时间-空间相关成像联合组织多普勒超声观察妊娠期糖尿病孕妇胎儿心脏结构和功能

目的 探讨时间-空间相关成像（STIC）联合组织多普勒（TDI）超声检测妊娠期糖尿病（GDM）孕妇胎儿心脏结构和功能的应用价值。方法 选取140例GDM孕妇（胰岛素治疗组40例,饮食控制组62例,血糖控制不良组38例）和211名正常妊娠孕妇（对照组）。应用STIC后处理获得M型图像（STIC-M型）,测量胎儿左、右心室壁和室间隔收缩末期和舒张末期厚度,以TDI测量胎儿心脏房室瓣环舒张早期运动速度（Ea）、舒张晚期运动速度（Aa）及收缩期运动速度（Sa）,并计算Ea/Aa值,比较4组间参数的差异。结果 4组间胎儿左、右心室壁及室间隔舒张末期和收缩末期厚度总体差异均有统计学意义（P均<0.05）,GDM各组均大于对照组（P均<0.05）,GDM各组间差异均无统计学意义（P均>0.05）。4组间二尖瓣环Ea/Aa总体差异有统计学意义（P=0.002）,GDM各组二尖瓣环Ea/Aa均小于对照组（P均<0.05）,GDM各组间差异无统计学意义（P均>0.05）。4组间三尖瓣环Ea/Aa、二尖瓣环Sa、三尖瓣环Sa总体差异均无统计学意义（P均>0.05）。结论 GDM孕妇胎儿心室壁及室间隔厚度增加,心脏舒张功能降低,血糖控制情况的差异对胎儿心肌厚度和心脏功能改变无显著影响。STIC-M型联合TDI超声技术对评估GDM孕妇胎儿心脏结构和功能具有一定应用价值。     

时间-空间关联成像技术评估圆锥动脉干畸形胎儿心功能

目的 应用时间-空间关联成像（STIC）技术评价圆锥动脉干畸形（CTD）胎儿心功能。方法 选取经胎儿超声心动图诊断的39胎CTD胎儿（CTD组）和39胎正常胎儿（对照组）。采用STIC技术评估2组胎儿的心功能,包括肺动脉（PA）内径、左心室舒张末期内径（LVDD）和右心室舒张末期内径（RVDD）、左心室收缩末期内径（LVDS）、右心室收缩末期内径（RVDS）、缩短分数（FS）、左心室舒张末期容积（LVEDV）、右心室舒张末期容积（RVEDV）、左心室收缩末期容积（LVESV）、右心室收缩末期容积（RVESV）、每搏输出量（SV）和射血分数（EF）等指标,并比较2组间的差异。结果 与对照组比较,CTD组胎儿PA内径及PA/AO均减小（P均<0.001）,LVDD、LVDS、RVDD、RVDS、LVEDV、LVESV、RVEDV及RVESV差异均无统计学意义（P均> 0.05）,左、右心室FS、EF及SV均降低（P均<0.05）,LVDD／RVDD明显升高（P均<0.01）。CTD组中,RVEDV高于LVEDV（P < 0.05）,左心室SV及EF均低于右心室（P均<0.05）。结论 CTD在产前即可对胎儿心功能造成影响,右心室功能有代偿性增强表现,而右心扩大不明显。     

实时三维超声心动图评价法洛四联症患者右心室收缩功能的研究

目的：应用实时三维超声心动图（RT-3DE）研究法洛四联症（TOF）患者右心室收缩功能的改变。方法：应用RT-3DE及二维方法测量29例TOF患者及10例正常儿童的右心室舒张末期容积（RVEDV）、收缩末期容积（RVESV）、每搏量（RVSV）及射血分数（RVEF）。结果：二维及RT-3DE均测得29例患者中41%术前RVEF低于50%,两种方法测得的TOF患者术前RVEDV及RVESV比较有统计学差异,RVSV及RVEF无统计学差异。TOF患者三维右心室容积曲线（RVVC）幅度较正常人减小,收缩峰值后移。结论：RT-3DE能通过测量右室容积及射血分数来评价TOF患者右室功能的变化。     

