实时剪切波弹性成像技术与常规超声检查诊断肝硬化效能的比较

目的比较实时剪切波弹性成像（SWE）技术和常规超声检查诊断代偿期肝硬化和失代偿期肝硬化的效能。方法对2012年1月至2013年4月中山大学附属第三医院134例慢性肝病患者行常规超声检查对肝包膜、肝实质和脾脏大小进行半定量评分,同时采用实时SWE技术检测肝脏弹性模量。以病理结果及临床诊断作为肝硬化诊断金标准,应用受试者操作特性（ROC）曲线分别评价实时SWE技术和常规超声积分诊断代偿期肝硬化、失代偿期肝硬化敏感度、特异度,并应用Z检验比较实时SWE技术和常规超声积分诊断代偿期肝硬化、失代偿期肝硬化的ROC曲线下面积。结果96例患者经皮肝穿刺活组织病理学检查结果显示,S0期10例、S1期31例、S2期8例、S3期13例、S4期34例;经临床诊断为失代偿期肝硬化38例。ROC曲线显示,实时SWE技术、常规超声积分诊断代偿期肝硬化的曲线下面积分别为0．957、0．745,实时SWE技术诊断效能优于常规超声检查,且差异有统计学意义（Z=3．789,P〈0．001）,敏感度和特异度分别为97．06％和93．55％、52．94％和87．10％;实时SWE技术、常规超声积分诊断失代偿期肝硬化的曲线下面积分别为0．973、0．954,差异无统计学意义（Z=0．276,P=0．511）,敏感度和特异度分别为100％和93．55％、94．74％和87．10％。结论实时SWE技术诊断早期代偿期肝硬化效能明显优于常规超声检查,但两者对失代偿期肝硬化诊断效能相当。     

肝体积变化率与肝瞬时弹性值对评估门静脉高压症患者手术前后肝储备功能的价值

目的探讨以肝体积变化率（R）及肝脏瞬时弹性值（FS）补充Child-Pugh评分所形成的新肝储备评价模型在评估肝硬化门脉高压手术患者肝储备功能的可行性。方法对2009年6月至2010年6月113例肝硬化门脉高压接受门奇断流术病例,分别于术前和术后1个月以Child-Pugh评分与新评价模型评估肝储备功能,了解两种方法预测术后肝功能代偿情况的准确率。结果 Child-Pugh评分预测术后肝功能代偿良好准确率为63.33％,新评价模型预测术后肝功能代偿良好准确率为86.49％（P＜0.05）;Child-Pugh评分预测术后肝功能代偿轻度不良准确率为69.87％,新评价模型预测术后肝功能代偿轻度不良准确率为87.67％（P＜0.05）。结论联合肝体积变化率与肝瞬时弹性值的新肝储备评价模型能够提高Child-Pugh评分对肝硬化门脉高压手术患者储备功能评估的准确性。     

彩色多普勒超声半定量评分诊断早期乙型病毒性肝炎肝硬化

目的 探讨彩色多普勒超声(彩超)半定量评分对早期慢性乙型病毒性肝炎(乙肝)肝硬化的诊断价值.方法 对2002年4月～2007年4月收治的110例慢性乙肝行肝穿刺病理组织学检查,分为早期肝硬化组34例和非肝硬化组76例,对两组同时行彩超检查并对其进行半定量评分.结果 早期肝硬化组彩超半定量总评分为16.74±1.07,非肝硬化组总评分为8.56±0.63,两组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.01),早期肝硬化组肝脏实质回声、肝脏表面被膜、肝脏边缘形态、肝静脉清晰度、脾脏面积、胆囊壁、肝内韧带等参数评分均高于非肝硬化组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.01).彩超诊断半定量评分系统对早期肝硬化诊断的灵敏度为94.12%,特异度为89.47%.结论 彩超半定量评分可作为慢性乙肝患者筛检早期肝硬化较灵敏的诊断方法.     

