三维适形放疗治疗86例肝癌的临床疗效分析

目的探讨三维适形放射治疗技术（3-DCRT）治疗肝癌的有效性和安全性。方法对86例原发性肝癌患者应用三维适形放射治疗，其中男性患者64例，女性22例，单次剂量3-4Gy，每周3-4次，DT36-60Gy。结果86例中可评价疗效的有81例，获CR4例，PR38例，NC21例，PD18例。RR为51.9%（42/81），DCR为77.8%（63/81），1年生存率为53.1%（43/81）。AFP值下降者31例，下降率为68.9%（31/45）其中下降1/2以上者20例。毒副作用主要为近期胃肠道反应，经对症处理恢复正常。13例患者出现Ⅰ-Ⅱ度白细胞下降，发生率为16.1%（13/81）。8例患者出现Ⅰ度血小板下降，发生率为9.9%（8/81）。放疗中肝脏急性不良反应1级7例，发生率为8.6%（7/81），经积极护肝治疗恢复正常。2例乙型肝炎合并有肝硬化患者，分别于放疗结束2个月及6个月时发生严重的肝脏损害。结论三维适形放射治疗原发性肝癌疗效好，毒副作用轻，但应该严格掌握其治疗的适应证。     

三维适形放射治疗56例中晚期肝癌

目的：探讨X射线三维适形放射治疗中晚期肝癌的近期疗效和副反应。方法：56例肝脏恶性肿瘤（62个病灶），其中43例为原发性肝癌，13例为转移性肝癌，采用三维适形放疗技术（3DCRT）治疗，设射野5－7个，治疗次数5－10次，每次间隔1－2天，每次治疗周边剂量4－8Gy，总剂量DT：30－45Gy。结果：治疗后1－3个月内根据CT或MRI复查肿瘤退缩情况确定15病灶CR（24％），31个PR（50％），10个NC（16％），6个PD（10％），总有效率（CR＋PR）达74％。结论：三维适形放射治疗肝脏恶性肿瘤是一种安全有效的方法，副反应少，能为大多数患者所耐受，有较好的近期疗效，小病灶疗效更好；远期疗效和后期放射损伤有待进一步观察。     

三维适形放射治疗25例肝癌临床分析

目的评价肝癌用三维适形放射治疗的疗效。方法对25例肝癌患者采用三维适形放射治疗,原发性肝癌16例,转移性肝癌9例;7例曾行1。2次介入治疗。肿瘤体积2．91～685．9cm^3,平均125．25cm^3,中位体积14．05cm^3。设3—5个共面等中心照射野,80％。90％的等剂量线包绕PTV,靶区包括肿瘤边缘外0．5～1．5cm,用6MV—X线照射,总量为DT43．2—54Gy,2．25—3．6Gy／F,每周5次,放疗结束后1-2个月复查CT。结果本组25例,CR5例（20％）,PR14例（56％）,SD5例（20％）,PD1例（4％）,有效率CR＋PR为76％。结论三维适形放射治疗适用于肝癌的治疗,不良反应小,效果明显,但制订治疗计划时应充分考虑放射性肝病的发生概率。     

三维适形放疗结合介入治疗治疗原发性肝癌的疗效

目的:评价三维适形放射治疗结合介入治疗原发性肝癌的疗效。方法:对61例不能手术的原发性肝癌患者进行介入治疗两次,其中31例结合三维适形放射治疗,30例单纯介入三维适形放射治疗,采用8mv-X线,单剂量为5Gy,隔日1次,总剂量为DT40Gy～50Gy。结果:三维适形放疗结合介入组近期有效率(CR PR)83.9%,对照组53.3%,两组有显著差异,1、2、3年的生存率综合组为67.7%、54.8%、38.7%,对照组为53.3%、50%、16.7%,两者差异显著。结论:对于不能手术切除的原发性肝癌,3DCRT结合TACE有较好的疗效。     

35例脑胶质瘤术后三维适形放射治疗

背景与目的：脑胶质瘤是颅内常见肿瘤，手术是主要的治疗手段，术后常需补充放射治疗。三维适形放疗是近几年发展起来的一种特殊放射治疗技术。本文旨在初步探讨三维适形放射治疗脑胶质瘤的疗效及不良反应。方法：35例脑胶质瘤患者，其中术后残留34例，术后放疗后复发1例，均接受三维适形放射治疗，予4～6个野共面或非共面照射，3例脑干肿瘤DT50～54Gy／25～27F，其他部位肿瘤DT56～60Gy／28～30F，每日一次，每周5次。结果：随访6-38个月，完全缓解25．7％（9／35），部分缓解48．6％（17／35），稳定14．3％（5／35），疾病进展8．6％（3／35），缓解率为74．3％；6个月、1年、2年生存率分别为94．3％、78．5％、53．9％。CT或MRI显示脑水肿9例，未见严重放射反应发生。结论：采用三维适形放射治疗技术治疗脑胶质瘤安全、有效，无严重不良反应。     

