急性下壁心肌梗死Ⅱ、Ⅲ导联ST段比值与冠状动脉造影对照分析

目的探讨心电图对急性下壁心肌梗死相关冠状动脉梗死相关动脉及合并右心室梗死的判断价值。方法对照分析95例急性下壁心肌梗死入院时的心电图Ⅱ、Ⅲ导联ST段抬高比值及Ⅰ、aVL导联ST段偏移与冠状动脉造影梗死相关动脉的关系。结果95例患者中,74例右冠状动脉(RCA)阻塞所致者ST段抬高Ⅲ/Ⅱ>1、≤1分别为70例、4例;Ⅰ、aVL导联ST段抬高或等电位线4例,压低70例(P<0.05)。而21例左回旋支(LCX)阻塞所致者ST段抬高Ⅲ/Ⅱ>1、<1分别为4、17例。Ⅰ、aVL导联ST段抬高或等电位线17例、压低4例(P<0.05)。合并右心室梗死13例中,以Ⅲ/Ⅱ>1判断,11例合并右心室心肌梗死(P<0.05)。结论急性下壁心肌梗死梗死相关动脉以RCA病变为主,少部分为LCX病变。Ⅰ、aVL导联抬高或等电位线多见于LCX病变,Ⅰ、aVL导联ST段压低则对诊断RCA阻塞具有很高的价值。ST段Ⅲ/Ⅱ>1判定急性下壁心肌梗死合并右心室梗死有一定的价值。     

三种体表心电图指标对判断急性下壁心肌梗死时心肌梗死相关动脉的意义

目的探讨急性下壁心肌梗死时三种体表心电图指标对判断心肌梗死相关动脉的意义.方法对120例急性下壁心肌梗死患者的三种体表心电图指标和冠状动脉造影资料进行对比分析.结果(1)心肌梗死相关动脉为右冠状动脉共98例(81.7%),左回旋支22例(18.3%).(2)Ⅰ导联ST段有压低提示右冠状动脉闭塞的敏感性为77.6%,特异性为90.9%,Ⅰ导联ST段无压低提示左回旋支闭塞的特异性为77.6%,敏感性为90.9%,故Ⅰ导联有无ST段压低可作为判断下壁心肌梗死相关动脉的一个指标.(3)aVL导联S/R≥1/3对于预测RCA为下壁心肌梗死相关血管的敏感性为93.9%,特异性为63.6%.(4)右冠状动脉无论是近段、中段和远段的病变,ST段抬高幅度Ⅲ≥Ⅱ导联的病例数与非Ⅲ≥Ⅱ导联的病例数存在显著差异,而左冠状动脉回旋支组无显著差异.结论导联ST段压低、aVL导联QRS波群以及Ⅲ和Ⅱ导联ST段抬高幅度的不同变化对判断下壁心肌梗死相关血管有重要的预测意义.     

急性下壁心肌梗死心电图与冠脉造影对照分析

目的探讨急性下壁心肌梗死心电图判断罪犯血管的准确性。方法对照分析2013年~2015年我院收治的急性下壁心肌梗死患者100例入院时心电图Ⅱ、Ⅲ标准导联的ST段抬高比例及Ⅰ、AVL导联的ST段是否偏移与冠状动脉造影显示的梗死相关罪犯血管的对应关系。结果 100例患者中,76例右冠状动脉急性闭塞所致ST段抬高Ⅲ/Ⅱ1占71例,ST段抬Ⅲ/Ⅱ≤1占5例;Ⅰ、AVL导联ST段抬高或等电位线5例,Ⅰ、AVL导联ST段压低71例;24例左回旋支急性闭塞所致者ST段抬高Ⅲ/Ⅱ1占5例、ST段抬Ⅲ/Ⅱ≤1占19例;Ⅰ、AVL导联ST段抬高或等电位线19例,Ⅰ、AVL导联ST段压低5例。结论急性下壁心肌硬死相关罪犯血管以右冠状动脉病变为多,少部分为回旋支病变;Ⅰ、AVL导联抬高或等电位线多见于回旋支闭塞,Ⅰ、AVL导联ST段压低则对诊断右冠状动脉闭塞具有很高的价值。     

预测急性下壁心肌梗死相关动脉的心电图特征

目的：探讨下壁急性心肌梗死患者体表心电图对梗死相关动脉的预测价值。方法：根据冠状动脉造影结束将51例下壁急性心肌梗死患者分为右冠状动脉闭塞组35例和左冠状动脉回旋支闭塞组16例,根据aVL导联QRS形态分为Ⅰ型（S／R≤1／3,ST段压低≤1mm)和Ⅱ型（S／R＞1／3,ST段压低＞1mm),结果：右冠状动脉闭塞时,aVL导联QRS波多呈Ⅱ型变化,其敏感性和特异性分别为77．1％,81．3％,左冠状动脉回旋支闭塞时,则为I型变化,其敏感性和特异性分别为81．3％、77．1％。结论：下壁急性心肌梗死患者的心电图aVL导联QRS波导呈Ⅱ型者是右冠状动脉阻塞敏感,特异的标志,呈I型则是左冠状动脉回旋支阻塞敏感,特异的标志。     

