Recurrent Streptococcus pneumoniae meningitis in a child with traumatic anterior cranial base defect

Acute bacterial meningitis is a potentially life-threatening infection of the cranial and spinal leptomeninges. Recurrent episodes of meningitis are rarely seen, but when they occur, an extensive investigation has to be made to find out responsible factors. A single episode of acute meningitis may result from bacteriemia, but when followed by recurrent meningitis in pediatric patients, other possible routes of the bacteria invasion to the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) should be considered. Patients with head injury have the highest risk of acquiring recurrent bacterial meningitis, followed by patients with a congenital anatomic lesion of the skull or duramater, such as meningomyelocele. The underlying cause is a transdural communication between the meningeal space and paranasal sinuses or skin. The first attack of meningitis may occur several weeks to 12 years after the head injury. In addition, recurrent bacterial meningitis may be due to disorders of the immune system, such as complement deficiency. We report a 14-year-old boy, who suffered from recurrent Streptococcus pneumoniae meningitis due to a well-defined defect at the ethmoid roof after a head trauma.     

Haemolytic-uraemic syndrome associated with Streptococcus pneumoniae meningitis

We report the first case of Haemolytic-uraemic syndrome (HUS) associated with Streptococcus pneumoniae meningitis. This supports a common pathogenic mechanism in HUS following infections by neuraminidase-producing organisms and in pneumococcal meningitis. We recommend that HUS must be considered in cases of renal failure and/or anaemia associated with pneumococcal meningitis, and that bacterial meningitis be considered in all patients with HUS and central nervous system involvement.Abbreviations CSF cerebrospinal fluid - HUS haemolyticuraemic syndrome - RBC red blood cells - T-ag Thomsen-Friedenreich antigen     

Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection in a child after renal transplantation

Although Mycoplasma pneumoniae infections are common among school children and young adults, they have been rarely reported in renal transplant recipients. Herein, we report an 8-yr-old boy who had M. pneumoniae infection 1 yr after transplantation and showed liver dysfunction during the course of the disease. In children who underwent renal transplantation and receive immunosuppressive treatment, we suggest that symptoms of a simple upper respiratory tract infection may precede M. pneumoniae disease with potentially serious extrapulmonary complications.     

儿童重症肺炎支原体肺炎研究进展

肺炎支原体是儿童社区获得性肺炎的常见病原,随着肺炎支原体感染发病率的攀升,近年来发现其导致的重症肺炎病例也在不断增多,目前重症肺炎支原体肺炎的病因尚不十分明确,而大环内酯类抗生素高耐药率的影响在进一步加重,对该病的治疗提出了新的挑战.该文就重症肺炎支原体肺炎的病因、临床表现、诊断及治疗方面的研究进展作一综述.     

Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection complicated by pneumomediastinum and severe mucositis

We report an 8-year-old boy with Mycoplasma pneumoniae respiratory infection complicated by pneumomediastinum and severe oral and conjunctival mucositis. M. pneumoniae-associated mucositis is distinct from the Stevens-Johnson syndrome. There are no skin lesions and it improves promptly with antibiotics. Spontaneous pneumomediastinum usually only requires rest, analgesia and management of the underlying condition.     

重症肺炎支原体肺炎患儿肺炎支原体DNA复制水平与病情的相关性

目的 探讨重症肺炎支原体肺炎（SMPP）患儿咽拭子、肺泡灌洗液（BALF）中肺炎支原体DNA （MP-DNA）复制水平与病情的相关性。方法 44例行支气管肺泡灌洗术的SMPP患儿为研究对象,分别在急性期和恢复期检测相关血清细胞因子水平及咽拭子MP-DNA复制倍数,并检测急性期BALF中白细胞介素（IL）-18水平及MP-DNA复制倍数。并按照病程中是否出现呼吸衰竭需要机械通气分为机械通气组（n=19）与非机械通气组（n=25）,比较两组患儿肺泡灌洗液中MP-DNA复制倍数。结果 与恢复期相比,SMPP患儿在急性期时,血清C反应蛋白、红细胞沉降率、乳酸脱氢酶、IL-1、IL-6、IL-8、IL-18水平显著增高（P < 0.05）。急性期咽拭子与BALF的MP-DNA复制倍数呈显著正相关（r=0.613,P < 0.05）;BALF中MP-DNA复制倍数与外周血及BALF的IL-18水平呈正相关（分别r=0.613、0.41,均P < 0.05）。机械通气组BALF中MP-DNA复制倍数高于非机械通气组,且全身激素治疗时间明显长于非机械通气组,血清乳酸脱氢酶、IL-18及BALF中WBC总数、IL-18水平也更高（P < 0.05）。结论 SMPP患儿急性期咽拭子与BALF MP-DNA复制水平可作为病情评估的参考。     

