Surgical treatment of congenital dilatation of the bile duct with special reference to late complications after total excisional operation

The surgical treatment of 100 cases with congenital dilatation of bile duct with special reference to late complications was analyzed. There were no deaths nor occurrences of malignancy. Among 91 patients who had undergone the standard operation, namely total excision of the dilated extrahepatic bile duct and reconstruction after Roux-en-Y hepaticojejunostomy, there were one early complication (pancreatic juice leakage) and five late complications (four intrahepatic gallstones and one liver abscess). The cause of intrahepatic gallstone formation after a total excisional operation was attributed to the remaining intrahepatic bile duct dilatation and the stenosis located between the intrahepatic bile duct dilatation and the common hepatic duct. Accordingly, these results support the total excisional procedure for this condition; however, with regard to the cases associated with cystic dilatation of intrahepatic bile ducts, completely free bile drainage from the dilated intrahepatic biliary system should be performed at the radical operation.     

Clinical aspects of congenital cystic dilatation of the common bile duct in adults

We reviewed the data for 155 patients with congenital cystic dilatation of the common bile duct (CCDB; Alonso-Lej Type I) treated at our institute in the past 12 years. Our definition of CCDB was segmental enlargement of the common bile duct or enlargement involving the proximal bile duct, visualized on cholangiograms. CCDB was subclassified as infant or adult type cyst, based on the extent of the enlargement and the clinicopathologic findings. The former is typically an enlargement of the common bile duct or an enlargement involving the common hepatic duct, while the latter is an enlargement of the entirety of the extrahepatic ducts or involves the intrahepatic bile ducts. Of the 155 patients, 5 (including 1 child) had infant type cysts and 150 (including 1 child) had adult type cysts; 125 patients had benign CCDB (3 with infant type cyst) and 30 exhibited CCDB biliary malignancy (2 with infant type). Anomalous arrangement of the pancreaticobiliary ductal system (AAPB) and congenital biliary stricture were frequently associated with CCDB and these features played an important role in the presenting symptoms of CCDB: AAPB was detected in 100 of the 155 patients, and stricture in 51. AAPB caused disturbance of the passage of bile from the terminal bile duct to the duodenum and cholestasis in the enlargement, with reciprocal regurgitation of bile into the pancreas and pancreatic juice into the bile duct, and the AAPB appeared to precede obstructive jaundice, acute pancreatitis, or biliary malignancies. Stricture was observed at one to all of six sites in the hepatic hilum. Intrahepatic stones were seen in 30 patients, and intrahepatic bile duct cancer was seen in 8 patients; in all these 8 patients, the cancer was associated with primary intrahepatic stones.     

A clinicopatholgoical study on intrahepatic cholesterol gallstones

In order to clarify the pathogenesis and process of the formation of intrahepatic cholesterol gallstones, we examined the clinical features, cholangiograms and pathological findings of eight patients with intrahepatic cholesterol gallstones. When examining the clinical features, one patient was found to have developed intrahepatic cholesterol gallstones 3 years after a complete lithotomy. The cholangiograms of two patients revealed small gallstones in the peripheral bile ducts of the lateral segment of the liver, and these bile ducts showed localized cystic dilatation and were tightly filled with gallstones. Conversely, their other bile ducts which contained no gallstones showed an entirely normal cholangiogram. Pathologically, these two cases showed mild chronic cholangitis, and cholesterol crystals in the peripheral bile ducts. The other six cases showed moderate or severe dilatation of the bile duct and severe chronic proliferative cholangitis. From the above results, we proposed the following theory to explain the pathogenesis and process of the formation of intrahepatic cholesterol stones: The cholesterol crystals in the peripheral intrahepatic bile ducts may be a primitive form of intrahepatic cholesterol gallstones, and the formation of intrahepatic cholesterol gallstones may precede and cause such deformities of the bile ducts as strictures or dilatations.     

A clinicopathological study on intrahepatic cholesterol gallstones

In order to clarify the pathogenesis and process of the formation of intrahepatic cholesterol gallstones, we examined the clinical features, cholangiograms and pathological findings of eight patients with intrahepatic cholesterol gallstones. When examining the clinical features, one patient was found to have developed intrahepatic cholesterol gallstones 3 years after a complete lithotomy. The cholangiograms of two patients revealed small gallstones in the peripheral bile ducts of the lateral segment of the liver, and these bile ducts showed localized cystic dilatation and were tightly filled with gallstones. Conversely, their other bile ducts which contained no gallstones showed an entirely normal cholangiogram. Pathologically, these two cases showed mild chronic cholangitis, and cholesterol crystals in the peripheral bile ducts. The other six cases showed moderate or severe dilatation of the bile duct and severe chronic proliferative cholangitis. From the above results, we proposed the following theory to explain the pathogenesis and process of the formation of intrahepatic cholesterol stones: The cholesterol crystals in the peripheral intrahepatic bile ducts may be a primitive form of intrahepatic cholesterol gallstones, and the formation of intrahepatic cholesterol gallstones may precede and cause such deformities of the bile ducts as strictures or dilatations.     

