孕期被动吸烟对新生儿出生体重影响的临床研究

目的 分析鄂州市孕期被动吸烟与新生儿低出生体重的关系。方法 采用1∶2病例对照研究方法, 对2008年1月1日-2011年12月1日间在鄂州市妇幼保健院分娩的1 080名20~30岁非主动吸烟的产妇孕期被动吸烟情况与新生儿低出生体重关系进行分析。结果 病例组产妇被动吸烟发生率(47.5%)明显高于对照组 (28.3%,P<0.001)。控制相关混杂因素后,孕期每周平均累积被动吸烟时间为1~3 d或超过3 d的产妇发生新生儿低出生体重的风险相比无被动吸烟的产妇增加1.54倍(OR=2.54,95%CI:1.81~3.57)和3.29倍(OR=4.29,95%CI:2.62~7.04),相应归因分值AFe分别为60.6%和76.7%。孕期产检次数增加到7次以上可以减少被动吸烟组产妇约53%(OR=0.47,95%CI:0.30~0.73) 的低出生体重儿的发生风险。 结论 孕期被动吸烟与新生儿低出生体重发生密切相关,且暴露时间与新生儿低出生体重发生风险存在很明显的剂量反应关系。     

孕妇被动吸烟对新生儿体重影响的调查

[目的]探讨孕妇被动吸烟对新生儿体重的影响.[方法]采用问卷方式调查产妇孕期被动吸烟状况,测量新生儿体重.[结果]孕期无被动吸烟组及少量(≤1h/d)被动吸烟组与大量(＞1h/d)被动吸烟组间其新生儿平均体重差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01),而无被动吸烟组与少量被动吸烟组间其新生儿平均体重差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).[结论]孕妇孕期大量被动吸烟会导致新生儿体重下降.     

孕妇被动吸烟对新生儿体重影响的调查

[目的]探讨孕妇被动吸烟对新生儿体重的影响。[方法]采用问卷方式调查产妇孕期被动吸烟状况，测量新生儿体重。[结果]孕期无被动吸烟组及少量（≤1h/d）被动吸烟组与大量（＞1h/d0被动吸烟组间其新生儿平均体重差异有统计学意义（P＜0.01），而无被动吸烟组与少量被动吸烟组间其新生儿平均体重差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）。[结论]孕妇孕期大量被动吸烟会导致新生儿体重下降。     

孕期被动吸烟对胎儿生长和婴儿神经发育的影响

目的 研究孕期被动吸烟对胎儿生长和婴儿发育的影响。方法 运用前瞻性队列研究的方法，对１０２名孕期有和无被动吸烟史个体所生新生儿的出生体重进行比较，并在３月，６月和１２月龄时应用Ｂａｙｌｅｙ婴儿发育量表对婴儿进行为期一年的神经发育纵向随访研究。结果 孕期被动吸烟组新生儿出生的离均差值明显低于对照组。     

产妇孕期被动吸烟对低出生体重儿发生情况的影响

目的:探讨产妇孕期被动吸烟对低出生体重儿发生情况的影响,分析二者的相关性。方法:采用随机抽样法选择2011～2012年在该院进行产前检查并分娩的产妇900例,有孕期被动吸烟史450例,无孕期被动吸烟史450例。分析两组低出生体重儿发生情况。结果:孕期被动吸烟是低出生体重儿发生的危险因素。结论:加强产前保健,避免产妇孕期被动吸烟有助于降低低出生体重儿的发生率,间接减少社会和家庭负担,提高出生人口素质。     

被动吸烟对孕期生殖结局影响的研究

目的:研究孕妇被动吸烟对孕期生殖结局(包括妊娠结局和新生儿情况)的影响.方法:应用生殖流行病学研究方法,对兰州市4所医院500名住院待产妇进行了相关因素调查并追踪至产后7 d.按孕期有、无被动吸烟自然分为吸烟组和对照组.观察各组早产、胎膜早破、过期产、死胎死产及胎儿宫内发育迟缓(IUGR)、新生儿窒息、新生儿出生体重、性别等的发生率及Logistic回归分析进行多因素分析.结果:61.4%孕产妇处于被动吸烟的环境中,且以农村、文化程度低的人群分布较高.孕产妇被动吸烟组早产、过期产、死胎死产、胎膜早破发生率明显高于无被动吸烟组(P＜0.05～P＜0.01).被动吸烟组的新生儿身长、体重明显低于对照组,而IUGR、新生儿窒息的发生率则明显高于对照组,差异显著(P＜0.05～P＜0.01).另外,被动吸烟组的女婴出生率亦高于对照组,差异有显著性(P＜0.05).被动吸烟对妇女早产、胎膜早破、过期产、死胎死产及IUGR、新生儿窒息、低出生体重、性别的关联性最强,OR值分别为3.41、3.07、2.92、1.89和6.16、3.51、2.91、1.83.新生儿死亡、畸胎发生与被动吸烟关联性弱,OR值为0.73与0.68.结论:孕妇被动吸烟可严重影响孕妇与胎儿的生长发育及健康,影响优生.为了减少这种危害,应对工作环境、公共场所限制吸烟,甚至家庭也要限定吸烟地点,对妇女孕期前后应尽量减少暴露于被动吸烟环境.     

