Association between Dietary Inflammatory Index and Periodontitis: A Cross-Sectional and Mediation Analysis

Inflammation-modulating elements are recognized periodontitis (PD) risk factors, nevertheless, the association between dietary inflammatory index (DII) and PD has never been appraised. We aimed to assess the association between DII and PD and the mediation effect of DII in the association of PD with systemic inflammation. Using the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2009–2010, 2011–2012 and 2013–2014, participants who received periodontal exam and provided dietary recall data were included. The inflammatory potential of diet was calculated via DII. PD was defined according to the 2012 case definition. White blood cells (WBC), segmented neutrophils and C-reactive protein (CRP) were used as proxies for systemic inflammation. The periodontal measures were regressed across DII values using adjusted multivariate linear regression and adjusted mediation analysis. Overall, 10,178 participants were included. DII was significantly correlated with mean periodontal probing depth (PPD), mean clinical attachment loss (CAL), thresholds of PPD and CAL, WBC, segmented neutrophils and DII (p < 0.01). A linear regression logistic adjusted for multiple confounding variables confirmed the association between DII and mean PPD (B = 0.02, Standard Error [SE]: 0.02, p < 0.001) and CAL (B = −0.02, SE: 0.01, p < 0.001). The association of mean PPD and mean CAL with both WBC and segmented neutrophils were mediated by DII (from 2.1 to 3.5%, p < 0.001). In the 2009–2010 subset, the association of mean CAL with serum CRP was mediated by DII (52.0%, p < 0.01). Inflammatory diet and PD may be associated. Also, the inflammatory diet significantly mediated the association of leukocyte counts and systemic inflammation with PD.     

The Importance of Being a ‘Lark’ in Post-Menopausal Women with Obesity: A Ploy to Prevent Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus?

Chronotype is defined as the behavioral manifestation of circadian rhythms related to the external light–dark cycle. Evening chronotype has been associated with an increased risk of developing cardiometabolic diseases in obesity. Menopause is a lifestage associated with an increased risk of developing cardiometabolic diseases and a change in circadian rhythmicity compared to pre-menopause. However, the prevalence of chronotype categories in menopause and their role in determining menopause-related cardiometabolic risk, mostly in obesity, have not been investigated. Thus, we aimed to investigate the prevalence of chronotype categories in post-menopausal women with obesity and their role in menopause-related cardiometabolic risk. In this cross-sectional study we enrolled 49 pre-menopausal and 74 post-menopausal women with obesity. Anthropometric parameters, lifestyle habits, adherence to the Mediterranean Diet (MD), sleep quality, chronotype and the presence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and cardiovascular diseases (CVD) were studied. No significance differences were detected in terms of lifestyle and adherence to the MD between pre- and post-menopausal women. Chronotype was classified as morning in 66 (53.6%), evening in 20 (16.3%) and intermediate in 37 (30.1%) women. In addition, pre-menopausal women with obesity showed a significantly higher chance to have an intermediate chronotype (OR = 2.21, 95% CI 1.28–3.83; p = 0.004), whereas post-menopausal women with obesity showed a trend to have a higher morning chronotype (OR = 1.42, 95% CI 0.98–2.06; p = 0.051), although this did not reach statistical significance. No significant differences were detected in terms of prevalence of evening chronotype between the two groups. However, the evening chronotype had a significantly higher risk to have T2DM compared to the morning (OR = 17.29, 95% CI 2.40–124.27; p = 0.005) and intermediate chronotypes (OR = 30.86, 95% CI 2.05–464.32; p = 0.013) in both pre- and post-menopausal women with obesity. In conclusion, the intermediate chronotype was significantly more prevalent in pre-menopausal women with obesity compared to post-menopausal women. Evening chronotype was associated to T2DM in both pre- and post-menopause. These results support the importance of including the assessment of chronotype in the management of women with obesity in post-menopause.     

