冠脉内注射前列地尔对ST段抬高型心肌梗死急诊经皮冠状动脉介入效果的影响

目的探讨急诊经皮冠状动脉介入(PCI)冠脉内注射前列地尔对急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死(STEMI)患者心肌组织灌注水平和临床预后的影响。方法连续入选STEMI急诊PCI治疗的患者80例,随机分为对照组及治疗组各40例。对照组常规行PCI治疗,试验组在对照组治疗基础上开通血管后冠脉内注射前列地尔。观察两组心肌组织灌注水平及主要心血管事件(MACE)的发生情况。结果治疗组PCI术后梗死相关血管TIMI血流分级(TFG)Ⅲ级获得率及术后1 h ST段回落程度明显高于对照组,校正TIMI血流计数帧数(CTFC)显著少于对照组(P<0.05);治疗组术中慢血流和院内MACE的发生率明显少于对照组,术中无复流及30 d的MACE与对照组无统计学差异(P>0.05)。结论 STEMI患者PCI术中开通梗死相关血管后冠脉内注射前列地尔可改善心肌微循环,增加心肌灌注,减少慢血流及院内MACE。     

前列地尔对改善急性心肌梗死PCI术后微循环及患者预后的影响

目的:探讨前列地尔治疗急性心肌梗死经皮冠状动脉介入术(PCI)治疗后微循环障碍以及改善患者预后的临床效果。方法:将57例因ST段抬高型急性心肌梗死接受急诊PCI的患者随机分为2组,前列地尔组在术前30 min使用前列地尔注射液治疗,并在术后继续治疗7 d。通过检测校正的TIMI帧数计数(CTFC)、心肌声学造影(MCE)等多种方法评估心肌灌注,并观察患者在住院和随访期间心功能情况及主要心脏不良事件。结果:前列地尔组术后的TIMI 3级血流发生率明显高于对照组(P=0.038),术后CTFC值也较对照组明显升高(P0.001);在治疗6个月后前列地尔组的左室射血分数(LVEF)、舒张早期充盈最大速率(E峰)与心房收缩期最大充盈速率(A峰)的比值(E/A)、左室舒张末期内径(LVEDD)以及左室收缩末期内径(LVESD)均较治疗3 d后有明显改善(P均0.05),而室间隔厚度(IVST)以及左室后壁舒张末期厚度(LVPWD)则无明显变化;两组患者PCI术后48 h、术后7 d的MCE显示,前列地尔组的局部心肌血流量在术后7 d有显著升高(P0.05)。对照组在住院和随访期间发生6例严重心力衰竭以及1例死亡病例,前列地尔组在住院期间发生严重心力衰竭1例,在随访期间发生严重心力衰竭1例,无死亡病例,两组比较无统计学差异。结论:前列地尔可以有效地改善PCI术后的心脏血流灌注,减少无复流现象的发生,可能改善急性心肌梗死患者心功能及临床预后。     

早期冠状动脉内应用硝酸甘油和地尔硫卓对STEMI病人PCI术后心肌血流灌注的影响

目的探讨早期冠状动脉内应用硝酸甘油和地尔硫卓对经皮冠状动脉介入(PCI)治疗的急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死(STEMI)病人术后心肌血流灌注的影响。方法选取鹤壁市人民医院2017年1月—2017年12月收治的拟实施PCI治疗的70例STEMI病人,采用随机数字表法分为干预组和对照组,各35例。干预组在导丝通过病变血管后采用指引管注入硝酸甘油200μg、地尔硫卓200μg,随后开展常规介入治疗。对照组在导丝通过病变血管后采用指引管注入20 mL生理盐水,随后开展常规介入治疗。比较两组术后心肌梗死溶栓治疗(TIMI)血流分级、校正的TIMI计帧数(CTFC)、血清肌酸激酶同工酶(CK-MB)的峰值及达峰时间、血清C反应蛋白(CRP)、白细胞介素-10(IL-10)、脑钠肽(BNP)、左室射血分数(LVEF)、左室舒张末期内径(LVEDD)。结果 PCI术后,干预组TIMI血流分级明显优于对照组(P0.05);PCI术后,干预组CTFC帧数血清CRP、IL-10、BNP水平及CK-MB峰值均明显低于对照组(P0.05),达峰时间较对照组缩短(P0.05);PCI术后,干预组LVEDD值低于对照组(P0.05),LVEF值高于对照组(P0.05)。结论对于拟实施PCI治疗的STEMI病人,早期冠状动脉内应用硝酸甘油和地尔硫卓可改善病人心肌血流灌注。     

