伏核手术治疗药物心理依赖的并发症分析

目的分析立体定向双侧伏核毁损术后并发症的神经解剖基础,提出预防和治疗方案。方法随访术后反馈存在并发症的近期药物依赖患者16例,部分患者复查CT或MRI,结合SchalternbrandBailey人脑图谱对靶点位置、毁损灶体积等与并发症的关系进行分析。结果本组16例中,顺行性遗忘、动机形成障碍10例,性欲减退2例,可能与毁损体积过大有关;情感障碍2例、冲动行为1例,与毁损灶过低,影响前额叶底部皮质对认知、行为的调控有关;嗅觉迟钝1例,与嗅皮质损伤有关。结论并发症与靶点定位、毁损灶体积有关。通过精确定位、毁损参数控制可以达到减少并发症的目的。     

定向伏隔核射频毁损戒毒的毁损情况与疗效关系探讨

目的探讨定向伏隔核射频毁损术戒毒中毁损灶的位置、大小与疗效、并发症的关系。方法回顾性分析接受定向伏隔核射频毁损戒毒手术后随访期达1年以上的60例志愿者的病历资料,复查MRI,测量毁损灶中心平均坐标值及毁损灶的平均大小,参照Schaltenbrand-Bailey人脑标准图谱,探讨毁损灶的位置、大小与疗效、并发症的关系。结果失访2例(3.3%)。疗效优27例(45.0%),良10例(16.7%),无效17例(28.3%),差4例(6.7%);总有效率61.7%,复吸率35.0%。伏隔核内有效靶点的平均坐标值分布趋势:x(6.5±0.5)mm,y(21.5±1.0)mm,z(-8.5±1.5)mm;最佳毁损灶平均大小为8mm×10mm×6mm,占整个伏隔核体积的1/3。中远期特异并发症包括顺行性遗忘、动机形成障碍10例,性欲减退1例,情感障碍1例,冲动行为1例,嗅觉迟钝1例;发生率为23.3%。结论定向伏隔核射频毁损戒毒的有效靶点位于伏隔核腹内侧的壳部,疗效及中远期特异并发症与毁损灶具体位置的设定及体积大小有关。毁损灶体积过小,导致手术无效;毁损灶偏离有效靶点,或毁损体积过大,均可导致并发症的发生。     

多靶点毁损治疗帕金森病疗效分析

目的 ;探讨立体定向多靶点毁损治疗帕金森病(PD)的方法和影响疗效的因素。方法应用南京麦迪柯科技公司98-3型脑立体定向计算机辅助规划手术系统,螺旋CT薄层扫描解剖定位,对37例PD患者进行苍白球和(或)丘脑多靶点毁损手术,分析术后患者的靶点影像学改变和影响临床疗效的因素。结果随访3~5年,按PD联合评分标准(UPDRS)进行评分,显效24例(64.86%),改善9例(24.32%),无效4例(10.81%)。3年后复发再手术3例(8.1%),3例双侧手术,近期效果满意。并发症:术后3天内对侧肢体先肌痉挛后轻度偏瘫者4例(11.0%),远期出现肢体麻木、语音低、智能减退者4例(10.81%)。CT/MRI复查靶点毁损灶消失3例(8.10%),靶点毁损灶稳定34例(91.89%),无其它并发症及死亡。结论单靶点毁损且毁损灶小复发率高,多靶点毁损远期并发症高,靶点毁损术治疗PD近期疗效好,远期差。     

帕金森病立体定向射频毁损灶的MRI表现

目的探讨帕金森病立体定向射频毁损灶的MRI表现及其与疗效的关系.方法通过对19例帕金森病患者立体定向射频毁损术后的早期、晚期MRI随访,了解毁损灶的MRI表现及其与疗效的关系.结果19例患者在术后3～7天复查MRI,T1W中心为细小的长T1低信号点,中间为短T1高信号,最外为长T1低信号环,周边有不规则的水肿带,T2W中心为细小的长T2高信号点,中间为短T2低信号,最外为长T2高信号环,周边有不规则的水肿带.7例患者术后1～2年复查MRI,毁损灶的MRI表现为长T1长T2类圆形信号.毁损灶的位置与原靶点的误差小于1mm.结论帕金森病立体定向射频毁损灶的大小与毁损的温度、时间成正比,晚期MRI随访提示如果靶点位置正确,毁损灶大小在5mm×5.2mm×8.1mm左右,则能产生较好的疗效.     

