重组乙型肝炎病毒变异s基因疫苗诱导小鼠产生特异性体液免疫应答

目的：构建乙型肝炎病毒(HBV)变异s基因真核表达载体，检测其诱导小鼠产生特异性体液免疫应答。方法：利用限制性内切酶定位克隆构建s基因nt587 G→A的真核表达载体pcMV-S2．S 145R(PR).用其转染人肝癌细胞系Hep G2后，用EIA、EILISA及免疫细胞化学法，观察其抗原性。以重组变异型s基因真核表达载体(PR)和载体pcDNA3．0分别免疫C57BL／6小鼠各5只。每只小鼠各肌肉注射纯化质粒100μg.用ELISA法检测血清抗-HBs及抗-HBs2抗体的效价。结果：体外实验证实，变异型HBs矩可与抗-HBs结合；PR免疫小鼠可诱导其产生抗-HBs抗体及抗．HBs2抗体，但抗-HBs2抗体的出现早于抗-HBs抗体约1～2wk。结论：HBV变异s基因(nt587G→A)的真核表达载体的表达产物具有良好的抗原性，能够诱导C57BL／6小鼠产生体液免疫应答。     

HBV基因组各基因真核表达载体的构建及转染

目的 构建HBV基因组各基因真核表达载体,转染HepG2细胞,建立稳定转染的HepG2细胞系.方法 采用PCR方法,以HBV全基因组质粒为模板扩增HBV基因的各基因片段,利用DNA重组技术将其定向插入到真核表达载体pcDNA3.1( ),经酶切和测序鉴定后,用脂质体转染法转染HepG2细胞,通过G418筛选,建立稳定转染的HepG2细胞系,用细胞流式技术及细胞免疫组化技术检测HBV各基因产物在细胞内的表达.结果 成功构建了pcDNA3.1( )/HBs、pcDNA3.1( )/HBc、pcDNA3.1( )/HBe、pcDNA3.1( )/HBp、pcDNA3.1( )/HB-preS1、pcDNA3.1( )/HB-preS2、pcDNA3.1( )/HBx真核表达载体,并建立了稳定转染的HepG2细胞系,成功地表达目的 基因.结论 真核表达载体成功构建和稳定转染HepG2细胞系的建立为进一步研究各基因的功能奠定良好的实验基础.     

乙型肝炎表面抗原不同突变体对细胞免疫的影响

目的　研究乙型肝炎表面抗原(HBsAg)不同突变体对细胞免疫的影响。方法　将野生型和变异型HBsAg基因重组质粒NS2 Swt、NS2 S12 6、NS2 S133、NS2 S14 1、NS2 S14 5分别转染CHO细胞,72h收获细胞上清。采用ELISA法检测各组细胞上清preS2 蛋白的表达量。将这些细胞上清刺激PHA活化的人淋巴细胞,MTS法检测不同变异株抗原对淋巴细胞增殖活性以及淋巴细胞分泌IFN γ、IL 10和IL 2的影响。结果　变异和野毒株(wt)各组细胞上清preS2 蛋白的表达量基本一致。变异和wt重组HBsAg刺激T细胞后,其上清MTS显色后的A4 90 值均高于空白组和pCI neo组,说明HBsAg中的蛋白可以促进T细胞增殖;T12 6S氨基酸变异HBsAg能够刺激IFN γ分泌增加;M133T氨基酸变异刺激IL 10分泌增加。结论　这4种乙型肝炎病毒(HBV)变异株感染人体后,机体对它们的细胞免疫反应可能不会有明显的增强或减弱,但也不能忽视T12 6S和M133T变异抗原改变了某些细胞因子的表达,可能对机体细胞免疫造成的潜在影响。     

