动脉粥样硬化斑块的磁共振成像进展(三)——易损斑块的影像学评价

<正>所谓易损斑块,是指易于破裂导致急性血栓形成的斑块,或称不稳定斑块(unstable plaque)。有研究显示,由于正性重构作用的存在,冠状动脉造影常难以发现导致管腔狭窄程度<50%的斑块,而这种斑块可能为易损斑块。另有研究表明,急性冠状动脉综合征和卒中的主要病理基础,在于易损斑块表面溃疡形成、破裂与糜烂而继发血栓形成和动脉管腔闭塞,与动脉粥样硬化(As)导致的管腔狭窄程度并无显著相关性[3-4]。因此,评价As斑块的稳定性对于预测急性心脑血管事件的发生具有重要意义。     

易损斑块的病理生理机制及药理学进展

急性冠脉综合征（ACS）在我国已成为心脏病病人的主要病因之一.动脉粥样硬化斑块破裂或损伤,继而在局部形成血栓,进一步影响冠脉血流,这是ACS重要的病理生理过程,因此,易损斑块的稳定化治疗在减少心脏病事件的发生中占有重要地位.本文对易损斑块的病理生理机制及药理学治疗进展综述如下.     

易损血管的诊断进展

动脉粥样硬化是一种慢性发展的炎症性疾病,并且有很长的无症状期,其最终可致急性心血管事件,如心肌梗死、不稳定型心绞痛,甚至心源性猝死以及脑卒中。如何早期评估动脉粥样硬化,防止其进展成为关键。由此众多学者提出了易损血管的概念。易损血管更早于易损斑块,这对于预防心血管事件的发生及疾病的早期治疗非常有意义。现就易损血管学说及易损血管的诊断做一综述。     

虚拟组织学血管内超声检测冠状动脉易损斑块的临床应用进展

<正>动脉粥样硬化易损斑块(vulnerable plaque)破裂和继发血栓形成是导致急性心血管事件的主要原因。易损斑块具有薄纤维帽、大脂质核心及包含大量巨噬细胞在内的炎症细胞浸润的主要病理特征,即薄纤维帽粥样斑块(thin-cap fibroatheroma,TCFA),其易于破裂。易损斑块的早期识别和干预对于急性心血管事件的预防具有十分重要的意义。虚拟组织学血管内超声(virtual histology intravascular ultra-     

超声评价颈动脉粥样硬化斑块稳定性进展

<正>冠心病和缺血性脑卒中的主要病因是动脉粥样硬化,动脉粥样硬化斑块因破裂或糜烂导致血栓形成,是严重心脑血管事件发生的主要机制。易于破裂并导致血栓形成的斑块,称之为"易损斑块"。颈动脉相对于冠状动脉而言,位置表浅且运动较少,因此,很多研究选用颈动脉作为研究易损     

动脉粥样硬化易损斑块进展机制与临床干预

<正>冠心病的发病率和死亡率居高不下,其快速进展严重威胁人类健康与生命,而动脉粥样硬化(atherosclerosis, AS)是冠心病的病理基础,早期AS没有明显临床症状,而晚期AS斑块容易出现跳跃式阶段性生长,即从轻度损伤迅速发展为重度损伤到极高危状态,导致急性心血管事件。全面了解AS易损斑块的特征、快速进展机制及相关调控因素,早期识别并干预AS的发生、发展,有利于合理评估AS相关风险因素,早期阻断AS向晚期进展,进行精准医疗。     

熬上易损斑块形成及破裂的研究进展

动脉粥样硬化易损斑块的形成是一个复杂而又缓慢的病理过程,是心脑血管疾病的重要病理基础,而易损斑块的破裂及血栓的形成是导致急性冠脉综合征的重要因素。随着易损斑块概念的提出及认识的逐渐深入,越来越多的学者认为了解易损斑块的形成机制对心血管事件预防的起着重要的指导作用。本篇文章旨在对易损斑块的形成机制进行综述。     

髓过氧化物酶在冠心病发病过程中的作用

动脉粥样硬化(AS)是冠心病(CHD)的主要病理改变。急性冠脉综合征主要由易损AS斑块破裂引起。研究表明髓过氧化氢酶(MPO)在易损AS斑块形成早期及进展期起着重要作用。本文就MPO与CHD的相关性及其对临床心血管不良事件的预测价值作一综述。     