MRI定向下核团毁损术治疗难治性精神分裂症

目的 应用MRI定向下核团毁损术治疗难治性精神分裂症,并对其疗效及并发症进行评估.方法 采用MRI定向下脑内单靶点或组合靶点射频毁损术治疗38例难治性精神分裂症,术后6月依据全国精神外科协作组1990年标准对疗效进行评价.手术前后应用简明精神量表BPRS及各因子分评价手术效果.结果 38例患者术后6月恢复8例,显著进步15例,进步12例,无效3例,加重0例,有效率92.1%;15例次术后出现早期一过性并发症,均在术后2周内恢复.术后简明精神量表BPRS总分及焦虑忧郁、缺乏活力、思维障碍、激活性、敌对猜疑等因子分均明显下降,术前、术后有显著性差异(P<0.05).结论 MRI定位下核团毁损术治疗难治性精神分裂症效果显著,精确,安全.     

帕金森病立体定向手术靶点的位置与疗效的关系

目的分析帕金森病立体定向手术靶点位置与疗效的关系.方法对20例PD行丘脑手术10例(其中单侧丘脑手术8例,双侧2例),苍白球手术8例(其中单侧苍白球手术5例,双侧3例),丘脑加苍白球手术2例.所有病人均行MRI(西门子1.0T)薄层扫描,影像重建后测量原手术靶点位置及大小、分析靶点与临床疗效的关系.结果20例病人有7例出现并发症.对侧肢体轻瘫,精神症状对侧半身疼痛和短期复发各1例,言语不清3例.毁损灶最大11×10×14mm,最小3×2×4mm.结论立体定向手术的靶点定位与治疗效果直接相关.手术成功关键在于合理靶点的选择、定位以及毁损灶大小适当.配合微电极记录技术和经验可提高疗效.     

脑立体定向手术治疗癫痫的临床分析

目的探讨立体定向多靶点或痫灶射频毁损术治疗难治性癫痫的效果和安全性。方法采用CT定位、导向下对76例药物治疗无效的难治性癫痫患者进行立体定向多靶点射频术治疗。结果随访时间6～36个月,平均(21.23±4.20)个月,癫痫不发作27例,显著进步31例,进步10例,无效8例,有效率89.47%;术后除早期暂时性并发症外,无远期严重并发症。结论脑立体定向毁损术对痫灶泛发者的多核团毁损;对病灶很小,位置深的致痫灶直接毁损,安全有效。     

脑立体定向手术治疗难治性癫痫34例临床分析

目的探讨计算机辅助立体定向射频毁损手术对难治性癫痂的适应征选择、手术方式、术后并发症及治疗效果。方法利用计算机辅助手术计划系统和CT／MR图像融合技术,应用射频热凝多靶点毁损术对34例难治性癫痫病人进行手术治疗,积极防治术后并发症和继续抗癫痫药物治疗,于术后1a采用国内癫痫疗效评定标准评定疗效。结果术后并发肢体轻瘫6例,记忆障碍2例,均在4周内恢复。手术治疗1a后,21例癫痼症状基本控制,9例癫痫未再发作,4例发作次数减少50％以上;显著改善8例,良好4例,较差1例,无改善0例。结论计算机辅助立体定向多靶点射频热凝毁损手术治疗难治性癫痫是一种安全有效的治疗方法。     

脑立体定向手术治疗难治性癫34例临床分析

目的探讨计算机辅助立体定向射频毁损手术对难治性癫的适应征选择、手术方式、术后并发症及治疗效果。方法利用计算机辅助手术计划系统和CT/MR图像融合技术,应用射频热凝多靶点毁损术对34例难治性癫病人进行手术治疗,积极防治术后并发症和继续抗癫药物治疗,于术后1a采用国内癫疗效评定标准评定疗效。结果术后并发肢体轻瘫6例,记忆障碍2例,均在4周内恢复。手术治疗1a后,21例癫症状基本控制,9例癫未再发作,4例发作次数减少50%以上;显著改善8例,良好4例,较差1例,无改善0例。结论计算机辅助立体定向多靶点射频热凝毁损手术治疗难治性癫是一种安全有效的治疗方法。     

