腹腔镜胆囊切除术后膈下胆囊床积液的防治

目的探讨腹腔镜胆囊切除术(LC)后膈下、胆囊床积液的防治。方法回顾分析1 500例LC术后并发膈下、胆囊床积液患者20例。其中胆囊床积液16例(1例为胆漏合并出血),膈下积液4例(其中感染2例)。3例保守治疗,2例腹腔镜再次引流,B超引导穿刺抽吸14例,开腹引流1例。结果20例患者均治愈,住院时间平均2周。结论术中适度分离粘连,减少渗出,合理放置引流,术后仔细观察,及时发现,及时处理,效果满意。     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术中胆囊破裂的临床分析(附305例报告)

目的:探讨腹腔镜胆囊切除术(laparoscopic cholecystectomy,LC)中胆囊破裂的原因及处理措施。方法:回顾分析2007年10月至2011年10月LC术中305例患者发生胆囊破裂的临床资料。结果:术中选择性胆囊破裂195例,包括胆囊穿刺抽吸减压104例,胆囊萎缩部分切除76例,胆囊造瘘15例;术中胆囊意外破裂110例,包括解剖胆囊时抓破36例,胆囊床剥离时破裂45例,胆囊取出时破裂29例。136例行腹腔冲洗,125例放置腹腔引流。术后发生膈下积液1例、胆囊窝积液3例、脐部切口感染4例、脐部切口结石残留并感染1例,余均无腹腔内感染、脓肿及败血症等并发症发生。结论:选择性胆囊破裂利于手术的顺利完成,提高手术技巧并选择合适的病例可避免胆囊意外破裂,正确处理破裂胆囊可减少并发症的发生。     

腹腔镜下胆囊三角解剖困难的处理

目的总结腹腔镜下对胆囊三角解剖困难情况的处理方法及体会。方法回顾性分析2001年3月至2006年1月我院行腹腔镜胆囊切除术(laparoscopic cholecystectomy,LC)术中遇到的胆囊三角解剖困难68例,其中胆囊三角严重粘连者29例,胆囊管结石嵌顿17例,胆囊管过短(≤1cm)6例,胆囊动脉变异16例。根据情况分别采取逆行切除胆囊、胆囊切开取石、胆囊大部分切除、中转开腹术。结果全组中61例完成LC,中转开腹7例。26例置腹腔引流管,1~5d后拔管。胆总管轻微刺伤2例,采用无损伤线缝合;伤口感染3例,经换药后治愈;膈下积液6例,经B超引导穿刺抽液(2例)和延长抗感染治疗(4例)痊愈。无胆漏、大出血等严重并发症。结论根据胆囊三角解剖困难的具体情况作相应处理,有利于提高LC的成功率,减少LC并发症。但解剖极困难时,需果断中转开腹。     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术后并发症的防治体会

目的:探讨腹腔镜胆囊切除术(LC)后并发症的预防和处理。方法:对778例LC进行回顾分析,总结并发症的种类、处理方法和预防措施。结果:发生胆总管残留结石1例,胆漏1例,胆囊床周围较多积液5例、积脓3例,操作孔感染2例。胆漏及胆囊床积液、积脓病例经超声引导下穿刺抽液治疗,胆总管残留结石经EST治疗,操作孔感染对症处理,中转开腹11例,以上病例经治疗后均痊愈出院。结论:掌握手术适应证,完善术前准备及术中检查,规范操作步骤和适时中转开腹是减少并发症的关键。     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术中粗大胆囊管处理体会

目的　探讨腹腔镜胆囊切除术中粗大胆囊管的处理方法。　方法　回顾分析 1995年 5月～ 2 0 0 1年 12月我院 10 5 2例LC中 2 4例粗大胆囊管的临床资料 ,其中胆囊管 (0 4～ 0 6 )cm 12例 ,(0 6～0 8)cm 8例 ,(0 8～ 1 0 )cm 2例 ,>1cm 2例。分别采用二夹法 (10例 ) ,三夹法 (5例 ) ,梯形钳夹法 (6例 ) ,旋转钳夹法 (3例 )处理。　结果　 2 1例顺利完成LC ,3例因术中出血中转开腹。全组无胆漏、膈下积液发生。　结论　腹腔镜胆囊切除术中粗大胆囊管采取不同方法处理可顺利完成LC。     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术严重并发症4例报告