盐酸替罗非班在急性心肌梗死介入术中的应用及机制探讨

目的 观察盐酸替罗非班对行急诊冠脉介入治疗的ST段抬高型心肌梗死(STEMI)患者近期临床疗效影响,探讨其作用机制.方法 将95例行急诊介人治疗的STEMI患者随机分为两组,实验组于术前给予盐酸替罗非班静注.检测两组在介入术中及术后24、72 h凝血因子(TF、vWF)、细胞黏附分子(sICAM-1、sVCAM-1)水平,并观察记录心肌组织呈色分级(MBG)、校正TIMI计帧数(CTFC)、心电图ST段回落幅度及住院期间、术后30 d主要不良心脏事件(MACE)等.结果 与对照组比较,实验组术后凝血因子、黏附分子水平显著降低(P均<0.05),再通后90 min ST段回落幅度、MBG分级增加(P<0.05),CTFC帧数减少(P<0.05),MAC发生率显著降低(P<0.05).结论 替罗非班能降低AMI患者急诊PCI术后炎症反应,提高介入术后心肌组织灌注,改善近期临床预后;其机制与降低凝血因子、细胞黏附分子水平有关.     

丹参多酚酸盐对急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者经皮冠状动脉介入治疗血流的影响

目的探讨冠状动脉介入(percutaneous coronary intervention,PCI)术前静脉应用丹参多酚酸盐治疗对急性ST抬高型心肌梗死(ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction,STEMI)患者冠状动脉血流的影响。方法选择STEMI并接受急诊PCI治疗的患者共60例,随机分为观察组和对照组,各30例,两组患者常规使用冠心病二级预防药物,观察组患者在PCI术前加用丹参多酚酸盐治疗。观察两组患者在PCI术后罪犯血管校正的TIMI帧数(corrected TIMI frame count,CTFC)和TIMI心肌灌注分级(TIMI myocardial perfusion,TMP),以及术前及术后心肌标志物的变化。结果观察组患者术后罪犯血管基础CTFC帧数明显优于对照组[(24.82±6.27)vs(29.69±7.49),P0.01];观察组患者术后TMP血流3级的患者数明显多于对照组[(83.33%vs 56.67%),P0.05];观察组术后16h复查心肌损伤标志物,磷酸肌酸激酶(creatinekinase,CK),磷酸肌酸激酶同工酶(creatinekinase isoenzymes,CK-MB),肌钙蛋白I(troponin I,c Tn I)值明显低于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P0.01)。结论 STEMI患者PCI术前应用丹参多酚酸盐治疗,能显著改善患者术后冠状动脉血流,并减少心肌损伤。     

再灌注时间对急诊冠状动脉介入治疗心肌灌注的影响

目的:分析再灌注时间对急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死(STEMI)患者急诊经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(PCI)后心肌灌注及近期预后的影响。方法:101例首发STEMI并行急诊PCI的患者按症状发作至再灌注的时间(t)分为3组:t≤3h为A组,37例;3h0.05)。B组及C组PCI术后MBG0/1(58.06%、57.58%)和ST段回落不全(STR<50%)的比例(51.61%、54.55%)均高于A组(32.43%和27.03%,P<0.05),B组与C组间MBG、STR无统计学差异(P>0.05)。B组及C组在30d随访期间的死亡率、Killip分级和心源性休克发生率均显著高于A组(P<0.05)。结论:在STEMI急诊PCI中,12h内不同时间组获得TIMI 3级血流的比例相同,但再灌注时间<3h的患者心肌组织灌注水平提高,近期预后较好。     

