may be further simplified by using antibodies against VSV to which alkaline phosphatase has been directly conjugated. We found this immunoenzyme assay to be superior to the 'cytopathic effect inhibition' assay in precision and sensitivity and in being independent of the effectiveness of viral cytopathy.     

2-Hydroxypyridine N-Oxide is not genotoxic in vivo

2-Hydroxypyridine N-oxide (HOPO) is an important coupling reagent used in pharmaceutical synthesis. Our laboratory previously reported HOPO as equivocal in the Ames assay following extensive testing of multiple lots of material. Given the lack of reproducibility between lots of material and the weak increase in revertants observed, it was concluded that it would be highly unlikely that HOPO would pose a mutagenic risk in vivo. The purpose of the current investigation was to assess experimentally in rats the mutagenic (Pig-a mutation induction) and more broadly genotoxic (micronucleus and comet induction) potential of HOPO. Rats were administered HOPO (0, 50, 150, 300, and 500 mg/kg/day) by oral gavage for 28 days. At the end of study, the following parameters were assessed: frequency of Pig-a mutant red blood cells and reticulocytes, frequency of peripheral blood micronuclei, and the incidence of comet formation in liver. Toxicokinetic data collected on study Days 1 and 28 demonstrated systemic exposure to HOPO. Although there were no overt clinical signs, animals treated with HOPO showed a dose-related decrease in body weight gain. There were no increases observed in any of the genotoxicity endpoints assessed. The results from this study further support the conclusion that in the context of pharmaceutical synthesis, HOPO should not be considered a mutagenic impurity but rather controlled as a normal process-related impurity. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 2019. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Excess antibody immunoassay for rat glandular kallikrein. Monosized polymer particles as the preferred solid phase material

The development of an excess antibody assay for rat glandular kallikrein is described. This assay permits immunological determination of kallikrein as well as a simultaneous specific measurement of kallikrein enzymatic activity. The assay is based on coupling of immunopurified anti-kallikrein immunoglobulin to a solid phase. In a first incubation step, kallikrein was bound to the immobilized antibody. Determination of kallikrein was subsequently done in a second incubation step; immunologically by addition of iodinated anti-kallikrein antibody, or enzymatically by a kallikrein substrate. Enzymatic quantification could also be followed by immunological measurements on the same sample. Comparison of Sepharose, cellulose, and acrylate based polymer particles proved the latter to be the best matrix in this assay. The main advantage of the polymer particles was the low non-specific binding of labelled antibody.     

Neutralization kinetics of sensitive and resistant subtype B primary human immunodeficiency virus type 1 isolates

The aim of the study was to determine if sensitive and resistant human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) subtype B primary isolates have different neutralization kinetics. Neutralization assays were undertaken where either the time allowed for virus to react with antibodies or the subsequent period of this mixture's exposure to target cells were varied. The relative neutralization sensitivity/resistance is a reproducible property of the isolates. In a minority of combinations, the titre falls exponentially for as long as the free virions are exposed to antibody. In the remainder, neutralization kinetics shows deviations which may be attributed to events occurring after the virus-antibody mixture is added to the target cells: significant neutralization with minimal exposure of the free virions to antibody; a plot where reduction in virus titre is parallel to the duration of the incubation phase of the assay. Neutralization rate constants are similar for primary HIV-1 SF33, HIV-1 SF162, and HIV-1 89.6, reaching 5 x 10(5)-1 x 10(6)/M sec for the monoclonal antibody IgG1 b12. However, although increased antibody levels produced greater reductions in virus titre the rate of neutralization was not proportional to the antibody concentration. Neutralization of either the free virion or cell-associated virus does not correlate with the resistance/sensitivity of primary subtype B isolates. The target cells play an active role, so that in designing neutralization assays with primary isolates of HIV-1, events following the virus-antibody complex binding to the cell surface have to be taken into consideration.     