病例1：女68岁,为胆囊结石、慢性胆囊炎患者,合并有糖尿病,术中见胆囊萎缩,胆囊三角粘连严重.术后第5天出现上腹及右腰部胀痛,术后第10天经B超发现右膈下大量积液,腹穿获胆汁而剖腹探查,术中在胆囊床相当于胆囊底位置见一管状残端,内径约0.3cm,有胆汁溢出,考虑为副肝管,给予结扎,并置引流管1根,术后第5天切口渗出胆汁样液,B超示：腹腔内积液.给予对症保守治疗无效后再次行剖腹探查,吸出胆汁样液约2 000ml.     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术中胆囊管的处理体会

目的探讨腹腔镜胆囊切除术（laparoscopic cholecystectomy，Lc）中胆囊管的处理方法。方法1997年1月-2005年12月，我院行3100例LC，对不同类型的胆囊管分别采取不同的处理方法：常规中号钛夹处理胆囊管2387例（77．0％），大号钛夹法93例（3．0％），可吸收夹法62例（2．0％），丝线结扎法155例（5．0％），阶梯钛夹法217例（7．0％），圈套器处理法184例（5．9％），因局部炎症较重未找到胆囊管者实施特殊处理2例（0．1％）。结果术后发生胆囊管胆汁漏4例（0．1％），留置腹腔引流管引流，辅以内镜逆行胰胆管造影，分别行鼻胆管引流及内支架引流3周后胆管造影，未见胆汁明显外溢及胆管扩张后拔出引流管，全部患者治愈。结论LC中根据不同胆囊管类型，采取个体化处理方案可减少胆管损伤、胆汁漏等并发症，提高手术成功率。     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术2 800例术中胆囊床的处理

目的探讨腹腔镜胆囊切除术（1aparoscopic cholecystectomy，LC）中胆囊床的处理方法。方法回顾分析我院1997年9月一2005年8月2800例LC的临床资料。结果在胆囊床的处理过程中，有2570例采用常规方法处理，46例采用非常规方法，余184例采用常规与非常规相结合的方法处理。12例胆漏，经充分引流治愈。26例胆囊床出血，1例术后2h行剖腹探查，余25例为术中出血。结论LC术中胆囊床的处理应根据术中所见胆囊床的具体类型来决定，一旦发生胆漏或出血等并发症，不应盲目处理，需视具体情况采取相应措施。     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术3100例胆囊床的处理

施行LC3100例,分离胆囊床时分破胆囊97例,结石掉入腹腔84例,解剖过深肝脏严重受损41例,胆囊床顽固性出血14例,胆囊床胆漏2例。经治疗后均痊愈,无手术死亡。对LC术中胆囊床的处理进行了讨论。     

静止性肝硬化对腹腔镜胆囊切除术的影响

目的 :探讨静止性肝硬化对腹腔镜胆囊切除术 (LC)的影响 ,并研究预防方法。方法 :回顾 18例静止性肝硬化的临床资料 ,就其表现特点、对LC的影响和采取的对策进行分析。结果 :手术操作困难 4例 ,肝床出血 2例 ,术后胆囊床局限性积液 2例 ,出现腹水 14例。全组均痊愈出院。结论 :静止性肝硬化表现隐匿 ,术前不易判断 ,对LC有一定的影响     

The influence of intraoperative complications on adhesion formation during laparoscopic and conventional cholecystectomy in an animal model