Ⅱ、ⅢST段抬高比值与ⅠST段偏移对急性下壁心肌梗死相关动脉的诊断价值

目的 探讨急性下壁心肌梗死体表心电图对梗死相关动脉的诊断价值。方法 对照分析61例急性下壁心肌梗死入院时心电图Ⅱ、Ⅲ导联ST段抬高比值及Ⅰ导联ST段偏移与冠状动脉造影梗死相关动脉的关系。结果 14例左旋支阻塞所致者ST段抬高Ⅱ/Ⅲ≥1、＜1分别为12、2例；Ⅰ导联ST段抬高或等点线12例，压低2例。而47例右冠状动脉阻塞所致者ST段反转高Ⅱ/Ⅲ≥1、＜1分别为2、45例；Ⅰ导联ST段抬高或等电位线2例、压低45例。两组差异有显著性意义。结论 心电图ST段拾高Ⅱ/Ⅲ≥1、Ⅰ导联ST段抬高或等电线是诊断左旋支阻塞敏感而特异的指标，而ST段抬高Ⅱ/Ⅲ＜1、Ⅰ导联ST段压低则对诊断右冠状动脉阻塞具有很高的特异性和敏感性。     

急性心肌梗死时体表心电图对梗死相关动脉的判断

目的了解急性心肌梗死(AMI)的体表心电图对心肌梗死相关动脉(IRA)及其闭塞位置判断作用.方法对264例急性心肌梗死患者的心电图和冠状动脉造影资料进行回顾性对比分析.结果①下壁AMI时血管闭塞发生在右冠状动脉(RCA)74例(78.7%),左回旋支(LCX)20例(21.3%).Ⅰ、aVL导联ST段压低提示RCA为IRA的敏感性,特异性和阳性预测值分别为94.6%,70%和92.1%.ST段压低Ⅰ＜aVL提示RCA为IRA的敏感性,特异性和阳性预测值分别为83.8%,90%和96.9%.ST段抬高Ⅱ＜Ⅲ提示RCA为IRA的敏感性,特异性和阳性预测值分别为90.5%,90%和97.1%.ST段压低Ⅰ＜aVL和ST段抬高Ⅱ＜Ⅲ提示RCA为IRA的敏感性,特异性和阳性预测值分别为81.8%,100%和100%.非ST段压低Ⅰ＜aVL和非ST段抬高Ⅱ＜Ⅲ提示LCX为IRA的敏感性,特异性和阳性预测值分别为85%,100%和100%.13例合并右室心梗IRA均为RCA.②前间壁AMI时STⅠ、STaVL抬高,STⅡ、Ⅲ、aVF下降均不能提示IRA为LAD或RCA(P分别大于0.05).③前壁AMI时STⅠ、STaVL抬高,STⅡ、Ⅲ、aVF下降判断LAD近段闭塞的敏感性、特异性和阳性预测值分别为70.4%,59.3%,87%,95.7%和86.4%,94.1%.④广泛前壁AMI时STⅠ、STaVL抬高,STⅡ、Ⅲ、aVF下降判断LAD近段闭塞的敏感性、特异性和阳性预测值分别为100%,95.5%,85.7%,100%和97.8%,100%.结论下壁、前壁和广泛前壁AMI时体表心电图对心肌梗死相关动脉(IRA)及其闭塞位置判断具有预测价值.     

