三七皂苷FC通过MAPK/NF-κB途径抑制RAW264.7细胞炎症及凋亡的机制研究

目的:基于丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(MAPK)/核转录因子-κB(NF-κB)途径探讨三七皂苷FC对RAW264.7巨噬细胞炎症及凋亡的作用机制。方法:(1)采用不同浓度的三七皂苷FC(0、1、10、20、50、100μmol/L)分别干预RAW264.7细胞和脂多糖(LPS)诱导的RAW264.7细胞,CCK8法检测细胞活力,筛选合适的药物浓度。(2)将RAW264.7细胞分为对照组、LPS组、LPS+三七皂苷FC低剂量(20μmol/L)组和LPS+三七皂苷FC高剂量(50μmol/L)组。先给予相应剂量的三七皂苷FC预处理6 h,再加入1μg/ml LPS。干预24 h后,PCR检测肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、白介素-6(IL-6)、诱导型一氧化氮合酶(iNOS)、白介素-1β(IL-1β)mRNA表达;Western blot检测TNF-α、iNOS、p38MAPK、磷酸化p38MAPK(p-p38MAPK)、NF-κB p65、磷酸化NF-κB p65(p-NF-κB p65)蛋白表达;流式细胞术检测细胞凋亡;免疫荧光检测NF-κB核转位;Transwell实验检测细胞迁移。结果:(1)20、50μmol/L三七皂苷FC干预24 h后,LPS诱导的RAW264.7细胞活力较对照组无显著差异(P0.05),用于后续实验。(2)与LPS组相比,低、高剂量的三七皂苷FC作用后,TNF-α、IL-6、iNOS、IL-1β的mRNA表达显著降低(P0.05,P0.01);TNF-α、iNOS蛋白表达明显降低(P0.05),p-NF-κB p65/NF-κB p65和p-p38MAPK/p38MAPK蛋白表达比值显著下调(P0.05,P0.01);细胞凋亡率显著降低(P0.05,P0.01);细胞核内NF-κB p65蛋白表达减少,阳性表达细胞数占比显著降低(P0.05);细胞迁移数显著减少(P0.01)。结论:三七皂苷FC能够显著改善LPS诱导的RAW264.7巨噬细胞炎症反应,减少炎症因子的释放,抑制巨噬细胞凋亡和迁移,其作用机制可能与下调MAPK/NF-κB通路磷酸化水平及抑制NF-κB核转位有关。     

冬凌草甲素对LPS诱导Raw264.7巨噬细胞炎症反应的抑制作用

目的 研究冬凌草甲素对脂多糖(LPS)诱导的Raw264.7巨噬细胞炎症反应的影响.方法 选用小鼠巨噬细胞Raw264.7,CCK-8法确定冬凌草甲素作用的最适浓度;设立正常对照组、模型对照组(LPS组)、实验组(冬凌草甲素预处理+LPS组)和阳性药组(地塞米松预处理+LPS组),实时定量PCR法检测TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6、IL-10和TLR4 mRNA表达水平的改变;Western blot法检测NF-κB p65、磷酸化p65(p-p65)蛋白表达水平的改变.结果 冬凌草甲素作用于Raw264.7细胞的最佳浓度为10 μmol/L;与LPS组比较,冬凌草甲素预处理实验组Raw264.7细胞内TNF-α、IL-1β和IL-6 mRNA表达水平明显下降,IL-10 mRNA表达水平明显升高,TLR4基因表达降低,NF-κB活化入核减少.结论 冬凌草甲素能下调LPS诱导的Raw264.7细胞促炎因子表达,其抗炎免疫作用机制与抑制TLR4-NF-κB信号通路的活化有关.     

