美国AJCC有关分化型甲状腺癌TNM分期更新内容的解读

甲状腺癌是内分泌系统发病率最高的恶性肿瘤,其中分化型甲状腺癌(DTC)最常见。肿瘤-淋巴结-转移(TNM)分期系统是目前国际上最为通用的肿瘤分期系统。2018年1月1日由美国癌症联合委员会(AJCC)制定的第8版肿瘤TNM分期开始实施。精准的肿瘤分期和风险分层对DTC患者预后具有重要意义。对比第7版分期,第8版进行了多...     

结直肠癌TNM分期的现状及发展方向

随着对于结直肠癌研究的逐步深入,每一版的TNM分期都在不停的作出调整。笔者主要结合近年的研究成果对于第七版TNM分期中存在的一些问题进行探讨,并且对第八版TNM分期制定中可能涉及的一些方面进行了展望。     

Evaluation of the quality of life in patients followed for differentiated cancer of the thyroid

Thyroid cancer often has good prognosis but can impact quality of life. The objective of this study is to evaluate quality of life in patients treated for differentiated thyroid carcinoma and look for associated factors. An observational cross-sectional study with comparison group was conducted in the Endocrinology Department of the Ibn Rochd University Hospital between October 2013 and February 2015. The patient group included 124 adult patients followed for differentiated thyroid carcinoma; the control group comprised 124 healthy subjects of the same age. Quality of life was evaluated by 3 questionnaires validated in Arabic: SF36, Hamilton anxiety and Hamilton depression. Patients’ quality of life was significantly impaired compared to controls on the two Hamilton and all SF36 scores. Factors influencing quality of life were TNM stage, radioiodine therapy and dose, and the presence of metastases. The psychological management of patients with thyroid cancer is an essential point always to be considered, especially in the presence of risk factors for impaired quality of life.     

How accurate is endorectal ultrasound in the preoperative staging of rectal cancer?

In rectal cancer, depth of infiltration and metastatic involvement of lymph nodes are important prognostic factors. The correct choice of operative treatment depends on the extent of the disease. In a prospective study, the value of endorectal ultrasound in staging rectal cancer was evaluated, and factors affecting the method's accuracy are discussed. The overall accuracy in staging depth of infiltration was 89 percent. Overstaging occurred in 10.2 percent, understaging in 0.8 percent. Tumors of the lower rectum are incorrectly staged in 16.7 percent, whereas tumors of the middle and upper rectum had an incorrect staging in 6.3 percent (P <0.001). Compared with computed tomography, endorectal sonography is the more accurate staging method (74.7 vs.90.8 percent). In staging lymph nodes, the overall accuracy was 80.2 percent, sensitivity was 89.4 percent, specificity was 73.4 percent, positive predictive value (PPV) was 71.2 percent, and negative predictive value (NPV) was 90.4 percent. The staging accuracy depends on the size of the node. Endorectal ultrasound is a safe, inexpensive, and accurate staging method, in the assessment of both depth of infiltration and nodal status. The results are strongly related to the experience of the investigator.     

Determinants of life expectancy in medullary thyroid cancer: age does not matter

OBJECTIVE: In medullary thyroid cancer (MTC) age is considered an important prognostic factor but survival has never been properly adjusted for baseline mortality in the general population. We aimed to identify prognostic factors by analysing patients with MTC regarding life expectancy. DESIGN: We described a retrospective cohort study with a median follow-up of 8 years (range 1-35 years). PATIENTS: We included 120 consecutive patients of whom 66 (55%) had sporadic MTC. Male/female ratio was 1 : 1; median age was 45 years (range 3-83 years). MEASUREMENTS: Measurements were overall and disease-specific survival and life expectancy expressed as survival adjusted for baseline mortality rate in the general population. RESULTS: Overall and disease-specific 10-year survival was 65% and 73%, respectively. After 10 years, 29% of patients were biochemically and 63% clinically cured. Median overall life expectancy was 0.58 (95%CI 0.37-0.80). Detectable recurrence occurred in 60 patients after a median of 36 months (range 5-518 months). On multivariate regression analysis only stage of disease and extrathyroidal extension predicted recurrence-free life expectancy. Extrathyroidal extension was the only independent predictor of overall life expectancy. Persistent biochemical MTC did not independently affect life expectancy but calcitonin doubling time of less than one year indicated worse prognosis. Patients without detectable recurrences after initial treatment had a life expectancy similar to the general population. CONCLUSIONS: In MTC patients, extrathyroidal extension and stage at diagnosis are the only independent predictors of (recurrence-free) life expectancy. Patients diagnosed in an early stage of disease and patients without detectable recurrence have favourable life expectancy independently of biochemical cure.     