再灌注时间对急诊冠状动脉介入治疗心肌灌注的影响

目的:分析再灌注时间对急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死(STEMI)患者急诊经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(PCI)后心肌灌注及近期预后的影响. 方法:101例首发STEMI并行急诊PCI的患者按症状发作至再灌注的时间(t)分为3组:t≤3 h为A组,37例;3 h0.05).B组及C组PCI术后MBG0/1(58.06%、57.58%)和ST段回落不全(STR<50%)的比例(51.61%、54.55%)均高于A组(32.43%和27.03%,P<0.05),B组与C组间MBG、STR无统计学差异(P>0.05).B组及C组在30 d随访期间的死亡率、Killip分级和心源性休克发生率均显著高于A组(P<0.05). 结论:在STEMI急诊PCI中,12 h内不同时间组获得TIMI 3级血流的比例相同,但再灌注时间<3 h的患者心肌组织灌注水平提高,近期预后较好.     

血栓抽吸对老年急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者直接PCI术的影响

目的研究血栓抽吸联合直接经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(PCI)对老年急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死(STEMI)患者的疗效。方法收集荆门市第一人民医院2011年1月至2013年12月因急性STEMI行直接PCI治疗的老年患者108例,年龄60~75岁。分为两组,对照组68例,行单纯PCI术;联合组40例,血栓抽吸联合PCI治疗。比较两组患者的基础资料、术后即刻冠状动脉造影、术后校正TIMI帧数(CTFC)以及住院期间和出院后6个月随访情况。结果 (1)两组间基线一致,具有可比性。(2)联合组术后TIMI血流分级、TIMI血流3级率、术后90 min ST段回落50%的比率均较对照组高(P0.05),而术后无复流率、CTFC明显低于对照组(P0.05);住院期间死亡率未见明显差异(P0.05)。(3)随访6个月后,两组患者全因死亡率、主要不良心脏事件及心绞痛再次住院率均未见明显差异(P0.05),但联合组左心室射血分数较对照组明显增高(P0.05)。结论血栓抽吸可有效减轻老年急性STEMI患者冠状动脉内的血栓负荷,明显改善PCI术后心肌组织微循环的灌注和心功能。     

PCI术中联合使用腺苷与盐酸替罗非班对老年急性ST段高型心肌梗死心肌微循环及心功能的影响

目的探讨经皮冠状动脉介入术(PCI)治疗围术期中冠状动脉内联合注射腺苷与盐酸替罗非班对老年急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死(STEMI)心肌微循环及心功能的影响。方法选择2011²013年老年急性前壁STEMI 160例患者行急诊PCI术,随机分为替罗非班组、腺苷组、联合药物组及对照组,每组40例。球囊预扩张梗死相关动脉(IRA)后,通过指引导管冠脉内给予腺苷和替罗非班。分别比较四组患者PCI术后冠脉血流TIMI分级、矫正TIMI计帧(CTFC)、心肌染色分级(MBG)、磷酸肌酸同工酶(CK-MB)及其酶峰曲线下面积,并对随访比较术后半年心脏超声各项指标。结果联合药物组矫正TIMI计帧(CTFC)、心肌微循环灌注MBG分别较腺苷组、替罗非班组、对照组明显改善(P<0.05),联合药物组冠脉血流TIMI分级与腺苷组、替罗非班组相比无明显差异(P>0.05),矫正TIMI计帧(CTFC)、心肌染色分级(MBG)明显改善(P<0.05);联合药物组心肌酶CK-MB酶峰以及CK-MB释放的酶峰下面积较腺苷组、替罗非班组明显降低(P<0.05);术后半年联合药物组较腺苷组、替罗非班组,心脏超声左心室射血分数(LVEF)、心脏指数(CI)、每搏指数(SVI)增加,左心室舒张末期容积(LVEDV)、左心室收缩末期容积(LVESV)减少(P<0.05)。结论对于老年STEAMI患者PCI围术期联合使用腺苷和盐酸替罗非班可以发挥药物的协同保护作用,进一步提高心肌微循环灌注水平,减少再灌注损伤,改善心功能。     