肝炎后肝硬化肝性胸水12例临床分析

肝硬化失代偿期伴有胸腔积液称为肝性胸水。首先由 Christian 于1973年报道,我院1987年6月至1991年6月共收治肝炎后失代偿期肝硬化122例,其中发现肝性胸水12例,现分析如下。临床资料1 诊断标准1.1 肝性胸水诊断标准:按姜氏诊断标准即1)明确诊断肝硬化失代偿期;2)胸腔穿刺抽出胸水和/或胸透、胸片、超声波检查有胸水征象及体检发现有胸腔积液体征;3)除外结核、心脏病、肿瘤、肾脏病、低蛋白血症等原因引起的胸腔积液。     

肝硬化患者过度通气及呼吸性碱中毒的临床意义

目的：探讨肝硬化患者过度通气厦其引起的呼吸性碱中毒的临床意义。方法：97例诊断明确的肝硬化患者，其中代偿期肝硬化34例；失代偿期肝硬化无肝性脑病35例；失代偿期肝硬化合并肝性脑病的28例。所有病例均进行动脉血气分析，比较3组患者低二氧化碳血症和呼吸性碱中毒的发生率厦严重程度。结果：①代偿期肝硬化组、失代偿期肝硬化无肝性脑病组、失代偿期肝硬化合并肝性脑病组低二氧化碳血症发生率依次增高（P〈0．01）；3组PaCO3依次降低（P〈0．01）；②代偿期肝硬化组、失代偿期肝硬化无肝性脑病组、失代偿期肝硬化合并肝性脑病组呼吸性碱中毒的发生率依次增高（P〈0．05），呼吸性碱中毒也依次加重（P〈0．01）。结论：肝硬化患者随着肝功能的减退，吝易发生过度通气，而过度通气造成呼吸性碱中毒，进一步加重肝硬化患者的病情。在治疗肝硬化时应注意监测和纠正酸硷紊乱。     

肝硬化患者外周血单个核细胞中白蛋白mRNA的表达与病变进展的关系

目的：研究肝硬化患者外周血单个核细胞中白蛋白mRNA表达与病变进展的关系。方法：采用实时荧光定量PCR检测肝硬化患者血清中HBVDNA含量。采用逆转录巢式PCR分别检测代偿性肝硬化、失代偿性肝硬化和健康人外周血单个核细胞中白蛋白mRNA的表达。结果：37例肝硬化患者中21例为代偿期，16例为失代偿期。代偿期肝硬化患者血清HBVDNA阳性率为67％（14／21），HBVDNA含量为（4．3±2．1）×10^6 copies／mL：外周血单个核细胞白蛋白mRNA阳性率为14％（3／21）。失代偿期肝硬化患者血清HBVDNA阳性率为88％（14／16）．HBVDNA含量为（5．1±3．4）×10^7 copies／mL：外周血单个核细胞白蛋白mRNA阳性率为56％（9／16）。20例健康人外周血单个核细胞中的白蛋白mRNA阳性率为5％（1／20）。肝硬化代偿期和失代偿期患者外周血单个核细胞中的白蛋白mRNA阳性率差异有显著性（P〈0．1）。结论：HBVDNA与肝硬化患者肝脏病变进程密切相关，外周血单个核细胞中的白蛋白mRNA表达与肝脏损害相关。二者可作为肝硬化病情进展的评价指标。[著者文摘]     

大数据人工智能时代肝硬化门脉高压症分层管理策略

肝硬化门脉高压症是一种严重威胁人民健康的消化系统常见疾病,也是我国最严重的肝脏疾病负担.代偿期肝硬化无明显临床症状,中位生存时间超过12年,全因年死亡率1％～2％.失代偿期肝硬化以门脉高压并发症和肝功能减退为临床特征,常表现为腹水、食管胃静脉曲张破裂出血、肝性脑病、肝肾综合征和肝癌等并发症,年病死率10％～ 20％,5...     