淫羊藿苷对ox-LDL诱导的RAW264.7细胞凋亡及炎症的影响

目的 研究淫羊藿苷(ICA)对氧化低密度脂蛋白(ox-LDL)诱导的小鼠单核巨噬细胞白血病细胞(RAW264.7)凋亡及炎症的影响,进一步阐明ICA抗动脉粥样硬化(AS)的作用。方法 体外培养RAW264.7细胞,ox-LDL诱导RAW264.7细胞构建泡沫细胞模型,观察ICA低、中、高剂量对RAW264.7细胞活力、细胞凋亡、泡化沫、炎症因子IL-1β、IL-6和TNF-α分泌的影响,同时采用Western blot检测ICA对Bcl-2、Bax、Caspase-3、IκBα、NF-κB p65蛋白表达的影响。结果 ICA可以提高细胞活力,降低细胞的凋亡率;减少泡沫巨噬细胞的形成;降低炎症因子IL-1β、IL-6和TNF-α的分泌;下调Bcl-2、Caspase-3、NF-κB p65蛋白表达,上调Bax、IκBα的蛋白表达。结论 ICA能够减轻泡沫巨噬细胞的凋亡,抑制炎症因子的表达,从而可能延缓动脉粥样硬化的发展进程。     

槐定碱预处理对LPS诱导RAW264.7细胞表达NF-κB的影响

目的观察槐定碱预处理对LPS诱导RAW264.7细胞NF-κB p65、TNF-α表达的影响,探讨槐定碱抗内毒素机制。方法培养RAW264.7细胞,分为空白对照组、槐定碱预处理对照组、LPS模型组、槐定碱预处理+LPS组。各组处理完毕后5、30、60、120min,分别获取细胞与细胞培养液。Western Blot和RT-PCR分别检测细胞NF-κB p65蛋白与mRNA表达,放免法检测细胞培养液TNF-α含量。结果单独槐定碱对NF-κB p65以及TNF-α表达无影响;LPS模型组各时间点NF-κB p65 mRNA与蛋白以及TNF-α表达均显著高于空白对照组(P<0.01),且随LPS刺激时间延长而持续升高,至120min未见下降;槐定碱预处理+LPS组NF-κB p65mRNA与蛋白及其下游TNF-α表达均较同时间点LPS模型组降低,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。结论槐定碱预处理可通过抑制LPS诱导的RAW264.7细胞的NF-κB p65表达及TNF-α分泌发挥抗炎作用。     

槐定碱预处理对LPS诱导RAW264.7细胞表达NF-κB的影响

目的观察槐定碱预处理对LPS诱导RAW264.7细胞NF-κB p65、TNF-α表达的影响,探讨槐定碱抗内毒素机制。方法培养RAW264.7细胞,分为空白对照组、槐定碱预处理对照组、LPS模型组、槐定碱预处理＋LPS组。各组处理完毕后5、30、60、120min,分别获取细胞与细胞培养液。Western Blot和RT-PCR分别检测细胞NF-κB p65蛋白与mRNA表达,放免法检测细胞培养液TNF-α含量。结果单独槐定碱对NF-κB p65以及TNF-α表达无影响;LPS模型组各时间点NF-κB p65 mRNA与蛋白以及TNF-α表达均显著高于空白对照组（P〈0.01）,且随LPS刺激时间延长而持续升高,至120min未见下降;槐定碱预处理＋LPS组NF-κB p65mRNA与蛋白及其下游TNF-α表达均较同时间点LPS模型组降低,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.01）。结论槐定碱预处理可通过抑制LPS诱导的RAW264.7细胞的NF-κB p65表达及TNF-α分泌发挥抗炎作用。     