逆行经肝胆道引流在胆管结石手术中的应用

目的：探索可代替T管引流的手术方法。方法：对49例肝内外胆管结现人术中实施逆行经肝胆道引流术。其中37例逆行穿刺经右肝置管外引流;12例从肝胆管残端置管逆地引流。总胆管切口原位缝合关闭。结果：逆行穿刺引流术术后并发气胸及引流管出血各1例（5．4％）,术后平均第8天拔管。逆行经肝胆管残端置管引流乾术后残余结石4例,均经引流窦道取净。保留胆囊19例,术后造影,胆囊显影良好。术后随访6月－9年,B超检查无胆管狭窄及复发结石,保留的胆囊未形成结石。结果：逆行穿刺经肝胆道引流术后带管时间短,逆行经肝管残端引流对术后残余结石的处理较方便。两种引流术式对肝外胆管及保留的胆囊无不良影响。     

一种治疗肝胆管结石和狭窄的术式——皮下通道型肝胆管成形术35例临床分析

对于肝胆管结石的治疗目前已取得了很多成功的经验，但最常使用的胆肠吻合术虽经不断改进，仍未能从根本上解决返流性胆管炎、胃肠分泌功能紊乱等并发症。为此，设计了一种新术式：即皮下通道型胆囊肝胆管成形术。在清除结石，解除肝内外胆管狭窄、肝门整形的基础上，利用胆囊壶腹部切开相应大小的切口与之吻合，并适当游离胆囊，使其底部可以被固定到切口皮下。患者必须具备基本正常的胆囊、肝外胆管和Ｏｄｄｉ括约肌。同时要求术中基本取尽肝内结石或切除病灶。已完成此手术共３５例，所有患者手术顺利，术后未发现并发症。其中１例３年后结石复发，１例２年后发生胆道蛔虫，均经皮下胆囊通道用胆道镜轻易取出。该术式既能处理好结石和狭窄问题，又能保存胆囊、胆管、Ｏｄｄｉ括约肌的功能，保持胃肠道的正常生理通路，并能以最简捷的方法处理术后结石复发和胆道内其它问题     

腹腔镜下经腹顺行引导法逐级导管乳头扩张术253例

目的探讨在腹腔镜胆总管探查术中采用经腹顺行引导法逐级扩张导管乳头扩张术(LPCD)治疗胆囊结石、胆总管结石、或合并十二指肠乳头部梗阻的应用体会。 方法回顾性分析1998年10月至2017年5月期间,符合入选标准的253例患者的临床资料。 结果腹腔镜下成功切除胆囊253例;胆管镜取石、逐级导管扩张乳头并行一期缝合术88.1% (223/253),因胆总管残石或狭窄留置T形管6.3% (16/253);中转为术中内镜乳头切开术和鼻胆管引流术3.2% (8/253);中转为开腹胆总管探查取石T管引流术1.2% (3/253),放弃胆总管探查取石术1.2% (3/253)。一期缝合术后残石1例(0.4%),放弃胆总管探查取石3例(1.2%),胆汁漏17例(6.7%),轻症胰腺炎5例(2.0%)。无肠穿孔、胆管穿孔、大出血、重症胰腺炎等并发症,无围手术期再手术和死亡。术后总并发症发生率为10.3%(26/253)。 结论从本研究对有限病例进行初步研究发现,只要病例选择合适,在腹腔镜胆总管探查术中采用LPCD治疗胆囊结石、胆总管结石、或合并十二指肠乳头部梗阻是可行、有效和安全的。     

A study on postoperative bile duct stricture with intrahepatic stones

From January 1976 through December 1988 we encountered ninety nine cases of intrahepatic stones. Eight of them were complicated with postoperative bile duct strictures which were formed on cholangiojejunostomy in 5 cases, cholangioduodenostomy, hepatic hilum and common hepatic duct in 1 case, respectively. Six cases of them are anastomotic strictures. The stones were mainly composed of bilirubin calcium. We guessed that the bile duct stricture resulted from cholangiojejunostomy without Roux-en-Y in 1 case and anastomotic insufficiency in 5 cases. Intrahepatic stones were removed by percutaneous transhepatic cholangioscopy (PTCS), and the treatment for the stricture was cholangiojejunostomy in 1 case and the dilatation by PTCS in 5 cases, including 3 endoprostheses by pig-tail silicone catheter and 2 internal-external biliary drainage. Two patients who did not undergo cholangioscopic dilatation died of sepsis due to cholangitis. Three of 5 patients who underwent endoscopic dilatation by PTCS could return to social life without recurrence of gallstones. In other two cases an endoprosthetic catheter was removed by PTCS because of dislodgement or obstruction of the catheter after confirming anastomotic strictures had improved. Authors recommended that PTCS should be applied for postoperative bile duct stricture complicated with intrahepatic stone.     