Integration of genetic signature and TNM staging system for predicting the relapse of locally advanced colorectal cancer

Purpose  

To identify potential genetic markers in treated stage II–III colorectal cancer patients and predict 3-year tumor relapse using statistical models based on important clinical factors and significant genetic markers.     

Health-related quality of life in long-term follow-up of patients with cured TNM Stage I or II differentiated thyroid carcinoma

Objective  The purpose of this study was to assess the impact of cured low-risk differentiated thyroid carcinoma (DTC) on health-related quality of life (HRQoL) after long-term follow-up.
Design  A cross-sectional study including an age- and gender-standardized sample of the general population.
Patients and methods  HRQoL was assessed by the 15D in 341 DTC patients, whose initial treatment for stage I or II DTC was performed 12·4 years (range 5–20) earlier. The results were compared to those of an age- and gender-standardized sample of the general population ( n = 6001). Determinants of HRQoL in DTC patients were assessed by the Tobit model.
Results  Mean total 15D scores did not differ between patients and control subjects. In single dimensions, DTC patients were significantly worse off with regards to sleeping, speech and distress ( P = 0·001, 0·002 and 0·012, respectively), but better off with regards to discomfort and symptoms ( P  < 0·001). Within the patient group, the only significant independent predictor of HRQoL was age at the time of the initial treatment ( P  < 0·001).
Conclusions  After long-term follow-up, overall HRQoL in DTC patients is comparable to that of the general population. DTC patients demonstrate an age-related decline in HRQoL, similar to that seen in the population in general.     

螺旋CT在胃癌术前TNM分期中的应用价值

目的:探讨螺旋CT对胃癌术前TNM分期的准确性,指导临床合理地制订治疗方案和进行预后分析．方法:术前对45例胃癌患者的腹部SCT资料进行TNM分期,并与术后病理进行对照研究．结果:螺旋CT对胃癌T分期、N分期、M分期和TNM分期的准确率分别为75．6％、73．3％、 86．7％和75．6％．如以平扫CT值≥25 Hu或动脉期CT值≥70 Hu或静脉期CT值≥80 Hu为诊断阳性淋巴结标准,则阳性淋巴结的敏感性高达 98．4％,特异性为64．0％．结论:螺旋CT对胃癌的术前TNM分期可提供较高的准确率．     

New guidelines for the management of thyroid nodules and differentiated thyroid cancer