超声评价复方鳖甲软肝片治疗肝硬化的疗效价值

目的 探讨用超声检测肝硬化病人服用复方鳖甲软肝片（简称软肝片）的治疗效果。方法 B超观察94例患者用药后不同时期肝脏、脾脏大小,肝脏内部回声结构及彩色多普勒检测门静脉血流速度变化情况。结果 代偿性肝硬化组服用软肝片后效果明显,失代偿性肝硬化组无明显疗效。结论 超声检查对于观察肝硬化病人服用软肝片后的效果有重要的临床参考意义。     

超声半定量评分诊断老年慢性乙型病毒性肝炎肝硬化的临床意义

目的探讨超声半定量评分诊断老年慢性乙型病毒性肝炎(CHB)肝硬化的临床价值。方法选取84例老年CHB患者,根据其肝穿刺病理组织学结果分为肝硬化组49例和非肝硬化组35例,两组患者均行超声检查,比较两组肝表面被膜、肝脏实质回声、脾脏面积、肝脏边缘形态、肝静脉清晰度、肝内韧带及胆囊壁的超声半定量评分,以及门静脉内径、血流量、血流速度,分析超声半定量评分对老年CHB肝硬化的诊断价值。结果肝硬化组患者的肝表面被膜、肝脏实质回声、脾脏面积、肝脏边缘形态、肝静脉清晰度、肝内韧带及胆囊壁的超声半定量评分均明显高于非肝硬化组(均P<0.05);肝硬化组患者门静脉内径、血流量及血流速度均大于非肝硬化组(均P<0.05)。超声半定量评分诊断老年CHB肝硬化的敏感性和特异性分别为95.92%和91.43%,准确率为94.04%。结论超声半定量评分诊断老年CHB肝硬化具有较高价值,值得临床推广应用。     

肝硬化腹水的中医诊治

肝硬化是一种常见的慢性进行性、弥漫性肝脏疾患.病理学可见肝实质细胞广泛破坏、变性、坏死与再生,纤维组织弥漫性增生,导致肝正常组织结构紊乱,致使肝脏逐渐发生变形、变硬.在我国肝硬化患者大多数为肝炎后形成,但随着人们生活习性的变化,我国的酒精性肝硬化的发病率呈上升趋势.硬化的肝脏随着病情的发展,功能逐渐减退,其代偿能力越来越低而进入肝硬化失代偿期.腹水是肝硬化失代偿期的主要表现,属肝硬化晚期症状.     

Ultrasonographic changes of early liver cirrhosis in chronic hepatitis B: A longitudinal study

Ultrasonography of prospectively followed chronic hepatitis B patients who developed liver cirrhosis were reevaluated in order to identify the ultrasonographic changes of early cirrhosis. Ultrasonographic features of 29 patients before and after cirrhosis were as follows: portal vein diameter—1.20 cm/1.29 cm (NS); cirrhosis score—5.69/7.52 (p < 0.01); spleen size index—21.99 cm²/25.84 cm² (NS). The result suggests that ultrasonographic diagnosis of early cirrhosis is not easy on a single occasion; however, the score system method is helpful in longitudinal follow-up chronic hepatitis patients. A careful comparison of hepatic parenchymal and surface changes are mandatory. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Discordance between conventional ultrasonography and ElastPQ for assessing hepatic fibrosis in chronic hepatitis B: frequency and independent factors

Purpose

To investigate the frequency of discordance and to identify factors associated with discordance between ultrasonographic and elastographic grades for assessing hepatic fibrosis in Asian patients with chronic hepatitis B.

Methods

Three hundred thirty-four patients with chronic hepatitis B for which both conventional ultrasonography and liver stiffness measurements using elastography were available were included. Patients were graded as ‘normal’, ‘chronic liver disease’, or ‘liver cirrhosis’ by ultrasonography, and as ‘no significant fibrosis’, ‘significant fibrosis’, or ‘liver cirrhosis’ by elastography, and the results of these two modalities were compared. Logistic regression analyses were performed to identify independent factors associated with discordant results.