前列地尔对急性心肌梗死患者行急诊经皮冠状动脉介入治疗术后心功能的影响研究

目的探讨前列地尔对急性心肌梗死患者行急诊经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(PCI)术后心功能的影响。方法选择2013年4月—2014年5月在广东医学院附属厚街医院行急诊PCI的急性心肌梗死患者60例,随机分为试验组和对照组,各30例。两组患者均行急诊PCI,对照组给予硝酸甘油、替非罗班治疗,试验组在对照组治疗基础上于术中在冠状动脉罪犯血管远端注射前列地尔。两组患者均于急诊PCI术后2、4、8、12、16及24 h测定血清肌酸激酶(CK)、肌酸激酶同工酶(CK-MB)、乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)、内皮素(ET)和超敏C反应蛋白(hs-CRP)水平;急诊PCI术后24 h和7 d测定N-末端脑钠肽前体(NT-pro BNP)水平和左心室射血分数(LVEF);PCI术后即刻造影示校正的TIMI帧数(CTFC)。结果急诊PCI术后2、4、8、12、16及24 h试验组患者血清CK、CK-MB、LDH、ET、hs-CRP水平均低于对照组(P<0.05);术后24 h两组患者血清NT-pro BNP水平和LVEF比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);术后7 d试验组患者血清NT-pro BNP水平低于对照组,LVEF高于对照组(P<0.05)。PCI术后即刻试验组患者CTFC为(27.13±4.13)帧,低于对照组的(36.24±4.89)帧(P<0.05)。结论急诊PCI术中给予前列地尔可改善急性心肌梗死患者心肌微循环,通过扩张冠状动脉、抗炎等减轻心肌再灌注损伤,进而改善心功能。     

Aspiration coronary thrombectomy for acute myocardial infarction increases myocardial salvage

Objectives : The aim of the study was to assess if aspiration thrombectomy in high risk patients with STEMI and angiographic evidence of thrombus may improve myocardial salvage. Background : It is unclear if thrombus aspiration before percutaneous intervention (PCI) improves myocardial salvage. Methods : The trial was a prospective randomized study. The inclusion criteria were: first STEMI within 12 hr from symptoms onset, culprit lesion in left anterior descending or right coronary artery, culprit artery TIMI flow ≤ 2 and angiographic evidence of thrombus. The primary endpoint was myocardial salvage index (MSI) as assessed by ^99mTc‐sestamibi SPECT imaging. Results : We randomized 137 patients (98 male, mean age 64.1 ± 12.5 years) either to aspiration thrombectomy followed by standard PCI with stent implantation (n = 67) or to standard primary PCI (n = 70). Index perfusion defect was similar in both study groups: 34.2% ± 13.1% in thrombectomy group versus 37.1% ± 12.0% in primary PCI group (P = 0.2). MSI was larger in aspiration thrombectomy group than in control patients [25.4% (IQR 13.5–44) vs. 18.5% (IQR 7.7–30.3) respectively, P = 0.02]. The final infarct size was smaller in patients treated with aspiration thrombectomy (23.1% ± 13.3% vs. 28.9% ± 10.2% in the control group, P = 0.002). Conclusions : Aspiration thrombectomy improves myocardial salvage in high risk STEMI patients with angiographic evidence of thrombus. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

Magnetic resonance assessment of myocardial perfusion via catheter-based ventricle-coronary vein bypass in porcine myocardial infarction model.