实时三维超声心动图评价法洛四联症患者右心室功能

目的 应用实时三维超声心动图(RT-3DE)检测法洛四联症(TOF)患者手术前、后右心室功能。方法 应用RT-3DE测量41例TOF患者手术前、后的右心室收缩末期容积(RVESV)和右心室舒张末期容积(RVEDV),计算右心室射血分数(RVEF)。比较术前、术后7天、术后3个月TOF患者RVESV、RVEDV和RVEF。结果 与术前相比,术后7天TOF患者RVEDV减小(P＜0.05)、RVEF明显降低(P＜0.01);与术后7天比较,术后3个月TOF患者RVEDV、RVESV及RVEF无明显变化(P均＞0.05)。结论 RT-3DE可以准确评价TOF患者的右心室功能。     

超声心动图评价肺栓塞患者右心室功能

目的 运用二维超声心动图(2DE)、组织多普勒成像(TDI)、实时三维超声心动图(RT-3DE),评估肺栓塞(PE)患者右心室形态及功能改变,并探讨其准确性、敏感性及优越性.方法 正常对照组30例,肺栓塞组28例,依据预期的PE相关早期病死率进行危险分层为:高危、中危、低危亚组.所有研究对象行2DE测量右心室常规超声指标,TDI测算右心室Tei指数,RT-3DE测量右心室舒张期末及收缩期末容积、每搏输出量和射血分数(RVEDV、RVESV、RVSV、RVEF).结果 与对照组相比,PE高危组右房室增大及肺动脉压显著升高,右室Tei指数、RVEDV、RVESV明显增大(P＜0.05),RVEF明显减小(P＜0.05);中危组虽无明显右房室增大,但右室Tei指数、RVEDV、RVESV、RVEF均出现异常(P＜0.05);低危组上述指标与对照组比较无统计学差异(P＞0.05).中危组右室Tei指数、RVEDV、RVESV大于低危组而小于高危组,RVEF小于低危组而大于高危组.结论 肺栓塞患者右心室功能可出现不同程度受损;TDI测算右室Tei指数和RT 3DE测量RVEF可客观、准确、较敏感地反映右室功能的变化,是评价肺栓塞患者右室功能的较好指标.     

实时三维超声心动图评价轻度肺动脉高压患者右室功能的研究

目的 探讨应用三维超声心动图测量右室容积及射血分数评价轻度肺动脉高压患者右室功能的变化.方法 应用三维超声心动图及常规二维超声心动图测量40例轻度肺动脉高压患者以及20例正常人的右室收缩末期容积(RVESV)、右室舒张末期容积(RVEDV)、右室每搏量(RVSV)、右室射血分数(RVEF).结果 正常组与肺动脉高压组二维超声测量RVESV、RVEDV、RVSV、RVEF进行比较,无统计学差异(P>0.05);正常组与肺动脉高压组三维超声测量RVESV、RVEDV、RVSV相比较有统计学差异(P<0.05);RVEF较对照组无统计学差异(P>0.05).结论 实时三维超声心动图能通过测量右室容积及射血分数来评价轻度肺动脉高压患者右室功能的变化.     

实时三维超声心动图评价酒精性心肌病患者右心室收缩功能

目的 应用实时三维超声心动图(RT-3DE)评价酒精性心肌病(ACM)患者右心室收缩功能的变化。方法 对30例ACM患者(ACM组)和30名正常人(对照组)分别进行常规超声及RT-3DE检查。常规超声测量参数包括左心室射血分数(LVEF)、右心室舒张末期面积(RVEDA)和收缩末期面积(RVESA),计算右心室面积变化分数(RVFAC);运用M型超声测量三尖瓣环收缩期位移(TAPSE);RT-3DE测量参数包括右心室舒张末期容积(RVEDV)、收缩末期容积(RVESV)、每搏量(RVSV)、射血分数(RVEF)。比较两组上述参数的差异,分析RVFAC、TAPSE与RVEF的相关性。结果 常规超声中,ACM组RVEDA和RVESA高于对照组,LVEF、RVFAC和TAPSE低于对照组(P均<0.05);RT-3DE中,ACM组RVEDV和RVESV高于对照组,RVEF低于对照组(P均<0.05),两组RVSV无明显差异(P>0.05)。RVFAC、TAPSE均与RVEF呈正相关(r=0.610、0.822,P均<0.05)。结论 RT-3DE能准确评价右心室收缩功能,具有一定临床应用价值。     