变异右肝管横跨与左肝管汇合的解剖学特点和临床意义

目的探讨变异右肝管横跨与左肝管汇合的解剖学特点和临床意义。方法回顾性分析经胆道影像学检出的52例变异右肝管横跨与左肝管汇合病例的临床经过和手术情况，并对其中部分特殊病例进行了随访。结果变异右肝管结石[60．52％（23／38）]和左肝管结石[86．84％（33／38）]的比例较高，伴随的胆管扩张和狭窄也较多见。变异导致的胆汁流体力学紊乱和血管鞘压迫可能是感染和结石高发的原因。变异右肝管的结石漏诊率为34．78％（8／23），结石残留比例高达86．95％（20／23）。1例在行左半肝切除时不慎将变异右肝管切断。结论变异右肝管横跨与左肝管汇合有易发生肝内胆管结石的倾向，其诊断治疗有其特殊性及困难性，应引起临床重视。     

肝外胆管梗阻性疾病的MRCP诊断价值

目的探讨磁共振胆胰管成像技术对肝外胆管梗阻性疾病的诊断价值。方法对52例经病理或随访证实的肝外胆管梗阻性疾病患者的MRCP资料进行回顾性分析,总结良恶性肝外胆管梗阻的不同MRCP表现。结果52例中,MRCP均能够准确测定胆管扩张程度和梗阻的水平,其中良性梗阻27例,MRCP主要表现为胆管均匀扩张及逐渐狭窄,肝外胆管较肝内胆管扩张明显,肝内胆管呈“枯树枝状”;恶性梗阻25例,MRCP主要表现为胆管截断,胆胰管扩张,出现“双管征”,肝内外胆管扩张一致。恶性梗阻患者的肝内外胆管扩张程度明显大于良性梗阻者。结论MRCP作为一种无创的影像检查方法,对肝外胆管梗阻性疾病的诊断具有较高准确性,     

肝内外胆管结石患者术后病变胆管的影像学转归

目的：通过观察肝内外胆管结石患者治疗前后受累胆管的影像学变化评估治疗效果。方法：收集2006—2009年间符合条件的62例肝内外胆管结石患者的临床资料并进行随访,复查MRI+磁共振胰胆管造影（MRCP）。根据手术方式分成A组（胆总管切开取石+T管引流+肝部分切除术,8例）,B组（胆总管切开取石+T管引流+肝部分切除术+术后经T管窦道胆道镜取石术,16例）,C组（胆总管切开取石+T管引流+术后经T管窦道胆道镜取石术,38例）。观察各组的影像学转归情况;将各特征因素进行分级赋值,累计每组手术前后的评分分值,判断疗效。结果：全组手术前后肝内胆管扩张率、肝外胆管扩张率、肝内胆管狭窄率分别为98.4% vs. 79.0%,90.3% vs. 67.7%,40.3% vs. 29.0%;术后结石复发率为9.7%。3组术后的胆总管最大径均较术前明显减小（均P<0.05）,A组手术前后肝内胆管最大径差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）,而B,C组均明显小于术前（均P<0.05）。3组术后评分均明显低于术前（均P<0.05）,而3组间两两比较结果显示,B组手术前后评分差值大于C组,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。结论：经手术及胆道镜取石后,受累肝内外胆管大多未能恢复至正常状态。肝部分切除是对肝内胆管结石治疗的理想术式。     

The classification of biliary calculi and the clinico-therapeutic implications

A new classification of gallstones is reported, which has interesting implications for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. Gallstones have been divided according to "type" into the following categories: cholesterol (single, multiple), mixed, black pigment, brown pigment, combination and composite. In addition, gallstones primarily formed within the gallbladder have been distinguished from those initially formed in the common duct (before and after surgery) and within the intrahepatic ducts. Stone type and composition have been related to symptoms, on the basis of a new view, according to which gallstones are not a unique entity, but a heterogeneous disease including different entities, each of which has its own pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, biological behaviour and also deserves a different treatment. The proper treatment should be appropriate to the individual and his stones. Therapeutic guide-lines are suggested for each type of stones, in particular for stones complicated by cholangitis, pancreatitis, or for common duct stones concomitantly found with gallbladder stones. For the last group, techniques and therapeutic options preserving the function of the sphincter of Oddi are recommended. Suggestions are also reported concerning the treatment of various types of hepatolithiasis: primary, i.e. associated with cystic intrahepatic bile duct dilatation; post-surgical, i.e. occurring cranially to a biliary enteric anastomosis: secondary, i.e. associated with concomitant gallbladder and common duct stones.     