36例回旋支为梗死相关动脉的急性下壁心肌梗死的心电图特点

目的分析回旋支为梗死相关动脉的急性下壁心肌梗死(简称心梗)的心电图表现,总结其心电图特点。方法回顾性分析本院经冠状动脉造影证实回旋支为梗死相关动脉的急性下壁心梗患者36例,分为ST↑Ⅲ<Ⅱ组(n=8),ST↑Ⅲ=Ⅱ组(n=19)和ST↑Ⅲ>Ⅱ组(n=9)三组,分析发病12 h内的18导联心电图特点。比较三组冠状动脉优势型及病变部位。结果 ST↑Ⅲ<Ⅱ组STⅠ、aVL抬高、等电位线、压低的发生率分别为50%,12.5%,37.5%;ST↑Ⅲ=Ⅱ组相应的发生率分别为10.5%,31.6%,57.9%;ST↑Ⅲ>Ⅱ组相应的发生率分别为0,11.1%,88.9%。ST↑Ⅲ<Ⅱ组STV4-6抬高、等电位线、压低的发生率分别为87.5%,0,12.5%;ST↑Ⅲ=Ⅱ组相应的发生率分别为78.9%,21.1%,0;ST↑Ⅲ>Ⅱ组相应的发生率分别为66.7%,0,33.3%。三组患者冠状动脉优势型的比较有差异(P<0.05),三组STV7-9形态、STV3R-5R形态、冠状动脉病变部位无差异(P均>0.05),三组均无房室传导阻滞的发生。结论回旋支为梗死相关动脉的急性下壁心梗ST↑Ⅲ<Ⅱ时常合并STⅠ、aVL抬高,ST↑Ⅲ=Ⅱ、ST↑Ⅲ>Ⅱ时常合并STⅠ、aVL压低;回旋支为梗死相关动脉的急性下壁心梗累及右室时也可表现为ST↑V3R-5R;回旋支为梗死相关动脉的急性下壁心梗不易发生房室传导阻滞。     

急性下壁心肌梗死ST段改变特征的分析

目的结合冠状动脉造影结果,分析急性下壁心肌梗死患者心电图ST段改变的特征,探讨梗死相关动脉(IRA)的判定。方法选择197例急性下壁心肌梗死,其中右冠状动脉近段闭塞69例、右冠状动脉远段闭塞80例、回旋支(LCX)闭塞48例,患者胸痛发作12h内的心电图。结果三组以及导联间比较,右冠状动脉(RCA)闭塞可出现STaVR压低(p<0.05),同时STⅢ↑>STⅡ↑(p<0.05),STaVL压低较STI明显(p<0.05),与RCA闭塞的部位无关。结合三者,其预测RCA闭塞的敏感性84%、特异性90%、阳性预测值96%、阴性预测值60%。结论急性下壁心肌梗死早期除下壁导联ST抬高外,STⅢ↑>STⅡ↑、STaVL↓>STⅠ↓、STaVR↓提示RCA阻塞,是区别RCA闭塞或LCX闭塞的关键指标,对预后和决定是否采取血管重建治疗具有重要的参考价值。     

心电图对急性下壁心肌梗死患者梗死相关血管及闭塞部位的预测价值

目的:探讨急性下壁心肌梗死患者的体表心电图对梗死相关血管及闭塞部位的预测价值。方法:对62例急性下壁心肌梗死患者的体表心电图和冠状动脉造影资料进行回顾性对比分析。结果:梗死相关血管为右冠状动脉者50例(80.65%),左回旋支者12例(19.35%)。单纯急性下壁心肌梗死多发生在右冠状动脉中远段(62.07%);并发右室梗死者均发生在右冠状动脉,且多发生在右冠状动脉近段(70.00%)。STⅢ抬高/STⅡ抬高>1、STaVL压低≥0.5mm、STV1抬高≥0.5mm、STV3压低/STⅢ抬高≤1.2提示梗死相关血管为右冠状动脉的灵敏度分别为88.00%、90.00%、66.00%、72.00%,特异度分别为58.33%、75.00%、83.33%、66.67%。STⅢ抬高/STⅡ抬高≤1、STaVL呈等电位线或抬高、STV1压低≥0.5mm、STV3压低/STⅢ抬高>1.2提示梗死相关血管为左回旋支的灵敏度分别为58.33%、75.00%、66.67%、66.67%,特异度分别为88.00%、90.00%、80.00%、72.00%。结论:急性下壁心肌梗死时,体表心电图对梗死相关血管及闭塞部位有重要的预测价值。     

aVR导联对急性下壁心肌梗死患者梗死相关血管判断的价值

目的探讨心电图(ECG)对急性下壁心肌梗死(MI)患者梗死相关血管(IRA)判断的价值。方法选择2002年7月～2004年12月的急性下壁MI患者90例,回顾性分析其症状发作后24h内ECG改变。结果90例中,IRA为右冠状动脉(RCA)者70例,为左回旋支(LCX者)20例;Ⅰ导联ST段抬高和(或)V1和V2导联ST段压低提示IRA在LCX,而ST段抬高Ⅲ导联大于Ⅱ导联和(或)导联V4RST段抬高≥0.5mm提示IRA在RCA;aVR导联ST段压低≥1mm判断IRA为LCX,其敏感性为70.0%,特异性为94.3%。结论Ⅰ导联ST段抬高、ST段抬高Ⅲ导联>Ⅱ导联、导联V4RST段抬高≥0.5mm、V1和V2导联ST段抬高或压低以及aVR导联ST段压低等5项标准可用于判断急性下壁MI患者的IRA,而aVR导联ST段压低为一项新的标准。     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.