母亲孕期被动吸烟及父亲饮酒与低出生体重儿关系研究

为了解母亲孕期被动吸烟，父亲经常饮酒两因素各自对娩出低出生体重儿的相对危险性，本文调查了２０１０例产妇，其中母亲孕期被动吸烟者１２５８例（６２．９％），丈夫经常饮酒者２８０例（１３．９３％）。结果表明：对多种影响因素进行调整后孕期被动吸烟母亲娩出低出生体重儿的相对危险性为孕期未被动吸烟母亲的１．９４倍。父亲经常饮酒而母亲娩出低出生体重儿的相对危险性是父亲偶尔饮酒的２．８３倍。研究提示：孕妇应尽量避免被动吸烟，同时在准备受孕前男方应戒酒。     

孕妇被动吸烟对新生儿体重影响的调查

为探讨被动吸烟对新生儿体重的影响，本文对750例被动吸烟的产妇和家属进行详细的问卷调查，同时认真地测量了新生儿出生时的体重，并详细的记录于病历。结果证实被动吸烟对新生儿的体重确有一定的影响。     

孕妇被动吸烟对新生儿体重影响的调查

为探讨被动吸烟对新生儿体重的影响,本文对750例被动吸烟的产妇和家属进行详细的问卷调查,同时认真地测量了新生儿出生时的体重,并详细的记录于病历.结果证实被动吸烟对新生儿的体重确有一定的影响.     

重庆市足月低出生体重儿环境影响因素研究

目的探讨母亲孕期环境相关因素对足月低出生体重儿的影响,为制定相应的保健措施提供依据。方法采用病例对照研究方法,利用问卷对2014年4-8月在重庆市6所妇幼保健院住院分娩的84例足月低出生体重儿和283例正常对照组新生儿的父母进行现场调查,运用χ~2检验和非条件Logistic回归模型进行分析。结果单因素分析结果显示吸烟、被动吸烟、母亲孕期服用多种维生素片、食用蛋类、奶类及其制品、水果类、坚果类、主食摄入情况可能是发生足月低出生体重儿的影响因素。多因素分析结果进一步证实,被动吸烟(OR=1.89)、孕期食用蛋类(OR=0.61)、孕期主食摄入量少于孕前(OR=4.08)是发生足月低出生体重儿的主要影响因素。结论足月低出生体重儿的发生受多方面因素共同作用的影响,应采取综合措施来预防和控制足月低出生体重儿的发生。     

Space and power: Young mothers' management of smoking in extended families in China

Multigenerational co-residence is a widespread phenomenon in China but there is little knowledge about the impact of power dynamics on smoking behaviors among extended family residents. Using a gender lens, this ethnographic study explored how young mothers in extended families in mainland China managed the smoking of their husbands and other family members. Analysis of data resulted in a model of ‘two units-three domains’ to reflect gendered relationships between young mothers and other family members, and young mothers' participation in family management. Exploration of the mothers' efforts to deal with household smoking using the model provided an explanation for why the young mothers had limited control over household space and could only impose partial restrictions on home smoking in the extended family.     