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to evaluate the extent of postoperative adhesion formation after laparoscopic and open cholecystectomy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Qualified surgeons performed 60 experimental laparoscopic cholecystectomies (LC) in dogs with the aim to acquire the laparoscopic technique. To assess the relation between the complications during the operation (bleeding, laceration of the liver bed, or gallbladder perforation) and the formation of adhesions, surviving animals were divided into four groups according to the type of complication occurred. Assessment of the results was made by second-look laparoscopy 4 weeks after LC using the adhesion index (AI; score range, 0-4). The animals then were killed so the extent of adhesion formation could be measured. As a control, open cholecystectomy was performed in 15 dogs without intraoperative complications. The Mann-Whitney rank-sum test and Dunn's method were used for statistical analysis. RESULTS: No adhesion formation or intraoperative complications were registered in the laparoscopic group I. In all the cases wherein bleeding or laceration of the liver bed occurred and was managed with electrocoagulation, adhesions formed. Adhesion formation in these groups was significantly higher than in "ideal LC" or cases of gallbladder perforation alone (p < 0.01). All the animals in the control group developed significantly more adhesions than those in the experimental group (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: It seems that LC has a lower rate of adhesion formation than the conventional open technique. Complications such as bleeding or laceration of the liver bed during LC can enhance adhesion formation. No adhesion formation can be mentioned in relation to gallbladder perforation during LC.     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术术前彩色超声定位肝中静脉的临床意义

目的:探讨腹腔镜胆囊切除术(laparoscop ic cholecystectomy,LC)术前彩色多普勒超声波检查在避免术中损伤胆囊床肝中静脉致大出血的临床意义。方法:2003年1月~2005年1月行LC的1 100例患者术前均经彩色多普勒超声波检查,常规对胆囊床肝中静脉及属枝的解剖关系进行分析。结果:对于术前经彩色多普勒超声波检查明确的肝中静脉直接和胆囊床相贴的非萎缩性胆囊炎胆囊结石的102例患者,采用紧靠胆囊壁的浆肌层直接进行剥离;而慢性萎缩性胆囊炎胆囊结石的24例患者,采用胆囊粘膜切除,或者直接开腹手术切除,未发生因损伤胆囊床肝中静脉而大出血。结论:术前常规彩色多普勒超声波检查,明确胆囊床肝中静脉及属枝位置关系,对于肝中静脉与胆囊床相贴的病例,采用紧靠胆囊壁的浆肌层剥离,或采用胆囊粘膜切除,或直接开腹手术切除,可以避免因损伤胆囊床肝中静脉而导致大出血。     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术对意外性胆囊癌预后的影响

目的：探讨腹腔镜胆囊切除术（LC）对意外性胆囊癌的影响。方法：回顾性分析经术后病理证实为胆囊癌者21例临床资料,其中11例行腹腔镜胆囊切除术（LC）,10例行开放性胆囊切除术（OC）,对比两组累积存活比率和5个预后因素,包括组织分级、病理分期、胆汁溢出发生率、手术类型以及附加的外科治疗。结果：8例（72.7%）LC术后及7例OC术后（70.0%）出现肿瘤复发,两者差异无统计学意义（P=0.86）,两组均无腹壁转移。生存率与肿瘤分期和胆汁溢出有关（P=0.006和P=0.003）,生存率与上述两种手术方式无关(P=0.74)。结论：LC不影响意外性胆囊癌的预后。     

Does laparoscopic cholecystectomy worsen the prognosis of unsuspected gallbladder cancer?