Results

Of the 334 patients, 153 (45.8 %), 115 (34.4 %), and 66 (19.8 %) patients were ‘normal’, ‘chronic liver disease’, and ‘liver cirrhosis’, respectively, based on the ultrasonographic grades, and 290 (86.8 %), 29 (8.7 %), and 15 (4.5 %) patients were ‘no significant fibrosis,’ ‘significant fibrosis’, and ‘liver cirrhosis’, respectively, based on the elastographic values. Among them, 173 (51.8 %) showed discordance with respect to severity of hepatic fibrosis. In multivariable analysis, discordance was more frequent in patients with ultrasonographic grades of ‘chronic liver disease’ [adjusted odds ratio (AOR), 1924; P < 0.001] and ‘liver cirrhosis’ (AOR, 4498; P < 0.001), whereas patients with an elastographic grade of ‘liver cirrhosis’ showed a negative association with discordance (AOR, 0.002; P = 0.007).

Conclusion

There was a high rate of discordance between hepatic fibrosis grades determined by ultrasonography and elastography. Considering the accuracy of liver stiffness evaluation by elastography, conventional ultrasonography might overestimate hepatic fibrosis in chronic hepatitis B.

     

血清甘胆酸水平在慢性肝病患者中的临床分析

目的探讨血清甘胆酸检测在慢性肝病患者诊断中的临床意义。方法将135例慢性肝病患者按病情程度分成慢性肝炎轻度组(32例)、中度组(18例)、重度组(8例),肝硬化组(62例),肝癌组(15例),同时选取20名健康体检者作为对照组。用放射免疫法检测各组对象血清甘胆酸的含量。结果慢性肝炎各组及肝硬化、肝癌组血清甘胆酸均高于对照组(P<0.01),血清甘胆酸水平在慢性肝炎各组患者之间差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论慢性肝炎、肝硬化、肝癌患者血清甘胆酸较正常人升高,慢性肝炎患者随着病情加重血清甘胆酸升高。     

代偿期肝硬变肝组织结构及病变程度对超声诊断的影响

目的；分析代偿期肝硬变肝组织病变组织及程度的不同对超声诊断的影响。方法：采用多普勒超声，血清及病理检测了179例慢性肝炎及48例代偿期肝硬变患者。经统计学分析在44项超声检测指标中筛选出三项评价肝纤维化意义最大的独立性判别指标，以此三项指标判别肝硬变，对超声诊断出现假阴性及假阳性者进行分析，并对照分析其病理及血清学特点。结果：超声诊断出现假阴性者均为活动性肝硬变患者，肝组织炎症较明显，纤维隔较细小而疏松，假小叶结节小且均匀，血清肝纤维化标志物水平明显升高，声像学改变不明显。超声诊断出现假阳性者，炎症程度较假阴性组轻，血清肝纤维化标志物水平较假阴性组低，肝细胞呈灶性大泡性脂肪变性，或纤维隔宽且致密，肝实质回声紊乱。结论：超声诊断代偿期肝硬变可因肝组织病变结构及病变程度不同，出现假阴性及假阳性结果。     