先天性长QT综合征相关HERG基因A561V突变体及其真核表达载体的构建及表达

目的在收集的一个先天性长QT综合征（congenital long QT syndrome，LQTS）家系中发现HERG基因A561V突变，探讨HERG基因A561V突变体及其真核表达载体的构建方法，并观察其在真核细胞中的表达。方法采用克隆载体快速PCR法构建HERG基因A561V突变体PGEM-HERG-A561V，并应用限制性内切酶法将突变体构建到真核表达载体pcDNA3中，用Superfect转染试剂将野生型pcDNA3-HERG及pcDNA3-HERG-A561V突变体与荧光真核表达载体pRK5-GFP共转染至HEK293细胞，用细胞免疫荧光化学法检测蛋白质表达。结果构建的突变体经DNA直接测序示HERG基因cDNA1682位点碱基C变为T，构建的突变体在HEK293细胞中成功表达，其蛋白质位于细胞浆中及细胞膜上，而野生型基因的蛋白质位于细胞膜上。结论用克隆载体快速PCR法构建并表达了HERG基因A561V突变，为突变基因的进一步功能研究奠定了基础。     

潮霉素抗性HBV包装细胞系的构建

目的 配合HBV载体的研究，为HBV载体提供包装。方法 HBV全基因经删除包装信号e区后，插入到潮霉素抗性pMEP4载体，转染HepG2细胞系，用潮霉素筛选形成细胞克隆。检测表达HBsAg及HBcAg较多者作为HBV包装细胞系，进一步转染稳定表达复制缺损型HBV的质粒，PCR方法观察上清液中病毒的形成。结果 包装细胞系高表达HBsAg和HBcAg：携带重组HBV的G418抗性重组逆转录病毒感染潮霉素抗性包装细胞系后，经两种抗生素同时筛选，在细胞培养上清液中能检出突变型HBV，未检出野生型HBV。结论 删除了包装信号的HBV次全基因，失去了形成完整HBV颗粒的能力，但能为复制缺损型HBV提供包装所需的结构蛋白。     

乙肝病毒HBsAg-EGFP融合蛋白真核表达载体构建及稳定转染Chang Liver细胞系的建立

目的 构建可表达乙型肝炎病毒(HBV)HBsAg-EGFP融合蛋白的真核表达载体;获得重组质粒稳定转染的Chang Liver细胞系.方法 利用PCR技术从HBV基因组中扩增出HBsAg基因片段,BamH I/EcoR l双酶切后连接到经同样酶切的pEGFP-N1真核表达载体,转化TG1菌株感受态细胞,获得阳性重组质粒pEGFPNl.HBsAg.将阳性克隆用脂质体法转染Chang Liver细胞,经持续G418压力选择和有限稀释法克隆化获得稳定转染的细胞系.结果 成功构建了真核表达载体pEGFPN1-HBsAg;建立了其重组质粒稳定转染的Chang Liver细胞系.结论 重组质粒稳定转染的Chang Liver细胞系可表达HBsAg-EGFP融合蛋白;该细胞系可以用于筛选HBsAg转染细胞后,差异表达的蛋白质研究,为深入研究HBsAg可能的致病机制提供依据.     

乙型肝炎病毒S基因129Leu和145Arg变异株的抗原表达与DNA免疫研究

目的 研究我国发现的乙肝病毒S基因突变株(129Leu和145Arg)表达HBsAg及DNA免疫的特性. 方法 用自乙肝疫苗免疫无保护婴儿血清中克隆的2株变异S基因(其中"a"决定簇突变,分别为nt540A→T,aa129Gln→Leu和nt587G→A,aa145Gly→Arg)片段,置换已知核苷酸序列并可表达及复制的HBV1.2个拷贝全基因野毒株重组质粒p3.8Ⅱ的S基因.将重组质粒转染HepG2细胞,用Abbott试剂和24种单抗检测转染细胞培养上清中HBsAg的结合力.用重组质粒DNA肌肉免疫小鼠. 结果 129Leu变异株转染细胞上清对HBsAg酶联免疫反应检测的吸光度(A)值高于p3.8Ⅱ野毒株,而145Arg变异株的A值低于p3.8Ⅱ;用24种单抗测定的总趋势为129Leu表达的HBsAg 的S/C值高于p3.8Ⅱ,而145Arg的结果则低于p3.8Ⅱ.三者表达的HBeAg水平相似.用DNA免疫经129Leu诱生的抗-HBs水平低于野毒株p3.8Ⅱ,但略高于145Arg. 结论 129Leu变异株表达的HBsAg与HBs多抗及单抗的结合力较野毒株明显增高,但129Leu 变异株DNA免疫诱生的抗-HBs水平却低于野毒株p3.8Ⅱ.免疫原性低下可能有利于129Leu致持续性感染.     