Chronic Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection in a child after renal transplantation

Schwerk N, Hartmann C, Baumann U, Pape L, Ehrich JHH, Hansen G. Chronic Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection in a child after renal transplantation.
Pediatr Transplantation 2010: 14: E26–E29. © 2009 John Wiley & Sons A/S. Abstract: Mycoplasma pneumoniae has rarely been reported in renal transplant recipients. We present the case of a 10‐yr‐old boy with a six‐month history of chronic cough, recurrent pyrexia, and weight loss three yr after RTx. The patient's post‐transplant course was complicated by recurrence of NS that resolved with plasmapheresis and PTLD, which was successfully treated with an anti‐CD20 monoclonal antibody. Chest X‐ray showed a round mass‐like lesion in the left upper lobe; MRT, PET, and bronchoscopy ruled out a PTLD. BAL fluid revealed M. pneumoniae‐DNA. A three‐wk course of macrolide therapy induced rapid recovery. We conclude that M. pneumoniae infection should be considered in immunosuppressed patients with long‐lasting respiratory complaints and fever of unknown origin. Antibiotic treatment should be given for a minimum of three wk.     

肺炎支原体感染现状及其与哮喘的关系

肺炎支原体(MP)是年长儿童与成年人呼吸道感染的重要病原之一,且与哮喘的发生、急性恶化发作及慢性症状难以控制密切相关.但迄今为止,MP感染诱发或引起哮喘的机制仍不清楚,可能与MP对支气管黏膜的直接损伤作用、IgE介导的免疫反应、各种细胞因子和炎症介质的释放及宿主体质有关.     

肺炎链球菌致急性化脓性心包炎1例并文献复习

目的 了解肺炎链球菌致急性化脓性心包炎的主要表现,加强对该病的认识。方法 报道1例肺炎链球菌所致的急性化脓性心包炎患儿的临床表现及预后,并结合文献复习。结果 14月龄患儿,既往体健,因“呼吸急促7 d,咳嗽3 d”入院。血常规WBC、CRP显著升高。肺CT和超声心动图均提示心包积液。心包积液培养为肺炎链球菌100%,确诊为肺炎链球菌化脓性心包炎,血清型鉴定为6A型。予利奈唑胺抗感染治疗,好转后出院,随访6个月超声心动图仅提示心包膜稍增厚。检索PubMed数据库发现16例该病患儿报道,结合本文报道的1例,男9例,女7例,另1例性别不详;年龄4月至17岁,其中2岁以下10例;3例有基础疾病。血常规提示WBC明显升高,以多核细胞为主,CRP明显升高。心包积液外观为黄棕色脓性,常规及生化表现为典型化脓性积液改变;超声心动图及肺CT/X线检查均提示中至大量心包积液;合并肺炎2例,胸腔积液4例,心包填塞3例。9例报道药物敏感试验结果,其中8例为青霉素敏感菌株,1例为青霉素耐药菌株。7例报道血清型,其中6A、14、23F型各2例,34型1例。2/6例换用万古霉素,16例行心包穿刺引流。15例预后较好,2例死亡。结论 肺炎链球菌化脓性心包炎病例有增多趋势,儿童既往常健康,通过积极治疗,预后较良好。     