Role of inflammation in the association between the western dietary pattern and metabolic syndrome among Lebanese adults

The aim of this study was to investigate whether inflammation mediates the previously observed direct association between the western dietary pattern (WDP) and metabolic syndrome (MetS) among Lebanese adults. Sociodemographic, lifestyle, dietary pattern scores, anthropometric and biochemical data of 331 adults were used in this study. Inflammation indicators considered were: serum C-reactive protein (CRP) and the dietary inflammatory index (DII). The scores of the WDP were significantly associated with DII (r?=?.64) but not with serum CRP. Higher CRP levels increased the odds of MetS and four out of five of its components, while no association was found between the DII and MetS.

Conclusion: The findings of this study confirmed the association of serum CRP with MetS but did not support mediation effect of inflammation on the association between the WDP and MetS. These findings are important to direct future investigations on diet, inflammation and association with diseases risk.     

An epidemiologic study of breast cancer

A case-control study has been conducted in four areas of Canada in which 400 cases of breast cancer matched by age and marital status with neighborhood controls were administered medical and dietary questionnaires. The study is suggestive of an increased risk of breast cancer in post-menopausal women with younger age at menarche and an increased risk with delay of age at natural menopause. No protective effect of early age at first pregnancy was demonstrated in either pre- or post-menopausal women. An increased frequency of pregnancies of four months duration or less was found in cases compared to controls and a greater frequency in pre-menopausal cases compared to controls of a history of irregular menstrual periods. In pre-menopausal women no association has been found between increased height and weight as risk factors for breast cancer. For post-menopausal women, however, a weak association with increased height has been found, while a strong association with increased weight both at the time of menopause and the 12 months preceding diagnosis has ben confirmed.     

Cognitive Impairment Mediates the Association between Dietary Inflammation and Depressive Symptoms in the Elderly

The underlying mechanism in both cognitive impairment and depression was chronic inflammation, which could be reflected by the dietary inflammatory index (DII). However, the effect of cognitive impairment on the association between DII and depression was not clear. Therefore, in this study, we hypothesized that cognitive impairment could mediate the association between dietary inflammation and depressive symptoms. A total of 2550 participants aged ≥60 from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) in 2011–2014 were involved in the serial, cross-sectional study. Proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory diets were measured by DII. Cognitive impairment was measured by four dimensions, CERAD-immediate, CERAN-delayed, animal fluency test, and DSST. Depressive symptoms were measured by PHQ-9 scores. We found that a proinflammatory diet and cognitive impairment were both risk factors for depressive symptoms. An interaction between an inflammatory diet and cognitive impairment was detected (P-interaction = 0.060). In addition, all four dimensions of cognition mediated the association between DII and depressive symptom scores. Part of the association between DII and depressive symptoms scores could be explained by different dimensions of cognitive function, and the proportion of mediation ranged from 10.0% to 36.7%. In conclusion, cognitive impairment levels partly mediated the association between DII and depressive symptoms.     

Voices From the Hilo Women's Health Study: Talking Story About Menopause

Our purpose in conducting this qualitative study was to examine how a multiethnic sample of women living in Hilo, Hawai’i, describe menopause. Interviews were conducted with 185 pre-, peri-, and post-menopausal women aged 45 to 55. We found that pre-menopausal women felt anxious compared with peri- and post-menopausal women's more affirmative attitudes of increasing confidence and freedom in this new cycle of life. A dominant theme was the construction of a post-menstrual identity. Peri-and post-menopausal women's attitudes were not biomedically oriented. Local culture and the island lifestyle may provide a positive atmosphere for women going through menopause.     