Congenital choledochal cyst: Occurrence of primary intrahepatic stones and prevention of carcinogenesis

Intrahepatic biliary stones and carcinogenesis are two major complications seen after corrective surgery for congenital choledochal cyst. The incidence of these two complications was reviewed in patients seen at out-patient clinics at a mean follow-up time of 13 years and 6 months. Intrahepatic biliary stones developed in 5 of 56 patients who had undergone a standard excisional operation; in 4 of the 5 patients, the stones were found in the preexisting intrahepatic biliary dilatation (with or without a downstream stenosis), 7–15 years postoperatively. Biliary stricture with dilatation is a putative cause of intrahepatic bile duct stones, and this hypothesis was supported here, since stones developed in all 3 of the patients who had the peculiar configuration of intrahepatic biliary dilatation and stenosis. Biliary carcinoma was not observed in any of the 56 patients who had undergone standard excision of a choledochal cyst followed by hepatico-jejunostomy, but developed in 1 of 12 patients in whom complete excisional resection of the dilated extrahepatic bile duct had not been performed. The occurrence of carcinoma in choledochal cysts is reviewed.     

Congenital bile duct dilatation in children

Fifteen children under the age of 15 were identified to have congenital dilatation of the biliary tree. Thirteen of them (87%) had dilatation of both intrahepatic and extrahepatic bile ducts, while two had extrahepatic biliary dilatation only. Visualization of both intrahepatic and extrahepatic biliary tree in small children before operation is possible by ultrasonography, endoscopic retrograde cholangio-pancreatography, or percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography. The advantage and disadvantage of those methods of examinations in children are discussed here. Dilatation of intrahepatic bile ducts is common in children with extrahepatic biliary dilatation. Assessment of both the intrahepatic and extrahepatic bile ducts bears a crucial role in the management of congenital biliary dilatation at operation and during the postoperative follow-up. Rouxen-Y hepaticojejunostomy with hepaticocutaneous arm was performed in our patients with satisfactory results. Residual intrahepatic stones could be removed through the hepaticocutaneous arm by choledochoscopy.     

手术治疗肝内胆管结石的探讨

目的探讨手术治疗肝内胆管结石的策略。方法回顾性分析2002年11月至2009年3月666例肝内胆管结石的临床资料,按手术方式分为三组：A组切开胆总管取石;B组切除萎缩的肝叶及肝段并切开胆总管或肝断面的胆管取石;C组切除肝外狭窄胆管（包括先天性的胆道扩张症）取石并行胆道与肠道的消化道重建术。结果三组的手术的成功率均为100％,肝内的结石均取干净。手术难度及风险C组〉B组〉A组,C组可能出现吻合口漏。结论在没有肝段及肝叶纤维化及萎缩,没有肝内外胆管管状狭窄及先天性胆管扩张症的情况下,应采取A组手术方式。     

Choledochal cyst originating from primary sclerosing cholangitis in a child

Choledochal cysts are common in Asian children. Primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC), which is characterized by inflammation and fibrosis and may lead to bile duct stricture over the intrahepatic or extrahepatic bile duct, is rare in children. Here we report a case of a 10-year-old boy who presented with a choledochal cyst originating from PSC. He had suffered from repeated abdominal pain and cholangitis for 3 years. A type IV choledochal cyst was suspected from the ultrasound and computed tomography image showing a distended gallbladder and dilatation of the bilateral intrahepatic duct at the hepatic hilar area and common bile duct (CBD). During laparotomy, a markedly distended gallbladder was noted and was shown to have no communication with the CBD by intraoperative cholangiogram. Choledochal cysts with extrahepatic and intrahepatic duct dilatation at the hilar area and marked stenosis with nearly total obstruction of the distal CBD were noted. Hepaticojejunostomy was performed. The histopathologic findings demonstrated a typical PSC picture. The patient's postoperative course was uneventful for 8 months after surgery, and he received no medication during a regular follow-up.     