立体定向术治疗难治性精神病的近期疗效观察

目的探讨立体定向手术治疗难治性精神病的临床疗效。方法对140例难治性精神病患者,采用CT定位立体定向双侧杏仁核、内囊前肢、扣带回等多靶点组合毁损治疗。术中用电阻值和微电极电生理验证靶点。术后6个月由精神科医生对治疗效果进行评定。结果140例患者中,恢复12例、显著进步107例、进步17例、无变化4例,总有效率为97％。无严重并发症和后遗症发生。结论CT导向立体定向多靶点毁损术定位精确、安全、显效,是难治性精神病的有效治疗方法之一。     

Epilepsy and anomalies of neuronal migration: MRI and clinical aspects

Neuronal migration disorders are the result of disturbed brain development. In such disorders, neurons are abnormally located. In diagnosing these conditions, magnetic resonance imaging is superior to any other imaging technique. This enables us to improve our knowledge of the clinical correlates of neuronal migration. With reference to migrational disorder, a retrospective study of all 303 patients with epileptic seizures referred for magnetic resonance imaging during a 3-year period was performed, 13 patients (aged 12-41, mean age 27) were identified. They represent 4.3% of the entire study group. Of the patients with known epilepsy, 6.7% and of the mentally retarded, 13.7% had migrational disorders. Four patients had schizencephaly as the dominant finding, one was classified as hemimegalencephaly, 2 had isolated heterotopias, and 6 had localized pachy- and/or poly-microgyria. The clinical pictures are complex. Ectopias of grey matter are recognised foci of epilepsy, but from an epileptological and a clinical viewpoint little attention has been given to these disorders. The present study shows that malmigration is not rare in epilepsy patients, especially not in the mentally retarded.     

Classification of methods in transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) and evolving strategy from historical approaches to contemporary innovations

Transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) encompasses all methods of non-invasive current application to the brain used in research and clinical practice. We present the first comprehensive and technical review, explaining the evolution of tES in both terminology and dosage over the past 100 years of research to present day. Current transcranial Pulsed Current Stimulation (tPCS) approaches such as Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation (CES) descended from Electrosleep (ES) through Cranial Electro-stimulation Therapy (CET), Transcerebral Electrotherapy (TCET), and NeuroElectric Therapy (NET) while others like Transcutaneous Cranial Electrical Stimulation (TCES) descended from Electroanesthesia (EA) through Limoge, and Interferential Stimulation. Prior to a contemporary resurgence in interest, variations of transcranial Direct Current Stimulation were explored intermittently, including Polarizing current, Galvanic Vestibular Stimulation (GVS), and Transcranial Micropolarization. The development of these approaches alongside Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) and pharmacological developments are considered. Both the roots and unique features of contemporary approaches such as transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation (tACS) and transcranial Random Noise Stimulation (tRNS) are discussed. Trends and incremental developments in electrode montage and waveform spanning decades are presented leading to the present day. Commercial devices, seminal conferences, and regulatory decisions are noted. We conclude with six rules on how increasing medical and technological sophistication may now be leveraged for broader success and adoption of tES.     

Hepatic Considerations in the Use of Antiepileptic Drugs

Summary: Virtually all of the major antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) can cause hepatotoxicity, although fatal hepatic reactions are rare. The mechanisms, incidences, and risk profiles for such reactions differ from drug to drug. With carbamazepine and phenytoin, hepatotoxicity may be due to drug hypersensitivity. Although the profiles of patients at risk have not been well-defined for these two antiepileptic drugs, it would appear from reports in the literature that older adolescents and adults are at higher risk than children of developing serious or fatal hepatotoxicity. Once hepatotoxicity develops, mortality rates are 10–38% with phenytoin and 25% for carbamazepine. The risk profile for valproate fatal hepatotoxicity has been more clearly defined. Those at primary risk of fatal hepatic dysfunction are children under the age of 2 years who are receiving multiple anticonvulsants and also have significant medical problems in addition to severe epilepsy. The risk is considerably lower for patients over the age of 2 years on valproate monotherapy. In contrast to the risk profile with other AEDs, adults receiving valproate as monotherapy have the lowest risk of hepatotoxicity. Fatal hepatic dysfunction coincident with valproate may be the result of aberrant drug metabolism. Concomitant use of AEDs that induce microsomal P450 enzymes (e.g., phenytoin and phenobarbital) may enhance the production of a toxic metabolite, and hence the greater risk of hepatotoxicity with polypharmacy.     