BACKGROUND: Several reports claim that there is a risk that laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) might worsen the prognosis of unsuspected gallbladder cancer. HYPOTHESIS: Several factors rather than LC could influence prognosis. METHODS: A retrospective clinicopathologic study was performed on 20 patients, 9 patients (3 men and 6 women, aged from 36 to 75 years [mean age, 62.3 years]) undergoing LC and 11 patients (2 men and 9 women, aged from 53 to 91 years [mean age, 65.3 years]) undergoing open cholecystectomy (OC), with postoperatively diagnosed gallbladder cancer. The correlation was evaluated between cumulative survival rates and the following 7 prognostic factors: age, sex, histopathological grade, pathologic stage, occurrence of bile spillage, type of cholecystectomy (LC or OC), and additional surgical treatments. RESULTS: Seven patients (87%) after LC and 9 patients (82%) after OC had cancer recurrence: the difference is of no statistical significance (P =.9). There were no recurrences of cancer in the abdominal wall after either LC or OC. Survival rate was statistically correlated to tumor stage (P =.007) and to the occurrence of bile spillage (P =.002). Survival rate did not change according to whether the operation was carried out using LC or OC (P =.60). CONCLUSION: These results would seem to lend support to the opinion that LC does not worsen the prognosis for unsuspected gallbladder cancer.     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术术中胆囊床肝中静脉破裂填塞止血的处理体会

目的:总结腹腔镜胆囊切除术(laparoscopic cholecystectomy,LC)术中胆囊床肝中静脉破裂在腹腔镜下填塞止血的临床经验。方法:回顾分析LC术中胆囊床肝中静脉损伤破裂出血9例患者的临床资料。结果:9例患者术后均未发生再出血,取得了良好的临床效果。结论:腹腔镜下填塞止血是治疗LC术中胆囊床肝中静脉破裂出血的重要方法之一,具有重要的临床应用价值。     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术术前B超诊断价值

目的 :探讨LC术前B超诊断的价值。方法 :比较 130例行LC患者的术前B超诊断与术中所见。结果 :术前B超对胆囊结石检出率为 10 0 % ,而对胆囊壁厚度、胆囊大小等测量后得出LC禁忌的结论 ,与实际情况有所差别。结论 :B超术前对胆囊结石的存在作出诊断是确切的 ,但对是否决定行LC及作为LC禁忌的标准 ,有待临床上进一步研究     

Gallbladder carcinoma and laparoscopic cholecystectomy. An emergent problem

BACKGROUND: Gallbladder cancer (GC) is reported in 1.5-3% of cholecystectomies. Since the introduction of laparoscopic surgery, cholecystectomies have increased and occult GC may therefore be more frequent. METHODS: Here we conduct a retrospective study on a series of 1200 LC performed between January 1991 and December 1998 at our Institution, to determine whether there was an increase in GC. We also evaluated the risk factors for this outcome and the possibilities of treatment, in case of unsuspected GC discovered after LC at histological examination. Seven cases of GC undiagnosed before surgery (0.6% of the study population) were submitted to LC (against 0.3% GC discovered after open surgery). The clinical course depended on the histopathologic stage of the cancer. RESULTS: After a median follow-up of 18 months (range 12-48), 2 pT1 patients were alive and well, 2 pT2 patients were alive and disease free (in 1 case after a surgical removal of a trocar site metastasis appeared 6 months after LC). The other 3 patients died, 2 (1 pT2 and 1 pT3) after an additional resection of the liver bed with lymph node dissection, due to peritoneal dissemination of the disease. In 2 cases we found a gallbladder polyp pre and intraoperatively, which proved to be a carcinoma. CONCLUSIONS: Undiagnosed GC is on the increase with the introduction of LC. Polypoid lesions of the gallbladder, age > 70 years: a long history of stones and a thickened gallbladder wall all represent significant risk factors. If one or more is present, examination of the gallbladder and a frozen section are recommended.     

电凝钩在腹腔镜胆囊切除术中的应用

目的探讨腹腔镜胆囊切除术中胆囊床止血方式的不同对肝功能的影响。方法选择术前肝功能正常的患者100例行腹腔镜胆囊切除术,随机使用电凝钩和电凝棒各50例进行胆囊床止血,手术后24h分别检测肝功能状况。结果手术后24h使用电凝钩组ALT、AST明显升高,而使用电凝棒组基本在正常范围内。结论使用电凝钩进行胆囊床止血会对患者造成一过性的肝功能损伤。腹腔镜胆囊切除术中选择合理的手术操作会减少肝功能损伤。