乙肝相关性肝病患者幽门螺杆菌感染的研究

目的研究慢性乙型肝炎(乙肝)、乙肝肝硬化、乙肝后肝癌等肝病患者幽门螺杆菌(Hp)感染情况。方法收集慢性乙肝、乙肝肝硬化、乙肝后肝癌等肝脏疾病患者273例,日期正常体检人群60例,采用免疫层析法检测患者血清中抗Hp抗体(Hp-IgG),定量PCR检测HBV DNA。结果乙肝相关性肝病患者Hp感染率73.3%,正常体检人群为40.0%,2组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.01);慢性乙肝、乙肝肝硬化、乙肝后肝癌3组患者Hp感染率分别为62.7%、77.0%、79.7%,后二者Hp明显高于慢性乙肝患者(P<0.05);按病毒载量分级,HBV DNA阴性组Hp感染率低于HBV DNA阳性组,而阳性组按低、中、高分组,各组间Hp感染率分别为69.4%、65.0%、66.1%(P>0.05);乙肝肝硬化患者按Child-push分级后,A、B、C各级之间的Hp感染率分别为51.9%、63.4%、65.6%(P>0.05)。结论 Hp感染可能参与乙肝肝病患者肝脏损伤,显示Hp具有肝细胞毒性作用;肝硬化、肝癌感染率高于慢性乙型肝炎,提示Hp感染与慢性肝病疾病进展和肝癌的发生有一定相关性。     

Value of Doppler sonography in assessing the progression of chronic viral hepatitis and in the diagnosis and grading of cirrhosis.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the value of Doppler sonography in assessing the progression of chronic viral hepatitis and in the diagnosis and grading of cirrhosis. METHODS: Abdominal sonographic and liver Doppler studies were performed in 3 groups: 36 patients with chronic viral hepatitis, 63 patients with cirrhosis, and 30 control subjects with no evidence of liver disease. A series of Doppler indices of hepatic vascularity, including portal vein velocity, portal vein pulsatility score, flow volume of the portal vein, resistive and pulsatility indices of the hepatic artery, modified hepatic index, hepatic vascular index, waveform of the hepatic vein, and focal acceleration of flow, were measured and correlated with liver and spleen size, portal and splenic vein diameter, and presence of ascites and collateral vessels. These indices were compared across the 3 study groups and within the patient groups with respect to presence of inflammation, fibrosis, and steatosis, as determined by histologic evaluation. RESULTS: The most useful indices were portal vein velocity, the modified hepatic index, and nontriphasic flow in the hepatic vein, which were helpful in distinguishing patients from control subjects. Hepatic vascular and modified hepatic indices were useful for differential diagnosis of cirrhosis and chronic viral hepatitis. However, all measurements were limited in their ability to determine the severity of chronic hepatitis. CONCLUSIONS: Doppler sonography is sensitive to hemodynamic alterations resulting from inflammation and fibrosis, and if sonography is the study of choice to follow the progression of hepatitis, it will not be adequate without Doppler imaging. Doppler sonography has high diagnostic accuracy in cirrhosis despite some false-positive conditions. However, it has a limited role in clinical grading.     

Noninvasive diagnosis of the degree of hepatic fibrosis using ultrasonography in patients with chronic liver disease due to hepatitis C virus

BACKGROUND: Chronic liver disease is characterized by progressive hepatic fibrosis and changes in hepatic haemodynamics. This study has addressed the possibility of a noninvasive diagnosis of the degree of hepatic fibrosis by evaluating the velocity of blood in the hepatic vasculature. Materials and methods The maximum velocity of blood at the portal vein and hepatic artery was measured in 80 patients with chronic liver diseases (19 with liver cirrhosis; 61 with chronic hepatitis) and in 20 normal volunteers by Doppler ultrasonography. The arterio-portal ratio (A/P ratio) was calculated by dividing the maximum velocity of blood (Vmax) in the hepatic artery with the Vmax in the portal vein. Multivariate analysis was used to disclose the independent predictors of the degree of hepatic fibrosis. RESULTS: The levels of A/P ratio were significantly higher in patients with liver cirrhosis (LC) compared to those with chronic hepatitis (CH) and normal controls. Probit analysis revealed that the value of A/P ratio at which CH becomes LC was A/P >or= 3.5. The levels of A/P ratio were also significantly higher in patients with severe fibrosis compared with mild (P < 0.0001) and moderate (P < 0.0001) fibrosis. Multivariate analysis disclosed right A/P ratio (P = 0.0001), left A/P ratio (P = 0.013), and platelet counts (P = 0.0172), as the only independent predictors of the degree of hepatic fibrosis. CONCLUSIONS: A/P ratio may be used for the noninvasive diagnosis of the degree of hepatic fibrosis in patients with chronic liver diseases.     