Evaluation of antinuclear antibodies by indirect immunofluorescence and line immunoassay methods′: four years′ data from Turkey

The presence of antinuclear antibodies (ANAs), directed against intracellular antigens, is a hallmark of systemic autoimmune rheumatic diseases. The indirect immunofluorescence (IIF) assay is among the most commonly used routine methods for ANA detection as the screening test. The objective of the study was to evaluate ANA patterns in a 4‐year period retrospectively. All 19 996 serum samples that were sent to the Laboratory of Medical Microbiology of the tertiary Hospital by any hospital department between 1 January 2009 and 1 January 2013 with a request to test for ANA, anti‐ENA or both were included in the study. Of these samples, 4375 (21.9%) were ANA‐IIF‐positive and 15621 (78.1%) were ANA‐IIF‐negative. The presented ANA‐positive samples consisted of 2392 (54.67%) homogenous, 818 (18.70%) speckled, 396 (9.05%) centromere, 242 (5.53%) nucleolar, 213 (4.87%) nuclear dots, 178 (4.07%) cytoplasmic (except for actin and golgi), 24 (0.55%) actin, 9 (0.21%) golgi, 53 (1.21%) nuclear membrane and 50 (1.14%) mixed pattern. Totally 7800 samples were examined by LIA. Of these samples, 3440 were positive and 4307 were negative with IIF and LIA. In addition, 22 samples were detected as IIF‐positive but LIA‐negative, whereas the rest 31 samples were IIF‐negative but LIA‐positive. ANA patterns in 22 IIF‐positive samples were homogenous (9), speckled (5), golgi (4), cytoplasmic (3) and nucleolar (1). SSA/Ro‐52, SSB/La and Scl‐70 positivity were detected in 31 IIF‐negative/LIA‐positive samples by LIA. The present study comes forward with its overall scope, which covers 4‐year data obtained in tertiary hospital located in the western part of Turkey.     

A rapid one-step radiometric assay for hepatitis B surface antigen utilising monoclonal antibodies

A two-site antigen assay for HBsAg has been developed that employs 3 monoclonal antibodies. The antibodies were selected for their high affinity and their particular epitope specificity to establish an assay with a sensitivity for the antigen comparable with that of a conventional assay with heterologous antisera. In addition, by selecting a monoclonal antibody for use as a tracer which does not compete for antigenic binding sites with the solid-phase monoclonal antibodies, it has been possible to perform a two-site assay in a single 1 h incubation step, achieving the same degree of sensitivity. This principle of using monoclonal antibodies in a one-step assay therefore gives advantages of speed and simplicity over assays using heterologous antisera and would be applicable to a variety of antigen assays for which appropriate monoclonal antibodies are available.     

Infectivity assays for the Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus using Spodoptera littoralis cells

Tissue culture ID50 and plaque assays for the Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus, using the Spodoptera littoralis cell line HPB-SL, were developed. Direct comparison using these assay methods showed that these cells were as susceptible to infection as the more commonly used Spodoptera frugiperda cell line IPLB-SF-21. Both infectious tissue culture supernatants or virus isolated directly from polyhedra could be titrated. It was important to use low cell seeding densities in the assays so that clear centres of infection formed. Dose-response curves indicated that one infectious particle was capable of initiating an infection. Virus could be cloned using either method even though, for the plaque assay, plates had been stained. The tissue culture ID50 assay was performed using 96-well plates and required an incubation period of about 10 days. The plaque assay used a simple nutrient agarose overlay and an incubation period of 5-6 days. Easily countable plaques of 0.3-1.2 mm diameter were detected after staining with iodonitrote-trazolium chloride. The plaques comprised areas of inhibited cell division and round or dead cells. Most plaques contained only some cells with polyhedra and yields averaged about 1/cell. Occasionally plaques or infected wells were found in which no polyhedra could be seen. These infectivity assays are therefore not dependent on polyhedra formation.     

他克莫司血药浓度的方法学评价

评价德灵公司均相酶法他克莫司（Tacrolimus）试剂盒检测他克莫司血药浓度的可靠性。用本方法在日立7600分析仪上对其检测他克莫司血药浓度的精密度、线性、回收率、相关性等指标进行评价。本方法的评价表明,在他克莫司质控浓度为5.0ng/mL和15.0ng/mL时,批内变异系数分别为14.17%、10.66%,批间变异系数分别为12.56%、9.92%。平均回收率95.98%,在1.5~30ng/mL范围内,线性良好。与微粒子酶联免疫吸附法测定相关性良好（r=0.93）。结论：该方法操作简便、快速、准确,多通道检测,适用于临床上对肝肾移植患者他克莫司药物谷值浓度的监测。