组织多普勒成像和时间-空间相关成像评价孕晚期子痫前期胎儿心脏功能的应用价值

目的 应用组织多普勒成像（TDI）和时间-空间相关成像（STIC）评价孕晚期子痫前期孕妇的胎儿心脏功能,探讨其临床应用价值。方法 选取于我院产检并确诊的孕晚期子痫前期孕妇121例,其中轻度子痫前期孕妇61例（MPE组）,重度子痫前期孕妇60例（SPE组）,另选同期孕晚期正常妊娠孕妇115例为正常对照组,按照孕28～31+6周、32～35+6周、36～40周3个时间段分别应用TDI和STIC连续评估各组胎儿心脏功能,测量二、三尖瓣环舒张早期运动速度（Ea）、舒张晚期运动速度（Aa）、收缩期运动速度（Sa）,以及等容收缩时间、等容舒张时间及射血时间,计算左、右室Tei指数和短轴缩短分数（SF）,以及二、三尖瓣环Ea/Aa,比较各组上述参数的差异。结果 SPE组、MPE组孕28～31+6周、32～35+6周、36～40周二、三尖瓣环Sa、Ea/Aa及左、右室SF均小于正常对照组,左、右室Tei指数均大于正常对照组,差异均有统计学意义（均P<0.05）。SPE组孕36～40周左、右室SF均小于MPE组,左室Tei指数大于MPE组,差异均有统计学意义（均P<0.05）;SPE组孕28...     

组织多普勒成像对左室肥厚鉴别诊断的意义

目的探讨多普勒组织成像技术(TDI)评价肥厚型心肌病(HCM)与高血压性继发性左室肥厚(sLVH)心肌运动对左室肥厚进行鉴别诊断的意义。方法应用TDI测定HCM和sLVH患者55例及正常对照组44例心肌收缩峰值速度(Sa)、舒张早期峰值速度(Ea)、舒张晚期峰值速度(Aa)。结果 HCM和sLVH组测量位点Sa、Ea和Ea/Aa均降低(P<0.01);HCM组室间隔基底段除Aa外,与sLVH组室间隔基底段均差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。结论 TDI技术可发现HCM患者局部心肌功能异常并与sLVH鉴别有一定临床意义。     

实时三维超声心动图对法洛四联症患儿左、右心室容积及收缩功能的评价

目的：应用实时三维超声心动图(RT-3DE)评价法洛四联症(TOF)患儿左、右心室容积及收缩功能。方法采用 RT-3DE 采集45例 TOF 患儿及46例正常同龄儿左、右室全容积数据,并应用TomTec LV-Analysis及 RV-Function软件分析左室、右室舒张末期容积(LVEDV/RVEDV)、收缩末期容积(LVESV/RVESV)、射血分数(LVEF/RVEF)、容积峰值收缩速率(LVPSVR/RVPSVR)、每搏量(LVSV/RVSV)、心输出量(LVCO/RVCO),计算 EDV、SV、CO 经体表面积(BSA)标化测值(indexed EDV,indexed SV,indexed CO),比较两组心室容积及收缩功能,并分析两组左、右室容积和收缩功能是否存在平衡。结果①TOF 组标化容积指标：indexed LVEDV 小于正常对照组(P =0.000),而 indexed RVEDV大于正常对照组(P =0.002);TOF 组收缩功能指标 LVEF、RVEF、LVPSVR、RVPSVR 均小于正常对照组(P <0.05),indexed LVSV、indexed LVCO 均减低(P <0.05),indexed RVSV与正常对照组差异无统计学意义(P >0.05),而indexed RVCO 增高(P =0.016);②正常对照组除LVEF稍大于RVEF (P =0.000)外,余两侧心室容积及收缩功能指标差异均无统计学意义(P >0.05);TOF 组 RVEDV、RVSV、RVCO 均大于左室(P <0.05),但 RVEF小于 LVEF(P =0.039)。结论 TOF患儿两侧心室容积、收缩功能均减低且泵血功能失平衡,右室在容量及压力负荷过重情况下通过代偿性心率增高完成泵血功能。     