对巨大肝癌进行术前放射治疗的探讨

目的：探讨不能切除巨大肝癌经术前放射治疗缩小后切除的新途径。方法：术前放射治疗采用曾认为对肝癌疗效欠满意的放疗技术加以改良为全肝移动条野照射、缩野技术和分段放疗,放射总量达50—60Gy,放疗后3—4周,肝癌缩小后切除。结果：1987年6月-2000年12月,经放射治疗不能切除巨大肝癌84例,缩小后入选12例二步切除。此12例肝癌经术前放疗后,肿瘤最大径由11—18cm（中位14cm）缩小为6～8cm（中位7cm）;CT显示肝门淋巴结转移灶2cm、癌旁多个卫星病灶1—3cm各1例经放疗后病灶消失;1例AFP转阴者病理仍发现有存活的肝癌细胞。无手术死亡。未见放射性肝炎或术后严重并发症。随访：放射剂量〈50Gy者3例术后6—10月复发死亡;〉50Gy者生存1年以上9例（75．0％）,3年以上5例（41．6％）,5年以上4例（33．3％）,10年以上3例（25．0％）,17年以上1例仍健在。结论：术前放疗采用全肝移动条野照射、缩野技术和分段放疗是不能切除巨大肝癌的缩小后切除的新途径。采用放射剂量50—60Gy,放疗后3～4周手术可能比较适宜,远期随访结果令人鼓舞。     

原发性肝癌肝动脉插管化疗栓塞术后联合三维适形放疗的疗效观察

目的：观察肝动脉插管化疗栓塞术（TACE）后行三维适形放射治疗（3DCRT）治疗不能手术的原发性肝癌的疗效和副作用。方法：分析48例不能手术的原发性肝癌患者行肝动脉插管化疗栓塞术后行三维适形放射治疗的效果。根据肿瘤位置和体积确定放疗剂量，分次剂量3Gy-6Gy，总剂量42Gy-60Gy。结果：完全缓解（CR）10例，部分缓解（PR）35例，未缓解（NR）2例，进展（PD）1例，总有效率为93、75％。1年生存率87．5％，2年生存率54％。AFP下降率为100％。肝脏急性不良反应1级5例，2级2例，无3、4级不良反应。结论：不能手术的原发性肝癌经TACE和3DCRT综合治疗可以提高疗效及生活质量，不增加毒副作用。     

介入化疗联合放射治疗原发性巨块型肝癌的研究

目的观察介入治疗联合三维适形放疗治疗原发性巨块型肝癌的临床疗效及毒副作用。方法对58例患者介入治疗1～2次后，应用治疗计划系统（treatment planning system，TPS）制定治疗计划，行三维适形放疗。结果治疗后完全缓解（CR）4例，占6．89％，部分缓解（PR）31例，占53．44％，无变化（NC）19例，占32．76％，总有效率CR＋PR为60．34％；1、2年的生存率分别为70．1％，50％。介入治疗后部分患者出现恶心、呕吐、纳差、上腹部不适、腹胀等胃肠道反应。放疗后18例出现右上腹痛，9例出现肝功能损伤，但程度较轻。结论介入化疗联合三维适形放疗能提高原发性巨块型肝癌的临床疗效，延长生存期，毒副作用可耐受。     

三维适形放射治疗鼻咽癌残留与复发20例报道

目的：初步评价三维适形放射治疗鼻咽癌残留与复发的临床价值。方法：20例鼻咽癌放疗后残留病变与复发的患者，应用三维适形放疗计划系统，6MV-X射线照射，总剂量DT25 Gy-40Gy，1个-2个中心，边缘参考剂量为80％-90％。每次5Gy，隔1d-2d1次。结果：肿瘤完全消退60％，部分消退25％，缩小10％，不能评价者为5％。1a、2a、3a的总生存率和无瘤生存率分别为85％、70％、66．7％和75％、65％、53．3％。结论：初步认为三维适形放射治疗鼻咽癌残留与复发有较好的临床效果。     