OBJECTIVE: The goal of this study was to investigate the efficacy of VPASS with physiological measurements, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and histology in a porcine model of myocardial infarction. BACKGROUND: A catheter-based ventricle-to-coronary vein bypass (VPASS) has been proposed as a potential treatment strategy for refractory coronary artery disease patients. METHODS: In an acute setting, the VPASS implant was deployed percutaneously in three swine. The partial pressure of oxygen (PO(2)) in the anterior interventricular vein (AIV) and left ventricle (LV) were measured before and after VPASS implant with various combinations of balloon occlusion in the AIV and left anterior descending artery (LAD). In a separate chronic study, the VPASS procedure was completed on three swine with a mid-LAD occlusion. Thirty days post-VPASS procedure, angiography, contrast-enhanced MRI, and histology were performed to assess myocardial viability. Perfusion was analyzed using the average percent signal intensity change (APSIC) in the anterior walls (AW) and inferior walls (IW). RESULTS: The VPASS implant was performed without complication. Post-VPASS implantation, the distal AIV PO(2) increased up to the LV PO(2) level during simultaneous AIV and LAD blockage (432 +/- 24 mmHg). At day 30, quantitative perfusion analysis demonstrated no difference in APSIC between AW and IW (125 +/- 26% vs. 137 +/- 38%, P = 0.46). Delayed enhancement and histology showed focal subendomyocardial infarction. CONCLUSIONS: VPASS implant with simultaneous AIV and LAD occlusion allows perfusion of oxygenated blood to the distal AIV, which in the setting of an acute myocardial infarction model was capable of rescuing most of the myocardium at risk.     

Acute myocardial infarction and underlying stenosis severity.

OBJECTIVES: The objective of this study was to investigate the underlying stenosis severity of the culprit lesion in acute myocardial infarction. BACKGROUND: It is widely believed that myocardial infarction often occurs in angiographically mild luminal stenosis. This, however, is in contradiction with experience from interventional practice in primary PCI. METHODS: We performed quantitative coronary angiography (QCA) in 250 consecutive patients referred for acute percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) because of acute myocardial infarction (AMI). Fundamental for analysis was that a realistic estimate of underlying luminal narrowing before the infarction could be made angiographically that QCA could be performed and that one of two criteria was met: (1) spontaneous reflow allowing assessment of the lumen proximal and distal to the culprit lesion, or (2) coronary artery closed at arrival but reflow after uncomplicated wiring allowing assessment of the lumen proximal and distal to the culprit lesion. RESULTS: Of 250 consecutive patients (mean age 61.7 +/- 12.7 years, 48 women) referred for acute PCI, 156 patients (62%) fulfilled at least one of the above criteria for reliable QCA. In 151 of these patients (96%) the severity of the underlying stenosis was >50% and in 103 (66%) it was >70%. There were no differences in stenosis severity between the left anterior descending [LAD, (72 +/- 13)%, n = 57], left circumflex [Cx, (74 +/- 10)%, n = 20], and right coronary artery territory [RCA, (74 +/- 12)%, n = 76] (ANOVA, P = 0.76). There were no differences in stenosis severity between women [(73 +/- 13)%, n = 36] and men [(75 +/- 11)%, n = 120; P = 0.35]. CONCLUSION: In contrast to what is often believed, the majority of myocardial infarctions occurs in significant stenosis.     

Angiographic identification of primary coronary anomalies causing impaired myocardial perfusion

The origin and early branching of the coronary arteries is fairly constant. Anomalous origin of the coronary arteries, which produced significant abnormalities of myocardial perfusion, were documented in 13 adult patients undergoing investigation because of chest pain. All underwent surgical treatment with relief of the presenting symptoms. They can be divided into four groups: (1) Origin of the left anterior descending branch of the left coronary artery (LCA) from the pulmonary artery (PA) (three cases); (2) origin of the LCA from the anterior sinus. Acute angulation of the ostium and compression of the intramural segment of this coronary produced severe myocardial ischaemia in three patients. (3) Origin of the LCA from the right coronary artery with its proximal segment closely related to the noncoronary sinus (one patient) in whom relief of symptoms was obtained by surgery. (4) Origin of the LCA from the PA with reversal of coronary flow and left to right shunting (six patients). It is concluded that anomalies of the origin of the coronary arteries are rare, but can produce specific clinicopathological entities that can be diagnosed with confidence and corrected surgically. Moreover, the study emphasises the need for angiographic awareness of these coronary anomalies, even in adult patients in whom atherosclerotic disease would be the most likely finding at cardiac catheterisation.     