脂氧素对巨噬细胞RAW264.7的抗炎实验研究

目的 研究脂氧素(LX) A4和叔丁氧羟基-苯丙氨酸-亮氨酸-苯丙氨酸-亮氨酸-苯丙氨酸(BOC-2)对LPS作用巨噬细胞RAW264.7存活的影响.方法 取对数生长期的巨噬细胞RAW264.7为研究载体,实验用不同浓度的脂多糖(LPS)在不同时间点处理细胞,观察LX A4和BOC-2对LPS作用巨噬细胞RAW264.7后的存活率.CCK-8法观察LPS对各组巨噬细胞RAW264.7的不良反应,Western blot法检测LX A4和BOC-2对LPS处理后巨噬细胞RAW264.7的Toll样受体4(TLR4)和pNF-κB p65蛋白水平,酶联免疫吸附(ELISA)法检测LX A4和BOC-2对LPS处理后巨噬细胞RAW264.7培养上清液中白细胞介素6(IL-6)水平.结果 在1 000 ng/mL浓度LPS组,作用时间6h,巨噬细胞RAW264.7内TLR4蛋白水平和pNF-κB p65蛋白水平显著高于其余各组(P＜0.05).在LPS作用下,LX A4组细胞存活率显著高于对照组(P＜0.05);BOC-2组在LPS作用后巨噬细胞RAW264.7的存活率显著低于无LPS作用(P＜0.05).在LPS作用下,LX A4组pNF-κB p65蛋白水平低于对照组及BOC-2组(P＜0.05),BOC-2组pNF-κB p65蛋白水平高于其余各组(P＜0.05).在LPS作用下,LX A4组IL-6的水平低于对照组及BOC-2组(P＜0.05).结论 LX A4能够抑制LPS对巨噬细胞RAW264.7的作用及TLR4/NF-κB信号通路的激活,有助减轻炎性反应.     

姜黄素对脂多糖诱导人脐静脉内皮细胞炎症反应的影响及分子机制

目的 研究姜黄素对脂多糖(LPS)诱导人脐静脉内皮细胞(HUVEC)炎症因子表达的影响,初步探讨可能的分子机制.方法 使用LPS(1μg)和姜黄素(5μmol/L、15μmol/L或30μmol/L)处理HUVEC细胞24 h,收集细胞总RNA,实时定量PCR(RT-PCR)和ELISA方法检测细胞TNF-α、MCP-1水平;Western blot检测细胞TLR4、MAPKs、NF-κB p65、磷酸化-NF-κB p65及NF-κB抑制蛋白IκBα的表达情况.结果 与空白对照组比较,姜黄素能显著抑制LPS诱导HUVEC细胞TNF-α、MCP-1和TLR4的过表达(P<0.05),明显降低NF-κB p65和MAPKs的磷酸化及IκBα蛋白降解(P<0.05).结论 姜黄素可能基于抑制TLR4/NF-κB,从而影响LPS诱导HUVEC细胞炎症因子的表达.     

清感冬饮通过调控NF-κB/iNOS/NO信号通路抑制LPS诱导的RAW264.7巨噬细胞炎症

[目的] 通过构建脂多糖（LPS）诱导的RAW264.7巨噬细胞炎症模型,探讨清感冬饮（QGDY）的抗炎作用及其机制。[方法] 采用CCK-8法和LDH法检测不同浓度的清感冬饮对HEK293T细胞和RAW264.7巨噬细胞的细胞活力及LDH漏出量的影响。分别建立抗氧化反应元件（ARE）和核因子-κB（NF-κB）双荧光素酶报告系统,考察清感冬饮对HEK293T细胞ARE、NF-κB表达情况的影响。建立LPS诱导的RAW264.7巨噬细胞体外炎症模型,将RAW264.7巨噬细胞随机分为空白对照组、LPS模型组、清感冬饮低、中、高剂量组（1、10、100μg/mL）,倒置显微镜下观察各组细胞的形态差异;采用Griess法和ELISA法测定各组细胞上清中一氧化氮（NO）、肿瘤坏死因子-α（TNF-α）、白细胞介素-6（IL-6）和白细胞介素-1β（IL-1β）的含量;采用qRT-PCR法检测各组细胞中TNF-α、IL-6和IL-1β的mRNA表达水平;利用免疫荧光法观察核因子-κBp65（p65）核移位情况;采用Westernblot法检测各组细胞一氧化氮合酶（iNOS）和p65蛋白表达情况。[结果] 0.01~10μg/mL清感冬饮对HEK293T细胞活力无显著影响,1~10μg/mL清感冬饮明显抑制TNF-α诱导的NF-κB启动子的活性,清感冬饮对ARE启动子的活性无显著影响。初步证明清感冬饮具有抗炎作用,而无明显抗氧化作用。0.01~100μg/mL清感冬饮干预24h对RAW264.7巨噬细胞无细胞毒性作用。与模型组相比,1~100μg/mL清感冬饮显著抑制LPS诱导的RAW264.7巨噬细胞中NO及炎症因子TNF-α、IL-6和IL-1β的释放;10~100μg/mL清感冬饮显著下调TNF-α、IL-6和IL-1β的mRNA表达水平,抑制p65核移位;100μg/mL清感冬饮显著抑制总蛋白iNOS、核蛋白p65表达,显著促进浆蛋白p65表达。[结论] 清感冬饮可抑制LPS诱导的RAW264.7巨噬细胞的炎症反应,该抗炎作用可能与调控NF-κB/iNOS/NO信号通路、抑制促炎因子释放有关。     