Gender Difference in the Association Between E-Cigarette Use and Depression among US Adults

ObjectivesThe objective of this study was to determine the association between e-cigarette use and depression and examine how this association is different by gender among US adults.MethodsData from the 2017 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System and Selected Metropolitan/Micropolitan Area Risk Trends was used, and included 174,351 of 230,875 US adults aged 18 years and older. Data were analyzed using the multivariate logistic regression models.ResultsAfter adjusting for age, race, education, income, marital status, employment status, smoking status, and physical activity, firstly, “current daily e-cigarette users” (AOR = 2.487, p < 0.001), “current non-daily e-cigarette users” (AOR = 1.623, p < 0.001), and “former e-cigarette users” (AOR = 1.573, p < 0.001) were associated with increased odds of depression compared with “never e-cigarette users.” Secondly, women were associated with increased odds of depression compared with men (AOR = 1.797, p < 0.001). Finally, male “current daily e-cigarette users” (AOR = 1.366, p < 0.01) were associated with increased odds of depression compared with female “never e-cigarette users.”ConclusionThus, even though women tend to be more vulnerable to depression compared with men, e-cigarette use was positively associated with depression among both men and women.     

Body mass index and breast cancer risk in African American women

PURPOSE: Studies of the relationship between body mass index (BMI) and breast cancer in African American women have been few. We conducted a case-control study to examine whether BMI is associated with risk of breast cancer in this population. METHODS: Cases were 304 women diagnosed with breast cancer at the ages of 20 to 64 years. Controls were 305 women without a history of breast cancer. Telephone interviews were conducted to collect data on history of exposure to various factors at or before the date of diagnosis in cases or equivalent date in controls (reference date). Using logistic regression, we compared cases and controls in BMI at age 18, BMI at the reference date, and change in BMI between the two dates. RESULTS: Using BMI at reference date, we found an odds ratio (OR) of 1.75 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.02-3.02) and 2.32 (95% CI, 1.33-4.03) for women with BMI of 25 to 29.9 and 30 or higher, respectively, compared with women having BMI lower than 25. The corresponding OR estimates for BMI at age 18 were not significantly different from the unity. The average annual change in BMI between age 18 and date of diagnosis or reference date was associated with breast cancer risk, as shown that more BMI change tended to increase breast cancer risk compared with the baseline quartile of change. When data were analyzed by menopausal status, the association was found for both post-menopausal and pre-menopausal tumors for BMI at reference date but not for BMI at age 18. There was a higher risk for more annual BMI change compared with the baseline for both pre-menopausal and post-menopausal women. CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that BMI at reference date and change in BMI were associated with increased risk of breast cancer in African American women, and the association might be found for both post-menopausal and pre-menopausal tumors.     

The Dietary Inflammatory Index Is Associated with Subclinical Mastitis in Lactating European Women

Subclinical mastitis (SCM) is an inflammatory state of the lactating mammary gland, which is asymptomatic and may have negative consequences for child growth. The objectives of this study were to: (1) test the association between the dietary inflammatory index (DII^®) and SCM and (2) assess the differences in nutrient intakes between women without SCM and those with SCM. One hundred and seventy-seven women with available data on human milk (HM) sodium potassium ratio (Na:K) and dietary intake data were included for analysis. Multivariable logistic regression was used to examine the association between nutrient intake and the DII score in relation to SCM. Women without SCM had a lower median DII score (0.60) than women with moderate (1.12) or severe (1.74) SCM (p < 0.01). A one-unit increase in DII was associated with about 41% increased odds of having SCM, adjusting for country and mode of delivery, p = 0.001. Women with SCM had lower mean intakes of several anti-inflammatory nutrients. We show for the first time exploratory evidence that SCM may be associated with a pro-inflammatory diet and women with SCM have lower intakes of several antioxidant and anti-inflammatory nutrients.     

Racial and Ethnic Differences in Depression by Partner Status and the Presence of Children in the Household