肝癌三维适形放射治疗临床疗效评价

目的:探讨三维适形放射治疗原发性肝癌的疗效及放疗反应.方法:从1997年3月到2000年10月,用三维适形放射治疗的方法治疗原发性肝癌患者89例,肿瘤体积36～492cm3,用Elekta公司的TPS设计治疗计划,并根据DVH图进行计划优化.治疗采用6MV-X线,处方剂量4～5Gy/次,隔日照射一次,5～6个共面或非共面野进行适形照射,共治疗8～10次,总剂量40Gy,整个疗程16～20天.近期疗效按WHO实体肿瘤疗效标准评价,正常组织的放射反应按RTOG标准评价.结果:近期疗效:放疗结束后三个月,完全缓解率(CR)为29.2%(26/89),部分缓解率(PR)为49.4%(44/89),总有效率(PR CR)为78.7%.1、2、3年生存率分别为64.0%(57/89)、41.6%(37/89)和28.1%(25/89).肿瘤体积越小,疗效越好(P=0.005).放疗反应主要为消化道反应和肝脏放射性损伤,肝脏的放射性损伤和受照射体积有关.结论:三维适形放射治疗原发性肝癌有较好的疗效,放射反应可以耐受.     

立体定向放射治疗胸部肿瘤初步结果

目的：探讨立体定向放射治疗在胸部肿瘤治疗中的应用。方法：自1999年9月--2002年8月，对36例经病理证实的胸部肿瘤进行了立体定向放射治疗。其中原发性肺癌22例，转移性肺癌12例，纵隔肿瘤2例。其中鳞癌16例，腺癌15例，小细胞癌2例，胚胎性癌1例，胸腺瘤1例，软组织肉瘤1例。原发性肿瘤放疗先采用普通外照射50Gy／25次／5周，结束后即行立体定向放射治疗，对于不规则形病灶使用多叶光栅，球形病灶采用圆形限光筒。5-6个共面或非共面野，每次4Gy，每周照射3次，共4-5次。转移性肿瘤单纯立体定向放射治疗，1-4个拉弧照射，每次4Gy，每周3次，共7-10次。立体定向放疗时肿瘤体积为1．85cm^3至104．61cm^3(中位体积24．96cm^3)。结果：治疗结束后2个月拍摄胸部CT片进行疗效评价。可评价疗效的34例中，CR13例，PR14例，NC5例，PD2例。中位随访时间为24个月。一年和二年生存率分别为74.1％和38．4％。毒副反应主要为放射性肺损伤。其中急性放射性肺炎1级17例，2级10例，3级1例，5级2例(该2例肿瘤体积均超过60cm^3且为非共面照射)。晚期放射性肺纤维化1级20例，2级8例。结论：立体定向放射治疗作为普通外照射的补充在胸部肿瘤的治疗中近期疗效较好，远期疗效有待进一步观察。但要注意照射技术，照射体积不宜过大，适当调整非共面照射角度，避免正常肺组织的受照容积过大。     

伽马刀治疗22例巨块型原发性肝癌临床观察

目的:分析伽马刀治疗巨块型原发性肝癌的疗效及预后因素。方法:2005年8月至2012年4月22例巨块型肝癌行伽马刀治疗,以40%-60%等剂量曲线为处方剂量线,中位剂量42Gy（范围30-50Gy）,3-5Gy/次, 9-13次完成。靶区为肝内病灶包括或不包括门脉癌栓。治疗后每1-3个月行血液和影像学检查（CT或MRI）。随访时间3-36个月,2013年9月结束。结果:总生存期3-36个月,中位生存期6.5个月,1-3年生存率分别为31.8%、22.7%、4.5%,有效率68.2%（CR 3例,PR 12例,SD 6例, PD 1例）。5例出现RTOG标准III级晚期放射性肝损伤。Kanplan-meier单因素分析显示AFP（P=0.002）、等效生物剂量（P=0.002）的生存差异有统计学意义（AFP＜1171ng/ml好于≥1171ng/ml,≥60Gy好于<60Gy）;COX多因素分析显示等效生物剂量是有意义的预后影响因素（P=0.009）。 结论:伽马刀治疗为巨块型肝癌可选方式之一,巨块型肝癌仍应给予足够剂量以改善肿瘤局控率和预后。     

A phase I dose escalation trial of yttrium-90 microspheres in the treatment of primary hepatocellular carcinoma.