冠状动脉易损斑块的治疗进展

动脉粥样硬化是全身性、慢性炎症性疾病,以局部突出表现为主。冠状动脉粥样硬化是冠状动脉性心脏病最主要病因,冠状动脉性心脏病患者发生急性冠状动脉事件的后果十分严重,常危及生命,而易损斑块是导致急性冠状动脉综合征主要罪犯病变。因此,对易损斑块的早期识别以及积极干预,对于预防急性心血管事件的发生至关重要,具有非常重要的临床意义。现就冠状动脉易损斑块的治疗最新进展做一综述。     

胰岛素样生长因子结合蛋白-4作为动脉粥样硬化易损斑块标志物的研究进展

动脉易损斑块是导致主要不良心血管事件(MACEs)的重要危险因素,对易损斑块的早期准确评估及有效干预具有重要的临床意义。胰岛素样生长因子结合蛋白-4(IGFBP-4)是妊娠相关蛋白-A(PAPP-A)在易损斑块中水解的底物,可介导局部胰岛素样生长因子(IGF)释放,加速动脉粥样硬化斑块的进展,是易损斑块重要的生物标志物之一。易损斑块是急性冠脉综合征(ACS)的病理基础,是目前心血管领域的研究热点,本文综述了IGFBP-4在易损斑块发生发展中的作用及其判断易损斑块和预测MACEs的潜在作用。     

胰岛素瘤的解剖分布特点分析

目的胰岛素瘤是最常见的胰腺神经内分泌肿瘤，因其临床表现多样，导致诊断困难。影像学诊断尤其是超声内镜(EUS)在胰岛素瘤的诊断中起着重要作用，拥有较高的敏感性和特异性。本研究拟通过明确胰岛素瘤的解剖分布特点，以期有助于提高影像学的诊断准确率和降低漏诊率，尤其是在教育和培训实践中对于EUS的学习者更具有指导价值。 方法回顾性分析解放军总医院第一医学中心病案资料数据库1993年1月至2019年11月经外科手术、病理确诊为胰岛素瘤的患者的临床资料，检索方法采取搜索术后病理诊断为"胰岛素瘤"的病例，通过查阅病例的方法，提取出胰岛素瘤的大小和解剖分布等数据，进一步分析其特点。 结果共检索到确诊为胰岛素瘤的患者116例，其中，男45例、女71例，年龄13～76岁，平均年龄(44.4±14.85)岁。胰岛素瘤单发110例(94.8%)、多发6例(5.2%)。位置分布：头颈部46例(39.7%)，单发45例、多发1例；体尾部68例(58.6%)，单发65例、多发3例；全胰腺多发2例(1.7%)。病变大小特点：最大径0.4～3.4 cm，平均大小(1.53±0.58)cm。≤1 cm 29例、>1 cm而≤1.5 cm41例、>1.5 cm而≤2.0 cm28例，≤3 cm 15例，>3 cm 3例。年龄与肿瘤的大小相关，≤44岁患者肿瘤平均大小为(1.36±0.51)cm、>44岁患者肿瘤平均大小为(1.70±0.60)cm，P<0.05。头颈部的肿瘤大于体尾部的肿瘤，头颈部肿瘤平均大小(1.66±0.63)cm，体尾部(1.42±0.52)cm，P<0.05。 结论胰岛素瘤在胰腺体尾部较头颈部更好发；绝大多数单发，但可以全胰腺多发；多数小于1.5 cm，肿瘤的大小与患者年龄和肿瘤的解剖分布相关。     