Vascular Malformations and Epilepsy: Clinical Considerations and Basic Mechanisms

Summary: Vascular malformations (VMs) are associated with epilepsy. The natural history of the various VMs, clinical presentation, and tendency to provoke epilepsy determine treatment strategies. Investigations have probed the mechanisms of epileptogenesis associated with these lesions. Electrophysiologic changes are associated with epileptogenic cortex adjacent to VMs. Putative pathophysiologic mechanisms of epileptogenesis include neuronal cell loss, glial proliferation and abnormal glial physiology, altered neurotransmitter levels, free radical formation, and aberrant second messenger physiology.     

Neonatal Seizures: Problems in Diagnosis and Classification

Summary: The clinical identification of neonatal seizures is critical for the recognition of brain dysfunction; however, diagnosis is often difficult because of the poorly organized and varied nature of these behaviors. Current classification systems are limited in their ability to communicate motor, autonomic, and electroencephalo-graphic features of seizures precisely and to provide a basis for uniform effective diagnosis, therapy, and determination of prognosis. Recent investigations of neonates, utilizing bedside electroencephalographic/polygraphic/ video monitoring techniques, have provided the basis for improved diagnosis and classification of seizures in the newborn. These studies have demonstrated that not all clinical phenomena currently considered to be seizures require electrocortical epileptiform activity for their initiation or elaboration. In addition, the specific clinical character of the phenomena considered to be seizures, the clinical state of the infant, and the character of the EEG indicate the probable pathophysiological mechanisms involved and suggest probable etiologies, prognosis, and therapy. Similarities between animal models that demonstrate reflex physiology and neonates with motor automatisms and tonic posturing suggest that these clinical behaviors may not be epileptic in origin but, rather, primitive movements of progression and posture mediated by brainstem mechanisms. Although not all clinical behaviors currently considered to be neonatal seizures may have similar pathophysiological mechanisms, they are clinically significant because they all indicate brain dysfunction.     

Valproate Monotherapy in the Management of Generalized and Partial Seizures

Summary: For decades, therapeutic tradition has promoted the concept of polypharmacy in the management of epilepsy. In recent years, however, studies have shown that, for most patients, monotherapy can provide comparable or better seizure control than administration of multiple anticonvulsants, while diminishing the potential for adverse reactions, drug interactions, and poor compliance. Valproate is an important monotherapeutic agent that is highly effective in the control of idiopathic primary and secondarily generalized epilepsies, and partial seizures that do not generalize. Comparative studies have found that valproate is at least as effective as phenytoin and carbamazepine in the treatment of generalized and partial seizures. Given the similar efficacy, other factors such as pharmacokinetics and side effects may therefore determine anticonvulsant selection for monotherapy.     

Un nouveau cadre conceptuel de travail pour la psychiatrie

In an attempt to place psychiatric thinking and the training of future psychiatrists more centrally into the context of modern biology, the author outlines the beginnings of a new intellectual framework for psychiatry that derives from current biological thinking about the relationship of mind to brain. The purpose of this framework is twofold. First, it is designed to emphasize that the professional requirements for future psychiatrists will demand a greater knowledge of the structure and functioning of the brain than is currently available in most training programs. Second, it is designed to illustrate that the unique domain which psychiatry occupies within academic medicine, the analysis of the interaction between social and biological determinants of behavior, can best be studied by also having a full understanding of the biological components of behavior.     

Carbamazepine Efficacy and Utilization in Children

Summary: Carbamazepine is effective for preventing partial and generalized tonic-clonic seizures in children. Although absence epilepsies are more common in children than adults, an estimated 80% of children with epilepsy have seizure types or epilepsies that are potentially responsive to carbamazepine. The differential diagnosis of ictal staring is an especially important issue in children because absence and atypical absence seizures are more prevalent in children than adults. Age-related pharmacokinetic differences and drug interactions are major considerations in children. On average, children have higher clearance rates of carbamazepine, shorter half-lives, and higher ratios of carbamazepine-10, 11-epoxide to carbamazepine than adults. In addition, children with severe epilepsy are more likely to require multiple-drug therapy, which can lead to complex drug interactions. When carbamazepine is administered along with valproate, drug protein binding interactions can cause intermittent side effects.