广州、佛山两地学龄期儿童家庭二手烟暴露及自我保护行为调查研究

目的 了解广州、佛山地区学龄期儿童家庭二手烟暴露情况及其面对暴露时的自我保护行为。方法 采用自行编制的学龄期儿童二手烟暴露及自我保护行为问卷,对广州、佛山两地共385名三年级以上的小学生进行问卷调查。结果 9.2%的小学生曾经尝试过吸烟,且男童显著高于女童(χ²=9.269,P=0.002);46.8%的学龄期儿童与1个或以上的吸烟者同住,且42.6%的吸烟者每天吸烟;学龄期儿童家庭二手烟暴露的来源除了家庭成员,还有客人,其中29.3%学龄期儿童在调查前一个月内曾暴露在客人的二手烟中,42.6%的家人会主动提供香烟给客人;暴露的场所除了家庭室内还有私家车;但90%以上的学龄期儿童不认可吸烟行为,且认为二手烟对自身有害;面对二手烟暴露,98.8%学龄期儿童会采取主动或者被动的自我保护行为,并且其中大部分会尝试劝家人戒烟,而女童更倾向于劝解家人戒烟(χ²=7.161,P= 0.012)。66.7%的吸烟家长被儿童劝解戒烟后会有积极的改变,其中有8.8%学龄期儿童报告吸烟者戒烟了。结论 广州、佛山地区学龄期儿童家庭二手烟暴露情况不容乐观,儿童对被动吸烟有一定的自我保护能力,在性别方面需要针对性的指导。控烟工作应注意将儿童与家长结合起来,共同创建无烟家庭。     

Ethnic variation in socioenvironmental factors that influence adolescent smoking

PurposeTo compare black, Hispanic and white adolescent smokers on socioenvironmental factors associated with smoking.MethodsThe study uses a cross-sectional design. A needs assessment of 1305 current, former and never adolescent smokers from four ethnically and geographically diverse sites in the United States was conducted in 1999. Two sites were selected because they represented urban cities in the Northeast and Midwest with a high proportion of black and Hispanic residents. Two additional sites were selected to recruit rural and suburban adolescents. From this larger sample, 181 subjects from three focal ethnic groups (white n = 138; black n = 24; Hispanic n = 19) who had smoked at least 100 cigarettes in their lifetime and were current smokers (smoked in the past 30 days) were included. The three ethnic groups were compared on the following variables of interest: peer and family influences on smoking, situational factors associated with smoking, places that were likely sites for smoking and perceptions of friends and family as potential support persons for quitting smoking. All data were analyzed with Chi-square analysis.ResultsAlmost all (96%) of the black adolescents lived with another smoker compared to 68% of Hispanic and 60% of whites (p = .004). Black teens were more likely to smoke with family members (50%) than Hispanics (5%) or whites (25%) (p = .003). In addition, 50% of black teens compared to 5% of Hispanics and 12% of white teens, reported smoking to fit in (p < .0001). Black teens in this study emphasized the familial and social pressures of smoking. Higher rates of acceptance of smoking by family members, role modeling by household members, more prevalent beliefs that smoking is a way to achieve belonging, and lack of perceived support for quitting by friends appear to influence cigarette smoking more for black than white or Hispanic youth.ConclusionsThese preliminary results indicate that familial and household norms play a critical role in influencing cigarette smoking among black teens.     

宁波市居民二手烟暴露情况分析

目的调查分析宁波市居民二手烟的暴露情况,为制定相关的控烟措施提供有力依据。方法通过多阶段分层整群抽样方法,对宁波市1077名现住居民进行问卷调查。结果 65.34%的不吸烟者每周都有几天要被迫吸入二手烟,几乎每天都暴露于二手烟的占28.22%。25.36%的不吸烟者家中室内每天有人抽烟。在场所工作的不吸烟者有60%在工作时吸入二手烟,其工作场所规定不能吸烟的不到1/4。暴露于二手烟的频率、家中室内吸烟及允许吸烟情况、家中吸烟规定等均有性别差异（P〈0.05）。结论应建立并完善控烟法律法规,加大控烟教育宣传力度,扩大无烟工作场所和公共场所建设,提高公民免受二手烟危害的认识。     

A qualitative study of how families decide to adopt household smoking restrictions

Household smoking bans reduce exposure to secondhand smoke in adult nonsmokers and children. To explore the process families go through in adopting voluntary household smoking restrictions, qualitative interviews were conducted with rural African American and White adults in 102 households. The study investigated how families decide to restrict smoking in the home, who has significant influence in the decision-making process, the kinds of disagreements families have about household smoking restrictions, and reasons some families never consider household smoking policies. These findings have implications for designing intervention strategies and messages to promote household smoking bans and help family members negotiate smoke-free homes.     

Household context and youth smoking behaviour: prevalence, frequency and tar yield

Labour Force Smoking Survey data were used to examine the impact of household environment on the smoking behaviour of youth and young adults. Three indicators of older adult smoking behaviour were used to classify the smoking environment of households. The indicators were smoking prevalence, the mean number of cigarettes smoked per day, and the mean tar yield of cigarettes. Within households, the probability that a young person smokes, how much they smoke, and the type of cigarette they smoke is closely associated with the smoking behaviour of older adults in the household. Household smoking patterns contribute to the overall exposure of family members to the hazards of cigarette smoking and may influence the outcome of smoking cessation programs. Smoking cessation and prevention programs should consider the potential effect of family and household environments.     