Pathogenesis of carcinoma of the papilla of Vater

Most adenomas and carcinomas of the small intestine and extrahepatic bile ducts arise in the region of the papilla of Vater. In familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) it is the main location for carcinomas after proctocolectomy. In many cases symptoms due to stenosis lead to diagnosis at an early tumor stage. In about 80%, curative intended resection is possible. Operability is the most relevant prognostic factor. Most ampullary carcinomas resp. carcinomas of the papilla of Vater develop from adenomatous or flat dysplastic precursor lesions. They can be sited in the ampulloduodenal part of the papilla of Vater, which is lined by intestinal mucosa. They also can develop in deeper parts of the ampulla, which are lined by pancreaticobiliary duct mucosa. Intestinal-type adenocarcinoma and pancreaticobiliary-type adenocarcinoma represent the main histological types of ampullary carcinoma. Furthermore, there exist unusual types and undifferentiated carcinomas. Many carcinomas of intestinal type express the immunohistochemical marker profile of intestinal mucosa (keratin 7?, keratin 20+, MUC2+). Carcinomas of pancreaticobiliary type usually show the immunohistochemical profile of pancreaticobiliary duct mucosa (keratin 7+, keratin 20?, MUC2?). Even poorly differentiated carcinomas, as well as unusual histological types, may conserve the marker profile of the mucosa they developed from. These findings underline the concept of histogenetically different carcinomas of the papilla of Vater which develop either from intestinal- or from pancreaticobiliary-type mucosa of the papilla of Vater. Molecular alterations in ampullary carcinomas are similar to those of colorectal as well as pancreatic carcinomas, although they appear at different frequencies. In future studies, molecular alterations in ampullary carcinomas should be correlated closely with the different histologic tumor types. Consequently, the histologic classification should reflect the histogenesis of ampullary tumors from the two different types of papillary mucosa.     

Demonstration of the mechanism of action of biguanides

Summary Palmitic acid oxidation in rat diaphragm homogenate is depressed by biguanide concentrations that are still incapable of inhibiting oxidative phosphorylation. Glucose oxidation is not directly effected by the same biguanide concentrations: however, the inhibitory effect of palmitic acid on glucose oxidation is partly removed by biguanides. Inhibition of fatty acid oxidation, which accounts for most of the metabolic effects caused by these drugs, can be regarded as the fundamental mechanism of action of biguanides. There is some evidence suggesting that these drugs might interact with carnitine, thus preventing long-chain fatty acids from being transported across the mitochondrial membrane to the site of oxidation. Traduzione a cura degli AA.     

Lack of correlation of degree of villous atrophy with severity of clinical presentation of coeliac disease

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Both the clinical presentation and the degree of mucosal damage in coeliac disease vary greatly. In view of conflicting information as to whether the mode of presentation correlates with the degree of villous atrophy, we reviewed a large cohort of patients with coeliac disease. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We correlated mode of presentation (classical, diarrhoea predominant or atypical/silent) with histology of duodenal biopsies and examined their trends over time. RESULTS: The cohort consisted of 499 adults, mean age 44.1 years, 68% females. The majority had silent coeliac disease (56%) and total villous atrophy (65%). There was no correlation of mode of presentation with the degree of villous atrophy (p=0.25). Sixty-eight percent of females and 58% of males had a severe villous atrophy (p=0.052). There was a significant trend over time for a greater proportion of patients presenting as atypical/silent coeliac disease and having partial villous atrophy, though the majority still had total villous atrophy. CONCLUSIONS: Among our patients the degree of villous atrophy in duodenal biopsies did not correlate with the mode of presentation, indicating that factors other than the degree of villous atrophy must account for diarrhoea in coeliac disease.     

氯硝柳胺悬浮剂的毒性评价

目的评价氯硝柳胺悬浮剂的毒性，为现场大规模应用灭螺提供依据。方法按照中华人民共和国国家标准GB 15670-1995《农药登记毒理学试验方法》和鱼类毒性试验方法进行。结果经口、经皮肤的LDso雌、雄性大鼠均>5 000 mg/kg，经呼吸道的LCso雌、雄性大鼠均>5 000mg/m3，该药经口、经皮肤、经呼吸道毒性均属微毒类药物；兔眼用药后，观察期内无不良反应，对眼无刺激性；皮肤用药后对皮肤无刺激性。与氯硝柳胺原药、氯硝柳胺乙醇胺盐原药和氯硝柳胺乙醇胺盐可湿性粉剂相比，氯硝柳胺悬浮剂对鱼急性毒性最低。结论氯硝柳胺悬浮剂属微毒类药物，对鱼的毒性低于其乙醇胺盐可湿性粉剂，适合于现场应用。     

血吸虫童虫生长发育及其机制的研究进展

血吸虫童虫是宿主免疫系统攻击的重要靶标,包括皮肤型、肺型和肝门型童虫。宿主分子对童虫生长发育具有重要作用。童虫生长发育机制包括免疫调节、信号转导、性别发育及凋亡等。肌动蛋白、组织蛋白酶、烯醇化酶和葡萄糖基转移酶等分子为血吸虫童虫生长发育的重要分子。本文对血吸虫童虫生长发育及其机制的研究进展做一综述。     