PurposeSingle motherhood is a well-established risk factor for depression in women. The goal of this study is to analyze the relationships among partner status, having children, and depression among women of White, Black, and Hispanic race/ethnicity.MethodsStratified analyses were conducted on 2002, 2003, 2005, 2006, and 2008 cross-sectional survey data from 10,520 White women, 7,655 Black women, and 7,343 Hispanic women aged at least 18 years and residing in New York City. Depression was evaluated using Kessler's K6 scale. Race/ethnicity-specific logistic regression analysis assessed the association between partner status and depression among women with and without children.ResultsPartner status was significantly associated with depression among White (p < .0001) and Hispanic (p = .0001) women, but not among Black women (p = .82), after adjusting for age, nativity, employment, education, poverty level, general health, and health insurance. Among White women, the conditional odds of depression were elevated for single relative to partnered women both with (odds ratio [OR], 2.10; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.57–2.81; p < .0001) and without (OR, 1.29; 95% CI, 1.06–1.56; p = .01) children, but the size of the effect was significantly larger for those with children than for those without children (p = .006). Among Hispanic women, the conditional odds of depression were elevated for single relative to partnered women with children (OR, 1.58; 95% CI, 1.29–1.95; p < .0001), but not for single versus partnered women without children (OR, 1.09; 95% CI, 0.82–1.46; p = .54). Among Black women, there was no evidence of elevated depression in single relative to partnered women, either overall or conditional on the presence of children (with children: OR, 1.21 [95% CI, 0.95–1.54; p = .13]; without children: OR, 0.75 [95% CI, 0.56–1.02; p = .06]).ConclusionPast focus on single mothers as a high-risk group has oversimplified the relationship between partner status and depression, obscuring important distinctions between women of different racial backgrounds.     

Dietary Insulin Index and Dietary Insulin Load in Relation to Metabolic Syndrome: The Shahedieh Cohort Study

BackgroundInsulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia are involved in the etiology of metabolic syndrome (MetS) and its components.ObjectiveThe current study assessed the association of dietary insulin load (DIL) and dietary insulin index (DII) with the odds of having MetS among a large population of Iranian adults.DesignThis study was a cross-sectional analysis of the Shahedieh cohort study, which began in 2015-2016 and continues to the present day.Participants/settingA total of 5,954 Iranian adults, aged 35 to 70 years, were included in the current analysis. To collect dietary data, the validated block-format 120-item semiquantitative Food Frequency Questionnaire was used. MetS was defined using the criteria belonging to the Iranian-modified National Cholesterol Education Program for Adults.Main outcome measuresEnzymatic colorimetric tests were used to measure fasting blood glucose, triglyceride, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations; blood pressure and waist circumference were measured using the standard protocols.Statistical analysisBinary logistic regression with adjusted models was used to examine the association of DIL and DII with MetS.ResultsAfter taking potential confounders into account, moderate DIL was associated with increased odds of MetS in men, meaning that men in the third quartile of DIL had 61% greater odds for having MetS compared with those in the first quartile (odds ratio [OR]: 1.61, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.02-2.54). Such a significant association was not seen for DII. In women, DIL was significantly associated with increased odds of developing MetS. After controlling for potential confounders, women in the top quartile of DIL had 77% greater odds for having MetS compared with women in the bottom quartile (OR: 1.77; 95% CI: 1.08-2.91). This significant positive association was also seen for DII, such that a higher score of DII was associated with 41% greater odds of MetS (OR: 1.41, 95% CI: 1.08-1.83).ConclusionsAdherence to a diet with a high DIL and DII is associated with greater odds of having MetS in women. Also, moderate DIL was associated with increased odds of MetS in men.     

Night shift work and breast cancer: a pooled analysis of population-based case–control studies with complete work history

Night shift work has been suspected to increase breast cancer risk but epidemiological studies have been inconsistent due to heterogeneous assessment of exposure to night work. To overcome this limitation, we pooled data of five population-based case–control studies from Australia, Canada, France, Germany, and Spain into a single harmonized dataset using a common definition of night work including 6093 breast cancer cases and 6933 population controls. The odds ratio for breast cancer in women who ever worked at night for at least 3 h between midnight and 5 a.m. as compared to never night workers was 1.12 (95% CI 1.00–1.25). Among pre-menopausal women, this odds ratio was 1.26 [1.06–1.51], increasing to 1.36 [1.07–1.74] for night shifts ≥ 10 h, 1.80 [1.20–2.71] for work ≥ 3 nights/week, and 2.55 [1.03–6.30] for both duration of night work ≥ 10 years and exposure intensity ≥ 3 nights/week. Breast cancer risk in pre-menopausal women was higher in current or recent night workers (OR = 1.41 [1.06–1.88]) than in those who had stopped night work more than 2 years ago. Breast cancer in post-menopausal women was not associated with night work whatever the exposure metric. The increase in risk was restricted to ER+ tumors, particularly those who were both ER+ and HER2+ . These results support the hypothesis that night shift work increases the risk of breast cancer in pre-menopausal women, particularly those with high intensity and long duration of exposure. Risk difference between pre- and post-menopausal women deserves further scrutiny.     