乙型肝炎病毒表面抗原基因点突变对HBsAg抗原性的影响

目的 研究乙型肝炎病毒表面抗原(HBsAg)常见基因点突变对HBsAg抗原性的影响,了解我国目前常用的HBsAg检测试剂对HBV S基因突变株的检测灵敏性,减少漏检,有效控制乙肝病毒(HBV)感染的传播.方法 构建HBsAg重组野毒株和重组变异株表达质粒,分别将重组野毒株HBsAg表达质粒pSS1adw2及pSS1adr和重组变异株HBsAg表达质粒pSS1adw2-145Arg、pSS1adr-126 Ser和pSS1adr-126 Asn转染COS-7细胞,进行瞬时转染.采用市售HBsAg ELISA检测试剂盒对细胞上清进行抗原性检测.结果 野毒株HBsAg和两种126位变异株HBsAg具有较好的抗原性;145位点突变后、导致HBsAg的抗原性下降.结论 推测是由于145位点变异影响了"a"抗原决定簇的空间结构,从而降低了其与抗-HBs的结合能力.     

乙型肝炎病毒表面抗原突变体稳定表达细胞系的建立和抗原性鉴定

目的 探讨乙型肝炎(乙肝)病毒(HBV)表面抗原(HBsAg)阴性HBV感染的分子机制。方法 在对46例HBsAg阴性但血清HBVDNA阳性感染者的S基因序列进行分析的基础上，构建了6株新的HBsAg变异株(4株联合点突变株，2株插入变异株)的EBO-plpp真核表达载体，并转染了COS7细胞，建立了这6株HBsAg变异株的稳定表达细胞系。分别用酶联免疫法(ELISA)和放射免疫法(RIA)对细胞表达的HBsAg抗原性进行检测。结果 除1例插入变异株可检测到较弱的阳性外，其余5株均检测不到HBsAg的存在。结论 新发现的HBsAg联合点突变和氨基酸插入变异，均对HBsAg的抗原性有负面的影响，是造成HBsAg阴性HBV感染的直接原因。     

常见乙型肝炎病毒表面抗原突变体的抗原性分析

目的：研究乙型肝炎病毒（HBV）表面抗原突变株和野毒株对表面抗体结合能力的差异,探讨免疫漏检基因变异株的机制及对策。方法：应用基因重组技术构建HBsAg常见基因突变株和野毒株表达质粒,分别在COS－7细胞中瞬时表达,定量后用常规HBsAg免疫诊断试剂盒检测,观察重组抗原与不同抗－HBs的结合能力。结果：T126 S变异与单克隆抗体的结合力增高,G145R,K141 E和2株三位点同时变异株则明显下降,对M133T变异与单克隆抗体的结合力影响不大。变异株与多克隆抗体的结合力也有变化,但仍能检测到大部分变异株抗原。结论:“a”抗原决定簇氨基酸的置换影响了HBsAg与抗－HBs的结合能力,并且氨基酸的置换位置和特性对抗原性的影响各有不同。因此,建议应用HBsAg多克隆抗体或开发研制“免疫逃逸突变株”的特异性抗体,以完善HBsAg免疫诊断试剂的抗体组成,减少免疫诊断对常见基因变异株的漏检。     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.