46 例重症肺炎支原体肺炎合并胸腔积液患儿临床及预后分析

目的分析重症肺炎支原体肺炎(SMPP)合并胸腔积液的临床特点及预后。方法回顾分析46例合并胸腔积液和53例无胸腔积液的SMPP患儿临床资料,并进行比较。结果与SMPP无胸腔积液组相比,SMPP合并胸腔积液组的男性、合并肺不张、肺外系统损害以及全身糖皮质激素使用比例均升高,住院天数、发热天数、阿奇霉素起效时间以及出院后肺部病变吸收时间均延长,C-反应蛋白、降钙素原、D-二聚体、乳酸脱氢酶水平均升高,白蛋白水平降低,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。与少、中量胸腔积液组相比,大量胸腔积液组患儿的年龄较大,发热天数和住院天数明显延长,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。胸水MP阳性患儿的年龄大于胸水MP阴性者,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。SMPP合并胸腔积液患儿内气道分泌状态评级4级组的D-二聚体和LDH水平高于评级≤4级组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论 SMPP合并胸腔积液患儿热程更长、肺内外并发症发生率高、血清炎症指标和血生化指标均明显异常,单纯阿奇霉素起效时间和后期肺部病变吸收时间更长。急性期需尽早预测全身糖皮质激素应用的可能性,出院后需定期随访胸部影像。     

肺炎支原体抗体和载量指数在儿童肺炎支原体肺炎诊断中的应用

目的 评估肺炎支原体载量指数（MPLI）与血清总抗体在MP 肺炎诊断中的价值。方法 选取115 例肺炎支原体肺炎患儿和400 例健康儿童为研究对象,荧光定量PCR 与被动凝集法检测MP 肺炎患儿不同病程阶段的MP-DNA 及总抗体水平,并计算MPLI。结果 肺炎支原体肺炎患儿的MPLI 临界值为6.12。MPLI和MP 总抗体滴度均随病程升高,MP-DNA 则随病程迅速下降;MP-DNA 载量较高组的总抗体滴度显著高于MP载量较低组（P P 结论 MPLI 提供了标准化的MP-DNA 定量值,对肺炎支原体感染的早期诊断有重要价值。     

新生儿肺炎支原体感染的临床特征分析

目的探讨新生儿肺炎支原体(MP)感染的流行病学和临床特征。方法回顾分析2011年1月至2017年12月因下呼吸道感染(LRTI)住院的1 348例新生儿的临床资料,并根据病原学检测结果分为MP感染组和非MP感染组。结果在1 348例患儿中,有135例痰标本检测到MP。135例MP感染组患儿中,19例(14.1%)合并RSV感染;中位年龄22天(范围1～28天),男女比例1.11:1,出生体质量(3 550.0±280.0)g,出生胎龄(37.4±6.4)周。与非MP感染组比较,MP感染组出生22～28天新生儿比例高、春季发生率高、发热比例高、呼吸急促比例低,差异均有统计学意义(P0. 01)。Logistic回归分析发现,年龄 14天、发热与新生儿MP感染呈正相关,而呼吸急促与MP感染呈负相关(P0. 05)。结论MP是新生儿呼吸道感染的重要病原体。MP感染新生儿日龄较大、发热多、呼吸急促少。     

儿童重症肺炎支原体肺炎的临床特点及预后

目的 总结儿童重症肺炎支原体肺炎(MPP)急性期的临床特点以助临床早期评估和治疗,并了解其转归.方法 回顾性分析北京儿童医院呼吸科病房101例重症MPP患儿(重症组)和102例轻症MPP患儿(对照组)的住院病例资料,包括症状和体征、影像学表现及肺内外并发症等临床特点,并对其中16例重症MPP患儿进行肺部高分辨CT及肺功能的随访.结果 重症MPP多表现为咳嗽、高热,热程长,易出现气促、心动过速,甚至可有发绀及三凹征,肺部影像学常表现为大片状阴影,伴或不伴有肺不张、胸腔积液及坏死性肺炎/肺脓肿等肺内并发症,也可导致呼吸、神经、循环、消化、泌尿等系统功能严重损害.在重症MPP患儿中有16.3%出现闭塞性支气管炎(15/92).16例重症患儿平均随访(9.81 ± 3.85)个月,仅3例肺内病变基本吸收好转,肺功能正常;余13例肺部高分辨CT均有肺不张,其中7例合并支气管扩张,5例伴限局性气体潴留,肺功能异常8例.结论 对于临床症状重、热程长、肺部影像学为大片状阴影,伴有肺不张、胸腔积液及坏死性肺炎/肺脓肿等肺内并发症或伴有系统功能严重损害的儿童MPP,应高度注意重症MPP的可能性并予以尽早治疗.重症MPP可遗留肺结构和(或)功能损害,需对其进行肺部高分辨CT和肺功能的长期随访.     