Cross-sectional study of factors related to Achilles bone mineral density measured by an ultrasound system]

A cross-sectional study was conducted to examine the relationship between bone mineral density (BMD) and life-style related factors including exercise and dietary habits in 1016 pre-menopausal women and 856 post-menopausal women in Ishikawa Prefecture, Japan. The achilles BMD in 1,872 women ages between 19 and 85 years were measured from 1995 to 1996 by an ultrasound system. The stiffness index calculated by the Lunar Achilles ultrasound machine was used as the BMD in this analysis. Self-administered questionnaires were used to obtain the following information: medical history, pregnancy, delivery and menstrual history, height at 20-years of age, present number of teeth, fracture history, sports exercise history, food intake frequency, smoking and drinking history, and daily physical activity. Analysis of covariance and multiple regression analysis were performed to evaluate the contribution of life-style related factors to BMD after adjustment for age and BMI (Body mass index) in pre- and post-menopausal women, respectively. Results were as follow: 1) BMD was inversely associated with increasing age in pre- and post-menopausal women. The BMD level of post-menopausal women were lower than that of pre-menopausal women in each 5-year age group. The pearson's correlatin coefficient between age and BMD was significant at -0.25 and -0.44 in pre- and post-menopausal women, respectively. 2) Body mass index (BMI) and BMD were positively correlated in pre- and post-menopausal women. 3) In pre-menopausal women, lower BMD was associated with the following factors: age, lower BMI, no history of joining a sports club in junior high school, absence of current regular sports, being inactive in daily life, having joint pains, lower number of remaining teeth and lower dairy product intake. 4) In post-menopausal women, lower BMD was associated with the following factors: age, lower BMI, no history of joining a sports club in junior high school, past history of fracture and longer post-menopausal years. Factors associated with lower BMD in this study were regarded as risk factors for future osteoporotic fractures in the elderly, or signs of lower BMD. Therefore, the information of these factors should be employed in health education for the prevention of osteoporosis. Especially, participating in a sports club while in junior high school may be a recommendation for acquiring higher BMD even in the post-menopausal period.     

Identification of occupational cancer risks in British Columbia. A population-based case-control study of 995 incident breast cancer cases by menopausal status, controlling for confounding factors

Lifetime occupational histories as well as information on known and suspected breast cancer risk factors were collected by means of a self-administered questionnaire from 1018 women with incident breast cancer ascertained from the British Columbia Cancer Registry, and from 1020 population controls. A matched case-control study design was used. Conditional logistic regression for matched sets data and the likelihood ratio were used in a two-step procedure and were performed separately for pre-menopausal women, post-menopausal women, and for all cases combined. Excess risk was noted for several white-collar occupations. Significantly increased risk was observed: (1) among pre-menopausal women: in electronic data-processing operators; barbers and hairdressers; in sales and material processing occupations; and in the food, clothing, chemical and transportation industries; (2) among post-menopausal women: in schoolteaching; in medicine, health, and nursing occupations; in laundry and dry-cleaning occupations; and in the aircraft and automotive, including gasoline service station, industries. Several significant associations were also seen in the combined group of pre- and post-menopausal women, particularly in crop farmers and in the fruit and vegetable, publishing and printing, and motor vehicle repair industries. The results of this study suggest excess breast cancer risk in a number of occupations and industries, notably those that entail exposure to solvents and pesticides.     