儿童遗传性心律失常的诊治进展

回顾在遗传性心律失常领域最新发表的相关研究,主要关注与儿童心源性猝死关系密切的离子通道病,包括长QT综合征（LQTS）、短QT综合征（SQTS）、Brugada综合征（BrS）和儿茶酚胺敏感性多形性室性心动过速（CPVT）,总结它们在发病机制及诊治方面的进展。     

The acoustic characteristics of the skull

Many investigators have stated that the difficulties of imaging with acoustical energy through the skull result from the marked attenuation of the energy by the skull. In the literature measurements of total attenuation have been confused with those for absorption.Measurements made by us show that absorption by compact bone varies between 2–3 dB cm^?1 MHz^?1 and, in the low megaHertz region appears to be directly proportional to frequency.It has also between shown that the convoluted inner surface of the ivory bone of the inner table of the skull may degrade the collimation and directionality of the beam by refraction.Cancellous bone, such as is present in the dipole of the skull, greatly attenuates the energy. It is postulated that this largely results from scattering. It is also postulated that the energy propagates through cancellous bone as two components, one in the soft tissues and the other partly in the bony spicules. Observations suggest that attenuation due to scattering much more markedly affects the latter of these components and scatters more greatly the higher frequencies in a pulse of broad bandwidth.The energy in each component has varying propagation paths so that the later cycles in the pulse of each component are subject to increasing interference as a result of the variations in propagation times. The two components moreover may have different propagation times so that interference may occur between the pulses of each component as well.All of these phenomena degrade the collimation, coherence, directionality, beam width, pulse length, frequency and other properties of the ultrasonic energy upon which imaging through the skull depends.The interference effects described above are least for the first cycle in the pulse which usually is not the cycle of highest amplitude. Since, in the free field, most of the energy is concentrated around the beam axis, most of the energy in the field which is deflected from its normal propagation path is deflected away from the beam axis. Thus the directionality of the beam is least degraded in the beam axis. The effects of the skull in degrading the properties of the ultrasonic pulse would therefore be lessened if the amplitude of the first cycle of the pulse and the directionality of its energy could be used for imaging.     

Organ Preservation: Current Concepts and New Strategies for the Next Decade

SUMMARY: Organ transplantation has developed over the past 50 years to reach the sophisticated and integrated clinical service of today through several advances in science. One of the most important of these has been the ability to apply organ preservation protocols to deliver donor organs of high quality, via a network of organ exchange to match the most suitable recipient patient to the best available organ, capable of rapid resumption of life-sustaining function in the recipient patient. This has only been possible by amassing a good understanding of the potential effects of hypoxic injury on donated organs, and how to prevent these by applying organ preservation. This review sets out the history of organ preservation, how applications of hypothermia have become central to the process, and what the current status is for the range of solid organs commonly transplanted. The science of organ preservation is constantly being updated with new knowledge and ideas, and the review also discusses what innovations are coming close to clinical reality to meet the growing demands for high quality organs in transplantation over the next few years.     

2017年呼吸疾病主要进展

2017年,国内外学者在呼吸系统疾病的临床和基础领域均进行了深入研究,不仅对相关指南进行了更新,并且针对一些临床热点、难点问题达成专家共识,现就2017年呼吸疾病相关进展作一简单介绍。     

家族性噬血细胞性淋巴组织细胞增生症1例并文献复习

目的加强对家族性噬血细胞性淋巴组织细胞增生症（familially hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis,FHL）的认识。方法报道确诊为FHL的新病例1例,结合国内外报道的FHL的病例,对该病的临床特点进行汇总分析。结果FHL2常与PRF1基因突变相关,约20%~40%的患者存在穿孔素基因突变。结论对于有阳性家族史,基因诊断明确,应尽早行化疗或者造血干细胞移植。若无家族史,未发现与继发性HLH相关的原发病因,可考虑行基因筛查以明确是否存在FHL的可能。     

COVID‐19 and COVID‐19 vaccine‐related dermatological reactions: An interesting case series with a narrative review of the potential critical and non‐critical mucocutaneous adverse effects related to virus,therapy, and the vaccination

This narrative review article was conducted to lay out a summarized but exhaustive review of current literature over mucocutaneous manifestations in 4 dimensions of SARS‐CoV‐2 pandemic: virus itself, treatment‐related, vaccine‐induced, and alteration of chronic dermatologic diseases following infection. Virus and vaccine‐related were mainly self‐limited and non‐severe. Treatment‐related reactions could be life‐threatening.     