妇科千金胶囊的抗炎作用与其调节NF-κB信号通路的关系

目的研究妇科千金胶囊总浸膏(Fuke Qianjin capsule extract, FKE)体外抗炎活性及其抗炎作用机制。方法采用MTT法检测不同浓度FKE单独使用和FKE叠加100 ng/mL脂多糖(lipopolysaccharide, LPS)使用时对小鼠巨噬细胞(RAW 264.7)活性的影响;采用ELISA法检测不同浓度FKE对LPS刺激后RAW 264.7细胞炎症因子一氧化氮(NO)、白介素-6(IL-6)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)释放的影响;通过RT-PCR法检测不同浓度FKE对炎症相关蛋白环氧合酶2 (COX-2)、IL-6、诱导型一氧化氮合酶(iNOS)、TNF-α转录水平的影响;采用Western blot检测不同浓度FKE对炎症相关蛋白IκBα、iNOS表达的影响;利用激光共聚焦技术检测FKE对NF-κB p65核转位的影响;采用双荧光素酶报告基因检测不同浓度FKE对核转录因子-κB (nuclear factor-κB, NF-κB)的影响。结果 MTT测定结果表明,与对照组相比,FKE在50～800滋g/mL浓度范围内对RAW 264.7细胞活性的影响无显著差异(P0.05); ELISA检测结果显示,FKE能明显降低LPS刺激诱导的RAW 264.7细胞NO含量,在400滋g/mL浓度时,呈现出对IL-6、TNF-α的抑制作用(P0.05);Western blot检测结果表明,FKE对IκBα的表达无影响,但对iNOS活性具有一定的抑制作用;激光共聚焦检测发现,与对照组比较,FKE部分抑制p65核转位;FKE在400滋g/mL时,可明显抑制NF-κB的激活(P0.05)。结论 FKE具有明显减轻细胞炎症反应的作用,其机制可能与FKE抑制炎症通路关键信号分子NF-κB激活从而导致TNF-α、IL-6、iNOS等释放减少有关。     