Activity of autonomic nervous system is related to body weight in pre-menopausal, but not in post-menopausal women

This study analyzed vegetative modulation, expressed as heart rate variability (HRV) power spectral analysis, in lean and obese women at pre-menopausal or post-menopausal age to reveal possible differences in menopause-related autonomic activity in lean and obese subjects. Sedentary women (n = 40) were divided in four groups: pre-menopausal lean and obese women, post-menopausal lean and obese subjects. The HRV-power spectrum was evaluated on a 5-min long ECG recording. The absolute values of the spectrum were summed in the following frequencies: a low-frequency (0.04-0.15 Hz; LF) and high-frequency (0.15-0.40; HF) range. LF and HF were values used to estimate the sympathetic and parasympathetic activity. LF and HF values of pre-menopausal obese women are lower than values of lean women. The menopause induced a same decrease in LF and HF values in lean and obese subjects, so that no difference was found in post-menopausal groups. This experiment indicates that modifications of autonomic modulation can be included among factors related to obesity in pre-menopausal, but not post-menopausal women.     

Activity of autonomic nervous system is related to body weight in pre-menopausal,but not in post-menopausal women

Abstract

This study analyzed vegetative modulation, expressed as heart rate variability (HRV) power spectral analysis, in lean and obese women at pre-menopausal or post-menopausal age to reveal possible differences in menopause-related autonomic activity in lean and obese subjects. Sedentary women (n = 40) were divided in four groups: pre-menopausal lean and obese women, post-menopausal lean and obese subjects. The HRV-power spectrum was evaluated on a 5-min long ECG recording. The absolute values of the spectrum were summed in the following frequencies: a low-frequency (0.04–0.15 Hz; LF) and high-frequency (0.15–0.40; HF) range. LF and HF were values used to estimate the sympathetic and parasympathetic activity. LF and HF values of pre-menopausal obese women are lower than values of lean women. The menopause induced a same decrease in LF and HF values in lean and obese subjects, so that no difference was found in post-menopausal groups. This experiment indicates that modifications of autonomic modulation can be included among factors related to obesity in pre-menopausal, but not post-menopausal women.     

Racial Differences in Perinatal Depression among HIV-infected Women

BackgroundPerinatal depression may further complicate the health of women with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Diagnosis and subsequent treatment of depressive symptoms may significantly improve the health of mother and newborn.ObjectiveWe sought to examine the association between race and perinatal depression among a sample of low-income women with HIV infection.MethodsThis retrospective cohort study used data from a multi-state Medicaid administrative claims database to study HIV-infected perinatal women between 2003 and 2007. Multivariate regression analysis was used to study the objective.ResultsThe overall prevalence of perinatal depression in the sample (n = 650) was 27.8%. Black women had significantly lower odds of experiencing perinatal depression (odds ratio 0.328; 95% confidence interval 0.225-0.479) compared with non-black women. Non-black women showed significantly higher comorbidity severity scores than black women (0.356 vs. 0.220, P = .035).ConclusionsThis study found that non-black women may be more vulnerable to perinatal depression. Improved health care provider vigilance for depressive symptoms among low-income, HIV-infected women of all races during the perinatal period is warranted.     

The Association between Parity and Inflammation among Mexican-American Women of Reproductive Age Varies by Acculturation Level: Results of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (1999–2006)

IntroductionParity and acculturation are linked with cardiometabolic risk. Their joint association with cardiometabolic health among Mexican-American women is less established, even though immigrant Mexican-American women have the highest fertility rate in the United States. We examined the modifying role of acculturation on the association of parity with a cardiometabolic risk biomarker, C-reactive protein (CRP).MethodsParticipants (n = 1,002) were women of Mexican background, ages 16 to 39 years, in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) from 1999 through 2006. The association between parity and elevated CRP was examined using logistic regression adjusted for age, household food security, access to health care, hemoglobin A1c, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, waist circumference, physical activity, acculturation, and a product term of parity and acculturation. Acculturation was measured on a 6-point score based on nativity status and duration of residence in the United States (0, Mexico born, U.S. resident <10 years; 1, Mexico born, U.S. resident 10–19 years; 2-Mexico born, U.S. resident ≥20 years; and 3, U.S. born), and language used at home (0, Spanish; 1, bilingual; 2, English). Scores of 0 or 1, 2 or 3, and 4 or 5 represented low, moderate, and high acculturation, respectively.ResultsThe association of parity with elevated CRP varied by acculturation level (p_interaction = 0.10). Parity was associated with elevated CRP among women with low (adjusted odds ratio [OR], 2.26; 95% CI, 1.07–4.80) and moderate acculturation (adjusted OR, 2.79; 95% CI, 1.16–6.73), compared with nulliparous women.ConclusionsHigher odds of elevated CRP associated with parity in immigrant Mexican-American women of reproductive age indicate the need for greater use of maternal/women's health care services for cardiometabolic risk screening and interventions.     