肺炎链球菌3型相关溶血尿毒症综合征一例临床分析

目的 探讨儿童肺炎链球菌相关溶血尿毒症综合征(SP-HUS)的临床特点.方法 回顾性分析1例3型肺炎链球菌相关HUS患儿的临床、辅助检查特点和随访情况,并复习文献,探讨SP-HUS的诊断要点.结果 患儿女,1.5岁,以发热、咳嗽伴气促5d入院.右肺呼吸音低于左侧,叩诊浊音.辅助检查:血常规示WBC 3.7×109/L,Hb 83 g/L,PLT 11 × 109/L.CRP＞180 mg/L.红细胞形态检查示红细胞大小不一,易见红细胞碎片.尿常规示红细胞计数42.66/HP,尿潜血阳性(+++),尿蛋白(++++).血培养、胸腔积液培养和痰培养均为肺炎链球菌.采用简易棋盘式肺炎链球菌分型试剂盒进行血清型分型证实为3型.Coombs试验示直接抗人球蛋白试验阳性.血补体C3 0.699 g/L,补体C4 0.064 g/L.胸部X线片示右侧胸腔积液,右肺感染.胸部CT示两肺多发感染,右肺下叶多发肺气囊.入院后考虑SP-HUS,予去甲万古霉素针、头孢哌酮舒巴坦针静脉滴注抗感染,连续性肾脏代替治疗,洗涤红细胞纠正贫血等治疗后,血小板恢复正常,溶血停止,贫血纠正,肝肾功能及尿常规正常;肺部病灶好转,直接Coombs试验转阴,补体C3、C4恢复正常.3个月后随访,肝肾功能及尿常规均正常.结论 肺炎链球菌感染出现溶血性贫血、血小板减少、急性肾衰竭、Coombs试验阳性时应考虑SP-HUS可能.肺炎链球菌3型感染与HUS相关.     

肺炎支原体肺炎并发心腔内血栓、肺栓塞1 例并文献复习

目的探讨儿童肺炎支原体肺炎(MPP)并发心腔内血栓、肺栓塞的临床特点及诊治。方法回顾分析1例MPP并发心腔内血栓、肺栓塞患儿的临床资料,并检索分析中国知网、万方数据库和PubMed中MPP合并心腔内血栓病例。结果患儿,男,4岁,以发热、咳嗽起病;血清肺炎支原体抗体滴度1:1280,D-二聚体明显升高;肺CT提示左肺大片炎性实变,超声心动图发现右心室腔内肿物。患儿予右室肿物摘除术、支气管镜灌洗、抗感染等综合治疗,肺部炎症一度好转;随后又加重,胸部增强CT示左下肺栓塞;再经抗凝治疗后,肺部炎症、肺栓塞好转。患儿右室肿物术后病理为炎性坏死组织。患儿最终诊断为MPP合并心腔内血栓、肺栓塞。检索到国内外文献报道4例MPP并发心腔内血栓患儿,均为男性,年龄4～9岁,3例在发病4～11天发现心腔内血栓,4例抗心磷脂抗体阳性,2例D-二聚体升高,2例手术,2例抗凝治疗。随访3个月患儿均痊愈,抗心磷脂抗体均转阴。结论肺炎支原体感染导致大叶性肺炎或胸腔积液时,应动态监测D-二聚体水平、抗心磷脂抗体等,可及时发现栓塞或血栓形成,早诊断、及时治疗,预后良好。     