天名精根提取物调控TLRs信号抑制RAW264.7细胞炎症的研究

[目的]阐明天名精根提取物对RAW264.7细胞炎症反应的影响及其机制。[方法]采集野生天名精全株,处理得天名精根粉末,制备天名精根乙醇和石油醚提取物,并以高效液相色谱法(high performance liquid chromatography,HPLC)检测其中主要成分;采用脂多糖(lipopolysaccharide,LPS)、灭活的金黄色葡萄球菌(heat-inactivated preparations of Staphylococcus aureus pathogens,SAC)刺激RAW264.7细胞,构建体外炎症模型。以MTT法检测细胞增殖,qPCR检测白细胞介素-1β(interleukin-1β,IL-1β)、IL-6、肿瘤坏死因子-α(tumor necrosis factor-α,TNF-α)、Toll样受体-2(Toll-like receptor-2,TLR-2)、TLR-4、髓样分化因子88(myeloid differentiation primary response 88,MyD88)、核转录因子-κB(nuclear factor-κB,NF-κB)m RNA表达,Western blot检测NF-κB p65蛋白表达。[结果]与正常对照组比较,LPS或SAC刺激后RAW264.7细胞IL-1β、IL-6、TNF-αmRNA表达增加(P0.01),NF-κB蛋白与mRNA表达增加(P0.01);LPS刺激后TLR-4、MyD88 m RNA表达增加(P0.01,P0.05),SAC刺激后TLR-2、MyD88 m RNA表达增加(P0.01)。天名精根提取物干预后,与LPS组或SAC组比较,RAW264.7细胞IL-1β、IL-6、TNF-αmRNA表达减低(P0.01),同时NF-κB m RNA和NF-κB p65蛋白表达也减低(P0.01);TLR-4和MyD88 m RNA表达明显低于LPS组(P0.01,P0.05),TLR-2和MyD88 mRNA表达表达明显低于SAC组(P0.01,P0.05)。[结论]天名精根提取物可以抑制由LPS和灭活的金黄色葡萄球菌引起的RAW264.7细胞炎症反应,其机制可能与抑制TLRs-NF-κB信号通路有关。     

Value of D-Dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection

Objective: To evaluatel the value of D-dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection (AAD). Methods: This study consisted of 16 patients with AAD and 27 non-AAD patients. Serum D-dimets were measured by Sta-Liatest D-DI immunoturbidimetric assay. Results: D-dimer level was higher (P ＜ 0.001) in patients with AAD(7.91 ± 5.52 μg/ml) than that in non- AAD group(1.57±1.24 μg/ml). D-dimer was positive (＞0.4 μg/ml) in all patients with AAD and in 10 control group patients (37%). Among patients with acute AAD, D-dimers tended to be higher in Stanford A than in Stanford B (8.67 ± 4.31 μg/ml vs. 3.24±1.27 μg/ml, P ＜0.01). D-dimer values tended to be higher in more extended disease(3.84 ± 1.65 μg/ml, 8.57 ± 3.58 μg/ml and 11.87 ± 5.69 μg/ml in thoracic aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta and iliacal arteries, respectively, P ＜ 0.05 for both 8.57 ± 3.58 and 11.87 ± 5.69 vs. 3.84 ± 1.65 ). Including the control group into the analysis, we found a sensitivity of 100%, a negative predictive value of 100%, and a specificity of 66% and a positive predictive value of 64% for D-dimer in diagnosis of AAD in our patients with suspected AAD. Conclusion: D-dimer was elevated in patients with AAD. A negative D-dimer test result could be useful in excluding AAD.     

Research of combined liver-kidney transplantation model in rats

Objective： To set up a simple and reliable rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation. Methods： SD rats served as both donors and recipients. 4℃ sodium lactate Ringer＇s was infused from portal veins to donated livers,and from abdominal aorta to donated kidneys, respectively. Anastomosis of the portal vein and the inferior vena cava （IVC） inferior to the right kidney between the graft and the recipient was performed by a double cuff method, then the superior hepatic vena cava with suture. A patch of donated renal artery was anastomosed to the recipient abdominal aorta. The urethra and bile duct were reconstructed with a simple inside bracket. Results： Among 65 cases of combined liver-kidney transplantation, the success rate in the late 40 cases was 77.5%. The function of the grafted liver and kidney remained normal. Conclusion： This rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation can be established in common laboratory conditions with high success rate and meet the needs of renal transplantation experiment.     