绝经后女性线粒体功能及雌激素对其影响

目的探讨绝经前、后健康女性线粒体功能变化及雌激素抗衰老的线粒体机制。方法2008年3月至9月,选取绝经前、后健康女性共计41例,按是否绝经将其分为未绝经组（n=15）和绝经组（n=26）（研究遵循程序符合中山大学附属第三医院负责人体试验委员会制定的伦理学标准,得到该委员会批准,且分组征得受试者知情同意）。比较两组血小板线粒体相对膜电位差（mitochondrialmembranepotential,△ψm）及三磷酸腺苷（ATP）。并将绝经组血小板线粒体标本分为2份,其中一份血小板线粒体用苯甲酸雌二醇（estrogenbenzoate,EB）孵育1h（绝经＋雌激素组）,比较孵育前、后线粒体膜电位差及三磷酸腺苷水平变化。结果未绝经组和绝经组线粒体相对膜电位差分别为1．59±0．29和1．30±0．17;三磷酸腺苷水平分别为（3．38±0．67）gg／mL和（1．60±0．97）gg／mL,两组比较,差异有显著意义（P〈0．05）。绝经组肘静脉血标本经苯甲酸雌二醇孵育1h后（绝经＋雌激素组）,线粒体相对膜电位差及三磷酸腺苷水平显著增加,与绝经组孵育前比较,差异有显著意义（P〈0．05）。结论女性绝经后线粒体功能减退,绝经后加速衰老的机制可能与雌激素撤退导致线粒体功能障碍有关,雌激素可通过保护线粒体功能从而发挥抗衰老作用。     

Increased Omega-3 Fatty Acid Intake Is Inversely Associated with Subclinical Inflammation in Healthy Elderly Men,Based on the 2015–2018 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey

(1) Background: Subclinical inflammation as a risk factor of cardiovascular diseases was clinically measured using C-reactive protein (CRP) level. (2) Methods: This study was cross-sectionally designed based the 2015–2018 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES). The ratio of daily omega-3 fatty acids to energy intake (ω3FA ratio) was classified into four quartile groups (Q1, <0.3%; Q2, 0.3%–<0.6%; Q3, 0.6%–<1.0%; and Q4, ≥1.0% in both sexes). Logistic regression analysis was conducted to investigate the association between the ω3FA ratio and subclinical inflammation defined as CRP levels ≥3 mg/dL. (3) Results: The ω3FA ratio in subjects without and with subclinical inflammation was 0.8% and 0.7% in men (p-value = 0.001), and 0.8% and 0.8% in women (p-value = 0.491), respectively. The prevalence of subclinical inflammation in males decreased with increasing quartile of ω3FA ratio (12.9%, 9.6%, 7.4%, and 7.7%, p-value = 0.033), while female prevalence was not significant among quartile groups. Compared to Q1, odds ratios (95% confidence intervals) for subclinical inflammation of Q2, Q3, and Q4 were 0.740 (0.465–1.177), 0.564 (0.341–0.930), and 0.549 (0.317–0.953) in males, and 1.066 (0.653–1.741), 1.105 (0.600–1.718), and 0.934 (0.556–1.571) in females after full adjustment. (4) Conclusion: The ω3FA ratio is associated with subclinical inflammation in men.