Endoscopic sphincterotomy in the treatment of biliary lithiasis. Our experience

Endoscopic Sphincterotomy (E.S.) is a simple and efficacious method for the management of bile duct stones and papillary stenosis. In this series, the E.S. was attempted in 25 patients and performed in 23 (92%). Nine patients had common bile duct stones. Eleven patients (48%) had common bile duct and gallbladder stones. Two patients (8.7%) had intrahepatic lithiasis and one patient (4.3%) had papillary stenosis without gallstones. After E.S. all patients underwent instrument removal of bile duct stones, using "Dormia" basket and "Fogarty" balloon catheter. Transnasal bile duct drainage was performed in 20 patients (86.9%). Early complications were observed in three patients (13%); one sphincterotomy side bleeding and two acute pancreatitis, which were treated successfully conservatively. Mean follow-up was 10.7 months (range 3-27 months). Late complications did not occur for the method and/or for gallbladder stones. Four patients over 80 years of age, died for unrelated causes during follow-up.     

Agenesis of the gallbladder with hypoplastic cystic duct diagnosed at laparoscopy

An 86-year-old man was admitted to our department with complaints of intermittent upper abdominal pain. Ultrasonography of the abdomen showed dilated extrahepatic bile ducts containing stones; however, the gallbladder was not clearly identified. Magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography showed dilated extrahepatic ducts and choledocholithiasis without gallbladder visualization. The stone extraction was performed with endoscopic sphincterotomy. Three-dimensional images using spiral-computed tomography after intravenous-infusion cholangiography clearly demonstrated an obstruction of the cystic duct. The patient was scheduled for laparoscopic cholecystectomy. At laparoscopy, the gallbladder fossa was not identified on the undersurface of the liver. Despite a thorough examination of the intrahepatic (left-sided within the lesser omentum), retroperitoneal, retrohepatic (within the falciform ligament), retroduodenal, and retropancreatic areas using laparoscopic ultrasonography, the gallbladder was not found. After careful dissection of the hepatoduodenal ligament, the dilated extrahepatic bile duct and a 1-cm length of hypoplastic cystic duct were found. Gallbladder agenesis is usually accompanied by the lack of the cystic duct. The present case is the third report of gallbladder agenesis with a patent or hypoplastic cystic duct.     

Idiopathic benign biliary stricture

A rare case of idiopathic benign biliary stricture is reported. A 50-year-old man with liver dysfunction underwent ultrasonography, which revealed dilation of the intrahepatic bile ducts, and endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography, which revealed a short, ring-like stenosis at the junction of the left and right hepatic ducts. Although a benign stricture was suspected, radiologic tests alone were insufficient to make a firm diagnosis. Therefore, a cholecystectomy and resection of the extrahepatic biliary tract were performed. Microscopic examination of the resected specimen demonstrated no evidence of malignancy. The final diagnosis was mild, localized, chronic cholangitis. The patient had not had previous biliary tract surgery, choledocholithiasis, nor did he have a congenital abnormality of the biliary tract, bile duct carcinoma, or pancreatic disease. Since there was no evidence of primary sclerosing cholangitis, the stricture was considered to be idiopathic. Received for publication on May 30, 1997; accepted on April 13, 1998     

Development of intrahepatic biliary stones after excision of choledochal cysts

Background: The incidence of intrahepatic cholelithiasis and cholangitis has not yet been well studied postoperatively in patients with choledochal cysts. Methods: One hundred three patients with choledochal cysts had operative cholangiography, underwent standard excision of a choledochal cyst with Roux-en-Y hepatico-jejunal anastomosis, and were at a mean follow-up of 12[frac12] years. The incidence of intrahepatic bile duct stones was analyzed according to the 3 morphologic types of intrahepatic bile duct observed at initial operative cholangiography: type 1, no dilatation of the intrahepatic bile ducts; type 2, dilatation of the intrahepatic bile ducts but without any downstream stenosis; and type 3, dilatation of the intrahepatic bile ducts associated with downstream stenosis. Initially, there was no evidence of intrahepatic bile duct stones in any of the 103 patients. Results: Among 50 type 1 patients, intrahepatic cholelithiasis developed in only 1 patient (2%). Among 43 type 2 patients, 1 patient (2%) had intrahepatic cholelithiasis, and 2 (5%) had postoperative cholangitis. Among 10 type 3 patients, 4 (40%) had intrahepatic cholelithiasis (P [lt ] .01), and 3 (30%) had postoperative cholangitis. Time intervals between the initial surgery and the first identification of intrahepatic stones ranged from 3 to 22 years. Conclusions: One of the major causes of formation of intrahepatic cholelithiasis has been clarified; patients with intrahepatic biliary dilatation with downstream stenosis can get intrahepatic bile duct stones long after excision of a choledochal cyst.