The last 5 years witnessed publication of several multidisciplinary guidelines that address management of benign and malignant thyroid diseases. The primary goal of this review was to excerpt highlights from the most recent 2009 guidelines of the American Thyroid Association that provided recommendations for treating thyroid nodules and differentiated thyroid cancer. There is a systematic algorithm for the evaluation of thyroid nodules based on clinical history, physical examination, measurement of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), and neck ultrasound, which has become the preferred radiologic modality for imaging thyroid disease. Radionuclide thyroid scanning is reserved for the evaluation of patients with suppressed TSH levels. Ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) is indicated for cytologic assessment of most thyroid nodules >1 cm; additional criteria are specified for FNAB of nodules <1 cm. There is an expanded classification system for reporting thyroid cytologic finding, based on risk of malignancy. Treatment guidelines for thyroid cancer have rapidly evolved. Total thyroidectomy is advocated for initial surgical treatment of differentiated thyroid cancers >1 cm in size. Concurrent therapeutic central and lateral neck dissections remain essential to treat known cervical metastases, but prophylactic central neck dissection is controversial and should be cautiously chosen based on individual patient risk factors. Updates have been made for the use of radioactive iodine ablation and long-term surveillance for thyroid cancer recurrence, where ultrasound imaging is also important. A risk stratification paradigm is proposed to define the chance of recurrence and death from thyroid cancer, and modify treatment plans at various stages of management to the level of risk. Recommendations addressing both benign and malignant thyroid disease topics were graded according to the strength of available and published clinical evidence. Awareness of multidisciplinary recommendations for the treatment of benign and malignant thyroid diseases can enhance the practice of evidence-based medicine and provide practical tools for decision-making relevant to daily clinical encounters.     

Increase in life expectancy for mice fed diethylhydroxylamine (DEHA)

ICR Swiss strain mice were fed diethylhydroxylamine (DEHA) for life starting at 44 days of age at 10, 30, 100, and 300 mg/kg-day. The 10 and 30 mg/kg-day males and the 10 mg/kg-day females showed an increase in mean age of death of 76 (12.7%), 45 (7.5%), and 51 (7.4%) days, respectively, compared to controls. The respective confidence levels are 99.2, 90.0, and 92.9% that these results are significant by Student's t test.     

The complementary role of lymphovascular invasion and perineural invasion in the TNM staging process of rectal cancer

The aim of this study is to clarify the association between lymphovascular invasion (LVI) and/or perineural invasion (PNI) and the clinical characteristics and prognostic importance of rectal cancer, to provide a basis for early adjuvant treatment of rectal cancer. We retrospectively analyzed patients diagnosed with rectal cancer. This study involved rectal cancer tissue samples were obtained by surgical methods. Data on histological form, tumor classification, tumor size, gross growth pattern, blood and lymphatic vessel invasion, and PNI of the slice by HE staining were obtained from pathological examination. Immunohistochemical analysis of tissue samples was performed to determine p53 and EGFR expressions. There were 330 rectal cancer patients included in the study. LVI and/or PNI can be used as a high-risk factor for the prognosis of rectal cancer, predict prognostic survival, and guide adjuvant therapy. The detection rates of LVI and PNI were 32.1% and 16.1%. Differentiation grade, Union for International Cancer Control staging, tumor-lymph node-metastasis staging are significantly related to LVI or PNI. Multivariate logistic regression analysis shows that poor differentiation and N ≥ 1 can be used as independent risk factors and predictive factors for LVI. At the same time, poor differentiation and T > 3 is an independent risk factor for PNI. Only poor differentiation is the risk factor for poor prognosis in Cox risk regression analysis. In addition, the simultaneous occurrence of LVI and PNI is an independent prognostic factor.     

Diagnostic and therapeutic use of recombinant human TSH (rhTSH) in differentiated thyroid cancer

The introduction of rhTSH into clinical practice has changed dramatically the monitoring and treatment of differentiated thyroid cancer patients. In particular, the post-surgical thyroid ablation with radio-iodine and the periodical follow-up are more and more routinely based on the use of rhTSH as the method of choice for patient preparation. Therapeutic results and sensitivity of follow-up when using rhTSH are not inferior to conventional thyroid hormone withdrawal and, in some regard, are superior if one considers the preservation of quality of life. The latter aspect is very well exemplified by the constant observation that patients who have experienced rhTSH will never accept going back to thyroid hormone withdrawal.

• the issue of ultrasensitive measures of serum Tg in basal condition versus rhTSH-stimulated serum Tg

• prospective clinical trial of rhTSH-aided RAI therapy for metastatic disease

• definition of the best activity of radio-iodine to be used for post-surgical thyroid remnant ablation