支原体肺炎合并肺栓塞一例临床分析

目的 探讨儿童支原体肺炎合并肺栓塞的诊断要点.方法 回顾性分析1例支原体肺炎合并肺栓塞的临床、辅助检查特点和随访情况,并复习文献,探讨支原体肺炎合并肺栓塞的诊断要点.结果 患儿男,6岁,以发热、咳嗽半月为主要表现.呼吸稍费力,胸痛.左侧胸部呼吸动度减弱,左下肺叩诊浊音,左侧呼吸音稍低,闻及少许细湿哕音.辅助检查:胸腔积液常规检查示混浊血性液,WBC 368×106/L,RBC 7140×106/L,N0.61,L0.12.酶联免疫法查支原体抗体IgM 1:128阳性,冷凝集素试验示1:1024阳性.血D-D二聚体14.81 mg/L.血抗心磷脂抗体阳性.血浆蛋白C活性60％(正常70％～ 130％).肺动脉血管造影示左肺下叶呈大片状密度增高影,左侧支气管动脉下支分支血管部分截断.心脏B超提示三尖瓣瓣口轻度反流,肺动脉收缩压约38 mm Hg(1 mm Hg=0.133 kPa).单光子发射计算机断层显像术示左肺背段、前基段、外基段、下舌段明显放射性分布稀疏.入院后考虑支原体肺炎伴胸腔积液、肺栓塞,予美洛培南针联合红霉素针抗感染,低分子肝素针和华法林片抗凝后胸腔积液消失,血D-D二聚体0.38 mg/L,肺动脉压力降低.随访显示抗心磷脂抗体转阴,血浆蛋白C活性恢复,肺部病变吸收.结论 支原体肺炎患儿有胸痛、呼吸困难、血性胸腔积液、肺动脉高压、抗磷脂抗体阳性、D-D二聚体增高时要考虑肺栓塞的可能,肺动脉血管造影可明确诊断.     

难治性肺炎支原体肺炎患儿支气管肺泡灌洗液中肺炎支原体耐药基因检测分析

目的 分析难治性肺炎支原体肺炎(refractory Mycoplasmapneumoniaepneumonia,RMPP)患儿支气管肺泡灌洗液(bronchoalveolar lavage fluid,BALF)中肺炎支原体(Mycoplasmapneumoniae,MP)耐药性及耐药基因分布,并阐明23SrRNAⅤ...     

Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis associated with Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection

An 8 year old girl with acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM) is described. Elevated serum antibody titers suggested recent Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection. T2-weighted image of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) disclosed multiple lesions of high signal intensity in bilateral basal ganglia and thalami as well as in the white matter. Postcontrast T1-weighted image revealed an enhanced lesion in the deep white matter. She showed rapid clinical improvement in response to corticosteroid therapy. The lesions had disappeared completely on MRI performed 10 weeks after the onset. ADEM is believed to be a demyelinating disorder of probable autoimmune etiology. MRI findings in this case may support the hypothesis that the primary pathological event is vascular injury and demyelination occurs only as a secondary phenomenon.     

儿童支原体肺炎合并肺栓塞1例报告

目的探讨儿童支原体肺炎合并肺栓塞的临床诊断和治疗。方法回顾分析1例支原体肺炎合并肺栓塞患儿的临床资料。结果女性患儿,10岁,以咳嗽、发热、气促为主要表现。肺炎支原体抗体滴度1:320,抗心磷脂抗体IgM阳性,D-二聚体42.4μg/mL。CT肺动脉造影提示肺动脉栓塞。确诊为支原体肺炎、肺栓塞后,予以阿奇霉素抗感染、华法林及低分子肝素钙抗凝、改善循环、雾化祛痰等治疗。经3个月抗凝治疗后,患儿肺栓塞治愈。结论对于呼吸困难、胸痛,并伴有抗心磷脂抗体阳性、D-二聚体升高等的支原体肺炎患儿应考虑肺栓塞可能,及时完善肺动脉CT造影以明确诊断。