Acute myocardial infarction in a patient during dobutamine stress echocardiography

We report the case of a patient who developed an acute anteroseptal and inferior myocardial infarction during dobutamine stress echocardiography. The proposed mechanism for this event is discussed based on results obtained during emergency coronary angioplasty and subsequent clinical findings. Cathet. Cardiovasc. Diagn. 41:404–406, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Acute myocardial infarction

Transient left ventricular apical ballooning or Takotsubo syndrome (TS) is characterized by transient left ventricular dysfunction, electrocardiographic changes that mimic acute myocardial infarction (AMI), and minimal release of myocardial enzymes, with no evidence of obstructive coronary artery disease. Although prognosis and outcome are relatively good, reported complications include intraventricular thrombi and embolic events. We report an extremely rare case of AMI complicating the early in‐hospital course of a patient with TS. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Clinical methods to determine coronary flow and myocardial perfusion

In this overview, currently available clinical methods to measure flow in the coronary circulation will be discussed. Methods only applicable in the experimental laboratory or in the anaesthetized patient during cardiac surgery, will not be described. We distinguish between methods that measure global blood flow, and methods that determine regional flow, either at the level of the coronary arteries or at the level of the myocardium. Since it is difficult to measure coronary flow in absolute values, flow reserve is often used as an alternative. Flow reserve is calculated by dividing maximal flow, usually pharmacologically induced, by basal flow. Consequently, assessment of flow reserve requires only measurements of relative changes of coronary flow. The applicability and relative merits and limitations of the techniques are discussed.     

Promising though not yet proven: emerging strategies to promote myocardial salvage.

Remarkable advances in our ability to achieve early and sustained culprit vessel patency in acute myocardial infarction have been satisfying, but our enthusiasm must be tempered by the knowledge that the overall treatment strategy often leaves an inadequate long term clinical result. Early success of percutaneous therapy as judged at angiography does not ensure recovery of normal left ventricular function, the most important determinant of survival in acute myocardial infarction. That congestive heart failure and death still complicate apparently successful percutaneous procedures underscores the need to develop novel therapies which salvage jeopardized myocardium, limit infarct size and preserve left ventricular function. An ever-increasing body of data demonstrates a multifactorial mechanism of myocyte injury and microvascular collapse and also demonstrates that these injuries seem to have a profound impact on long-term outcomes. Given these findings, microvascular protection during the acute event has become the focus of a variety of emerging technologies. The goal of these mechanical and pharmacologic therapies is the restoration of normal metabolic function at the myocyte level. The acute pathologic mechanisms which contribute to sustained left ventricular dysfunction despite angiographically successful revascularization will be reviewed as will be several strategies being developed to counter these pathologic mechanisms.     

冠状动脉造影时心肌桥的检出率及其临床意义

目的探讨冠状动脉造影时心肌桥的检出率及其临床意义。方法2655例接受冠状动脉造影的患者,根据造影显示冠状动脉管腔收缩期狭窄程度判定心肌桥,并根据收缩期狭窄程度分为3级。结果共检出69例心肌桥,检出率2.6%,部位均位于左前降支。其中1级狭窄59例(85.5%),2级狭窄9例(13.0%),3级狭窄1例(1.4%)。21例(30.4%)在心肌桥近端有粥样硬化病变,28例(40.6%)有不同程度的心绞痛。1例95%收缩期狭窄病例置入冠脉内支架,其他病例经药物治疗,临床症状消失。结论冠状动脉造影时收缩期狭窄是临床判定心肌桥的唯一依据。心肌桥可导致缺血性心脏事件,对于有缺血症状者应予适当治疗。