124例耐多药结核分枝杆菌基因突变特征分析

目的对临床分离的耐多药结核分枝杆菌相关基因的突变特征进行分析。方法对124例耐多药结核分枝杆菌以及50株敏感株的耐药相关基因(包括异烟肼inh A、kat G、oxyR-ahp C间隔区以及利福平rpo B)进行序列测定,分析其基因突变情况。结果异烟肼耐药inh A基因突变率为14.5%;kat G基因突变率为70.2%(87/124),主要位于315位;oxyR-ahp C间隔区突变率为15.3%;inh A、kat G两种基因同时突变率75.0%,三种基因同时突变率为89.5%。利福平rpo B基因突变的检出率高达95.2%,突变主要发生在531、526、516位点。结论我省耐多药菌异烟肼耐药相关基因最常见突变为kat G 315、inh A C-T(-15)、axyR-ahp C间隔区(-10)C-T,利福平为rpo B531、526、516。结合MDR-TB耐药相关基因的特征分析,可以建立一种快速、准确、特异的适合于我省的检测结核菌耐多药性的新方法。     

Assessment of quality of life of parents of children with juvenile chronic arthritis

The aim of the study was to assess the quality of life (QOL) and the psychological status of parents of children with juvenile chronic arthritis (JCA). The QOL, anxiety and depression of the parents of 28 children with JCA were evaluated and compared to those of the parents of 28 healthy children. Mothers of JCA children and mothers of healthy children reported similar QOL. The reported anxiety and depression levels were similar for mothers and fathers in both groups. The parents of children with pauciarticular-type JCA reported lower QOL and higher levels of anxiety and depression than the parents of children with other types, namely polyarticular and systemic JCA. These findings may be explained by the fact that the pauciarticular patients had shorter disease duration and were less frequently seen in the outpatient clinic. The QOL of mothers of children with JCA was found to be slightly impaired in the group of children with pauciarticular JCA. Future larger studies are needed to confirm these results, as the number of subjects in the three groups was rather low. Received: 26 September 2001 / Accepted: 8 February 2002     

Numerical Simulation of the Effect of Rate of Change of Glucose on Measurement Error of Continuous Glucose Monitors

Background

A 5-day in-patient study designed to assess the accuracy of the FreeStyle Navigator® Continuous Glucose Monitoring System revealed that the level of accuracy of the continuous sensor measurements was dependent on the rate of glucose change. When the absolute rate of change was less than 1 mg•dl⁻¹•min⁻¹ (75% of the time), the median absolute relative difference (ARD) was 8.5%, with 85% of all points falling within the A zone of the Clarke error grid. When the absolute rate of change was greater than 2 mg•dl⁻¹•min⁻¹ (8% of the time), the median ARD was 17.5%, with 59% of all points falling within the Clarke A zone.

Method

Numerical simulations were performed to investigate effects of the rate of change of glucose on sensor measurement error. This approach enabled physiologically relevant distributions of glucose values to be reordered to explore the effect of different glucose rate-of-change distributions on apparent sensor accuracy.

Results

The physiological lag between blood and interstitial fluid glucose levels is sufficient to account for the observed difference in sensor accuracy between periods of stable glucose and periods of rapidly changing glucose.

Conclusions

The role of physiological lag on the apparent decrease in sensor accuracy at high glucose rates of change has implications for clinical study design, regulatory review of continuous glucose sensors, and development of performance standards for this new technology. This work demonstrates the difficulty in comparing accuracy measures between different clinical studies and highlights the need for studies to include both relevant glucose distributions and relevant glucose rate-of-change distributions.     

治疗高血压药物的经济学评价

重视高血压治疗中的经济学评价,对利用我国有限的卫生资源来遏制高血压对人民群众的危害有着重要的现实意义。药物经济学对于药物治疗的成本和治疗的结果给予同样的关注。因为治疗高血压的费用,不仅涉及药物价格,还包括患者的危险水平,降压疗效和对临床终点事件的影响,以及治疗的依从性和安全性。因此药物经济学更强调整体成本和价-效比。低危病人,若非药价低廉,治疗的价-效比不够理想。而在高危的患者,价-效比越小越经济而不是药费越便宜越好。