Burkitt's lymphoma of maxillary gingiva: A case report

Burkitt's lymphoma(BL) is an aggressive form of nonHodgkin's B-cell lymphoma with three variants namely endemic, sporadic, and immunodeficiency-associated types. It is endemic in Africa and sporadic in other parts of the world. While the endemic form is widely reported to occur in early childhood and commonly involves the jaw bones, the sporadic form typically presents as an abdominal mass. This presentation reports a rare case of sporadic form of BL clinically manifesting as a generalized gingival enlargement in an immunocompetent adult male which demonstrated an aggressive behavior. The patient reported with a prominent anterior gingival swelling of 6 mo duration which slowly enlarged in size and associated with multiple lymph node involvement. Microscopic examination of the lesion using H, E and immunohistochemical diagnosis confirmed the diagnosis as BL. The patient succumbed to the disease before any therapy could be instituted. Since a wide array of causes can be attributed to gingival enlargements, it is necessary to consider malignancies as one of the important differential diagnosis so as to facilitate the need for appropriate diagnosis and prompt treatment.     

Real‐life effectiveness of biological therapies on symptoms in severe asthma with comorbid CRSwNP

BackgroundWe aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of different antibody therapies on nasal polyp symptoms in patients treated for severe asthma.MethodsWe performed a retrospective analysis of patients with severe asthma and comorbid CRSwNP who were treated with anti‐IgE, anti‐IL‐5/R or anti‐IL‐4R. CRSwNP symptom burden was evaluated before and after 6 months of therapy.ResultsFifty patients were included hereof treated with anti‐IgE: 9, anti‐IL‐5/R: 26 and anti‐IL‐4R: 15 patients. At baseline median SNOT‐20 was similar among groups (anti‐IgE: 55, anti‐IL‐5/R: 52 and anti‐IL‐4R: 56, p = 0.76), median visual analogue scale (VAS) for nasal symptoms was 4, 7 and 8 (p = 0.14) and VAS for total symptoms was higher in the anti‐IL‐4R group (4, 5 and 8, p = 0.002). After 6 months SNOT‐20 improved significantly in all patient groups with median improvement of anti‐IgE: −8 (p < 0.01), anti‐IL‐5/R: −13 (p < 0.001) and anti‐IL‐4R: −18 (p < 0.001), with larger improvement in the anti‐IL‐4R group than in anti‐IgE (p < 0.001) and anti‐IL‐5/R (p < 0.001) groups. VAS nasal symptoms improved by median anti‐IgE: 0 (n.s.), anti‐IL‐5/R: −1 (p < 0.01) and anti‐IL‐4R: −3 (p < 0.001), VAS total symptoms by anti‐IgE: −1 (n.s.), anti‐IL‐5/R: −2 (p < 0.001) and anti‐IL‐4R: −2 (p < 0.001).ConclusionsTreatment by all antibodies showed effectiveness in reducing symptoms of CRSwNP in patients with severe asthma, with the largest reduction observed in anti‐IL‐4R‐treated patients.     

经颅黑质超声诊断帕金森病的临床评价

目的 通过对帕金森病患者及正常对照组进行经颅超声(transcranial sonography,TCS)检查,结合帕金森病患者的Hoehn Yahr（H Y）分级及帕金森病统一评分量表评分结果,了解我国大陆地区帕金森病患者有无黑质(substantia nigra, SN)回声增强表现。方法 对入选对象进行TCS检查,并对检查结果进行评价。结果 帕金森病患者 SN阳性率明显高于正常对照者（P＜0.05）。帕金森病SN异常组 H Y 分期明显高于帕金森病SN正常组(P＜0.05),表明帕金森病患者SN高回声面积与H Y分期相关。TCS检查对帕金森病的敏感性为80.5%,特异性为79.9%。结论 我国帕金森病患者SN强回声检出率显著高于对照组,说明我国帕金森病患者也存在SN回声增强这一现象,与国内外报道相一致。TCS检查对帕金森病的诊断具有一定的意义,敏感性及特异性较高。