BLOOD PRESSURE CHANGE WITH AGE IN SALT-SENSITIVE TEENAGERS

Objective To observe blood pressure change with age in salt-sensitive teenagers whose salt sensitivity were determined by repeated testing.Methods Salt sensitivity was determined through intravenous infusion of normal saline combined with volume-depletion by oral diuretic furosemide in 55 teenagers. After five years, salt sensitivity was re-examined and subject blood pressure was followed up. Blood pressure changes in salt-sensitive teenagers were compared to that of non-salt sensitive teenagers over five years.Results After 5 years, the repetition rate of salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading is 92.7%. In teenagers with salt sensitivity on the baseline, both the systolic blood pressure increments and increment rates were much higher than non-salt sensitive teenagers (12.7±12.1 mmHg vs. 2.8±5.2 mmHg, P＜ 0.01; 12.2%± 12.0% vs. 2.5% ±4.4%, P＜ 0.001,respectively). There was a similar trend for diastolic blood pressure (8.4 ± 6.4 mmHg vs. 3.7 ± 6.4 mmHg, P = 0.052; 13.2% ±10.6 % vs. 6.8%± 10.1%, P = 0.053, respectively).Conclusions Salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading showed good reproducibility. Blood pressure increments with age were much higher in salt-sensitive teenagers than non-salt sensitive teenagers, especially in terms of systolic blood pressure.     

安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术后生活质量影响的研究

目的：评价使用安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术（PPCI）术后生活质量的影响.方法：将160例接受PPCI的急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者随机分为安心颗粒组（术前顿服安心颗粒8.8g,术后安心颗粒4.4 g/次,每日2次）和对照组（仅接受基础药物治疗）.所有患者均服用阿司匹林、氯吡格雷和阿托伐他汀.分别在入院时、出院前1d、出院后180 d时,应用心肌梗死多维度量表（MIDAS）、中文版SF-36评价量表对患者生活质量评分.并观察术后30 d以内的出血并发症、血小板减少症发生情况.结果：入院时和出院前1d,两组患者的心肌梗死MIDAS、SF-36量表评分比较无差异（P＞0.05）;出院后180 d时,与对照组比较,安心颗粒组MIDAS、SF-36评分明显减低（P＜0.05）;组内与入院时比较,两组出院前1d、出院后180 d时,MIDAS、SF-36评分均降低（P＜0.05）.两组患者在随访期间均无大量出血、少量出血、重度和极重度血小板减少症发生,安心颗粒组有4例、对照组有7例发生不明显出血（P＞0.05）.两组发生轻度血小板减少症的患者数比较无差异（P＞0.05）.结论：PPCI使用安心颗粒,能改善急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者的生活质量,且不增加出血风险.     

The comparative studies of the influences of Urapidil and Nicardipine on sino-atrial node function, atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics

Objective:To investigate the influences of urapidil and nicardipine on rabbit sinus function,atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics.Methods:Thirty-two Angora's rabbits were selected and randomly divided into four groups.U1 group:urapidil 0.25 mg/kg;U2 group:urapidil 0.5 mg/kg;N1 group:nicardipine 10 μg/kg;N2 group:nicardipine 20 μg/kg.All these medicine were administrated within 30 seconds.Measurements were taken before and after the administration of urapidil or nicardipine for the following data:mean blood pressure(MAP),heart rate(HR),sino-atrial conduction time(SACT),maximal sinoatrial recovery time(SNRTmax)corrected sinus node recovery time(CSNRT),index of sinus node recovery time(SNRTI),Wenckebach A-V conduction frequency (WB),and P-R interval.Results:Significant MAP and HR changes were identified in all of the four groups before and after administration of both urapidil and nicardipine.No significant changes could be found in the rest of the parameters.Intergroup analysis showed that SACT and CSNRT of N1 and N2 groups were shorter than those of the U2 group(P＜0.01);the MAP decreased(P＜0.01)and the HR increased drastically(P＜0.01).Conclusions:Neither urapidil(0.25 mg/kg,0.5 mg/kg)nor nicardipine(10μg/kg,20μg/kg)has any significant influence on rabbit sinus function or rabbit atrio-ventricular node function.Nicardipine could be a better choice than urapidil for parafunctional sinus node patients.     