Cirrhosis and chronic liver failure: part I. Diagnosis and evaluation

Cirrhosis and chronic liver failure are leading causes of morbidity and mortality in the United States, with the majority of preventable cases attributed to excessive alcohol consumption, viral hepatitis, or nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Cirrhosis often is an indolent disease; most patients remain asymptomatic until the occurrence of decompensation, characterized by ascites, spontaneous bacterial peritonitis, hepatic encephalopathy, or variceal bleeding from portal hypertension. Physical examination of patients with cirrhosis may reveal a variety of findings that necessitate a hepatic- or gastrointestinal-based work-up to determine the etiology. Some patients already may have had laboratory or radiographic tests that incidentally uncovered signs of cirrhosis and its comorbidities. No serologic or radiographic test can accurately diagnose cirrhosis. A significant correlation has been demonstrated between persistently elevated liver function tests and biopsy-proven underlying hepatic disease; thus, a more targeted serologic work-up is indicated in patients whose liver function test results are persistently abnormal. Unnecessary medications and surgical procedures should be avoided in patients with cirrhosis. Referral for liver biopsy should be considered only after a thorough, non-invasive serologic and radiographic evaluation has failed to confirm a diagnosis of cirrhosis; the benefit of biopsy outweighs the risk; and it is postulated that biopsy will have a favorable impact on the treatment of chronic liver disease.     

gamma-Glutamyl transpeptidase activity in liver disease: serum elevation is independent of hepatic GGTP activity

gamma-Glutamyl transpeptidase activity was measured in liver and serum from 110 patients undergoing diagnostic liver biopsy, including patients with alcoholic liver disease, fatty liver not due to alcohol, primary biliary cirrhosis, persistent hepatic disease, chronic active hepatitis and normal livers. Serum gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase was markedly elevated in patients with alcoholic liver disease and primary biliary cirrhosis while mean hepatic gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase activity was significantly increased only in the alcoholic liver disease group. There was considerable overlap of individual enzyme values among the different disease groups. There was no inhibitors or activators of liver gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase in any of these disorders. The increased liver activity was not related to the degree of hepatic fibrosis or cirrhosis. There was no correlation between hepatic and serum gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase activity. Hepatic and serum gamma activities were equally increased in individuals with alcoholic liver disease whether or not they were drinking at the time of the study. The data suggest that increased hepatic gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase activity is neither specific for alcoholic liver disease nor essential for serum GGTP to be elevated.     

Hemodynamic and morphologic changes of peripheral hepatic vasculature in chronic liver disease: a preliminary study by contrast-enhanced coded phase-inversion harmonic sonography

To investigate whether observing the morphology of the peripheral hepatic vasculature and the hemodynamics of microbubble arrival time in these vessels can provide useful information for the diagnosis of liver disease, Five normal volunteers and 16 patients were studied by contrast-enhanced coded phase-inversion harmonic sonography. Vessel images of the peripheral vessels were observed in real time after intravenous injection of Levovist. The time when the microbubbles appeared in the peripheral vessels was measured. Three patterns of morphologic change of the peripheral hepatic vasculature were seen, marked, slight, and no abnormal changes. The microbubble arrival times at the peripheral vessels were all shorter in patients with cirrhosis than chronic hepatitis or normal subjects. Marked, slight, and no abnormal morphologic changes of the peripheral hepatic vasculature in patients with liver cirrhosis were found in five, one and zero of the six patients, respectively. Those patients with chronic hepatitis, were found in one, six and three of the ten patients, respectively. There was a significant difference among the different groups (P < 0.001). Evaluating the hemodynamics and morphology by contrast-enhanced coded pulse-inversion harmonic sonography may offer useful information in the diagnosis of liver disease.