城市家庭吸烟状况与控制吸烟对策措施

目的了解城市家庭及其成员吸烟状况,掌握城市家庭及其成员对吸烟的知识-态度-行为(KAP)及影响KAP的因素,为控烟提出对策和建议。方法在南京市主城区按整群分层随机抽取方法抽出419户家庭,每个家庭抽取1名家庭成员作为代表填写答卷,对获得的409份合格问卷进行描述性统计、检验和Logistic分析。结果家庭现在吸烟率68.2%,家庭曾经吸烟率90.2%;家庭成员代表个人的现在吸烟率31.5%,个人曾经吸烟率39.9%。个人第一次尝试吸烟年龄≤18岁的占46.6%;第一次使用香烟来源于朋友的占48.1%。曾经吸烟家庭成员代表的香烟知识态度得分显著低于从不吸烟家庭成员代表(P<0.05)。曾经吸烟家庭中三种吸烟限定对其成员的知识态度得分差异有显著性(P<0.05)。现在吸烟家庭的成员代表和现在不吸烟家庭的成员代表的知识态度得分差异有显著性(P<0.05)。女性、已婚、有职业的人群KAP得分较高。控烟健康教育的主要内容是:充分认识吸烟损害健康;吸烟不是交际手段;对周围人吸烟反感;自己同龄人大部分不吸烟。结论家庭是戒烟、控烟的主要场所和关键平台。已婚女性是戒烟、控烟的关键依靠人群。儿童青少年是控烟的关键目标人群。不敬烟、不劝烟是控烟的关键措施。     

Importance of screening household members of acute brucellosis cases in endemic areas

Isolated reports of brucellosis among family members have been documented. The aim of this study is to determine if active serological screening of the households' members of acute brucellosis cases will detect additional unrecognized cases. From May 2000 to October 2001, patients with acute brucellosis were enrolled and their household members were serologically screened for brucellosis using the Standard Agglutination Test (SAT). Fifty-five index cases with acute brucellosis and 404 household members were enrolled. The majority of index cases (48%) were young adults, and 79% were illiterate. Ownership of animals and ingestion of unpasteurized raw milk were reported by 45 and 75% of the index cases respectively. Of the 55 families screened, 23 (42%) had two family members or more with serological evidence of brucellosis and 32 (58%) had only the index case. Households of > or = 5 members and a history of raw-milk ingestion by family members were risk factors associated with the seropositives (P < 0.05). Of the 404 household members screened, 53 (13%) were seropositive; of these 39 (74%) were symptomatic, and 9 (35%) had brucella bacteraemia. Symptomatic seropositives tended to have bacteraemia and higher brucella antibody titres compared to asymptomatic seropositives (P < or = 0.05). Screening family members of an index case of acute brucellosis will detect additional cases.     

Two definitions of "small size at birth" as predictors of motor development at six months

BACKGROUND: Small babies are known to be at increased risk for a wide range of difficulties. In predicting risk, it may be more informative to estimate smallness in relation to family norm (using the birth weight of an older sibling) rather than to use the standard "small-for-gestational-age" (SGA z-score) measure. METHODS: For 10,577 babies born to women enrolled in the Danish National Birth Cohort, we calculated a "birth-weight ratio" (actual birth weight/expected birth weight predicted from older sibling x 100). We identified babies in the lowest decile of the birth-weight ratio (相似文献   

Acute lower respiratory illness in under-five children in Rio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil: prevalence and risk factors

This study aimed to determine the prevalence of acute lower respiratory illness and to identify associated factors among children less than five years of age in the city of Rio Grande, southern Brazil. Using a cross-sectional survey, a standardized household questionnaire was applied to mothers or guardians. Information was collected on household conditions, socioeconomic status, and parental smoking. Prenatal care attendance, nutritional status, breastfeeding pattern, and use of health services for the children were also investigated. Data analysis was based on prevalence ratios and logistic regression, using a conceptual framework. Among 771 children studied, 23.9% presented acute lower respiratory illness. The main risk factors were previous episodes of acute lower respiratory infection or wheezing, crowding, maternal schooling less than five years, monthly family income less than US$ 200, four or more people per room, asthma in family members, and maternal smoking. Mothers 30 years or older were identified as a protective factor. These results can help define specific measures to reduce morbidity and mortality due to acute lower respiratory illness in this setting.