Expression of OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the patients of hip fracture due to osteoporosis

Objective：To investigate the gene expression of osteoprotegerin（OPG） and osteoclast differentiation factor（ODF） in the bone tissue of patients with hip fracture due to osteoporosis. Methods：OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the bone tissue in 50 cases of osteoporosis sufferers（over 50 years old） with hip fracture（Observer Group） and 30 cases of hip facture sufferers with no osteoporosis（Control group） were analyzed with the Semi-Quantitative RT-PCR method. Results：The mRNA expressed of ODF, OPG were both high in the patients with hip fracture. In the control group, the expression of OPG mRNA was observed, while the expression of ODF mRNA was very slight. Conclusion：Aged patients contained all signals including OPG, ODF that are essential for inducing osteoclastogenesis and promoting bone resorption.     

Dynamic Changes in Serum Estradiol and Progesterone levels in Patients of Premenstrual Syndrome with Adverse Flow of Liver-qi

Objective:To probe into the influence of changes of ovarian hormones on the pathogenesis of the specific sub-type premenstrual syndrome(PMS)and reveal partial microcosmic mechanisms of adverse flow of liver-qi.Methods:Estradiol(E2)and progesterone(P)levels in serum were determined at different phases of menstrual cycle by radioimmunoassay.Results:In the group of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.the secretive peak value Of E2 and P at the follicular phase significantly decreased,and the secretive peak value at the luteal phase did not come into being.Conclusions:Low E2 and P secretive peak at the follicular phase and absence of secretive peak at the luteal phase is one of the microcosmic mechanisms of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.One of the pathophysiologic mechanisms of specific sub-type PMS is probably the continuous low level of E2and P.     

Real-time Three-dimensional Echocardiography in Assessment of Left Ventricular and Right Ventricular Volumes

Real-time three-dimensional echocardiography (RT3DE)is a new ultrasound technique that enables dynamic threedimensional visualization and quantification of the heart in real time. Investigation of feasibility and methodology of RT3DE in determining left ventricular (LV) and right ventricular (RV) volumes, RT3DE was performed in 35 normal adults using Philips SONOS 7500 system with a 2-4 MHz matrix array transducer. The 60°×60° "pyramid" volume database was obtained and analyzed on a TomTec echo workstation. Both LV and RV volumes were calculated with four 3DE methods (i.e. apical 2, 4, 8, and 16-plane) through manually tracing ventricular endocardial borders in end diastole and end systole. Stroke volumes were then calculated. LV volume was also measured by 2DE Simpson's rule using GE VIVID 7 ultrasound machine.     

SCREENING FOR A 21-CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITY IN PREIMPLANTED EMBRYOS OF ELDERLY WOMEN

Increasing maternal age is the only etiological factor unequivocally linked to Down's syndrome in humans. The occurrence rate of newborns with Down's syndrome is about 1/220 in women over 35 years old. However, the occurrence rate in embryos fertilized in vitro, of the elder woman is unclear. Using FISH we screened the number of chromosome 21 in preimplanted embryos of 5 elderly women (average age, 38.4 years) to study the feasibility and necessity of screening trisomy 21 in embryos in patients over 35 years old at the in vitro fertilization (IVF) center.     

Scientific principles and rigorous processes should be followed in developing clinical guidelines for therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine

A clinical guideline for the therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine may be defined as a written document which states a series of recommendations on therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine for a special disease or condition. The guideline may provide assistance to medical professionals in making clinical decisions aimed at improving the clinical outcome of patients and reducing the costs of medical care（~＇4~. Recommendations issued by a guideline should be based on the best available evidence in both Western and Chinese medicine. For fulfilling this purpose, the development of clinical guidelines for therapeutic interventions in the field of integrative medicine should follow scientific principles and undergo a rigorous processes.