METHODS. Ten patients with primary hepatocellular carcinoma were treated with intraarterial instillation of yttrium-90 (Y-90) microspheres, including eight men and two women (median age, 52 years; range, 29-69 years). Four patients were treated at a targeted hepatic dose of 50 Gy, two at 75 Gy, and four at 100 Gy. RESULTS. In 8 of the 10 patients, there was a significant concentration of Y-90 in localized tumor masses with tumor-to-liver perfusion ratios from 1.0:1-10.0:1. No patient had a complete or partial response, but 10 patients had stable disease (median duration, 10 weeks; range, 5-64 weeks). The median survival was 18 weeks (range, 2-150 weeks), and three patients lived longer than 1 year. Significant bone marrow or hepatic toxicity was not seen. One patient had a radiation-induced duodenal ulcer that required surgical management. CONCLUSIONS. Intraarterial instillation of Y-90 microspheres appears to be safe and deserves additional evaluation to determine whether there is meaningful activity in patients with primary hepatocellular carcinoma.     

60例超长食管癌放射治疗近期疗效及生存分析

 我院自1976年元月至1990年12月对所收治的超长食管癌X片显示病变长度≥8cm的60例患者进行了高姑息乃至根治性放射治疗。总剂量在DT50Gy-78Gy.这些病例均得到组织学或细胞学证实。近期疗效为显效14例，占23%;有效36例，占60%;总有效率为83%.其1、3、5年生存率分别为55%（33/60）、16.6%（10/60）、6.25%（3/48）.说明超长食管癌和-般食管癌具有同样的治疗效果。只要患者-般情况允许，就应争取行根治放疗，以期提高生存质量和生存期。     

Clinical results and prognostic factors in radiotherapy for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma: a retrospective study of 158 patients

PURPOSE: To analyze the treatment results and prognostic factors affecting survival in patients with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma treated with local radiotherapy (RT). METHODS AND MATERIALS: Between 1992 and 2000, 158 patients with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma received local RT. Sixty-seven patients had an advanced UICC Stage III lesion and 91 patients had Stage IVA. The mean tumor size was 9.0 +/- 3.0 cm, and liver cirrhosis was present in 142 patients. Local RT was combined with transarterial chemoembolization as primary treatment (107 patients) or as salvage after failure of repeated transarterial chemoembolization (51 patients). The mean radiation dose was 48.2 +/- 7.9 Gy in daily 1.8-Gy fractions. RESULTS: The mean follow-up was 21.6 months after diagnosis and 14.6 months after RT. The response rate was 67.1%. The overall survival rate at 2 and 5 years was 30.5% and 9%, respectively, from the time of diagnosis (median survival time 16 months) and 19.9% and 4.7%, respectively, after RT (median survival time 10 months). On univariate analysis, tumor size (p = 0.047), the presence of portal vein thrombosis (p = 0.007), and RT dose (p = 0.001) were significant factors for survival. However, on multivariate analysis, RT dose was the only significant factor (p = 0.01). CONCLUSION: Local RT achieved substantial tumor regression and survival. The radiation dose was found to be a significant prognostic factor in the RT of hepatocellular carcinoma. Additional efforts for dose escalation are warranted to improve the treatment results in parallel with better protecting the nontumorous liver.     

48例复发性肝细胞癌再次切除术后的疗效及预后因素分析

目的:分析复发性肝细胞癌行再次切除术后的疗效和影响预后的因素。方法:回顾性分析中山大学附属肿瘤医院和江西省人民医院1995年7 月至2003年7 月48例复发性肝细胞癌患者行再次肝切除术的临床病理资料,包括患者性别、年龄、原发肿瘤和复发肿瘤的病理学特征、再次肝切除术前全身状况、复发的出现时间及生存期等,根据随访结果计算总生存率和无瘤生存率,并作单因素及多因素分析。结果:48例患者再次切除术后中位生存时间36.3 个月,1、3、5 年累积生存率分别为81.3% 、45.8% 、27.1% ,1、3、5 年无瘤生存率分别为70.8% 、25.0% 、16.7% 。单因素分析结果显示:原发肿瘤TNM分期、原发肿瘤伴血管侵犯、复发间隔时间、复发肿瘤大小、复发肿瘤TNM分期、复发肿瘤伴血管侵犯影响再切除术后累积生存率;复发间隔时间、原发肿瘤TNM分期、复发肿瘤大小、复发肿瘤有无血管侵犯、复发肿瘤病理分级和AFP 水平影响再切除术后无瘤生存率。多因素分析显示:复发间隔时间、复发肿瘤TNM分期是影响复发性肝癌再切除术后累积生存的独立危险因素;复发间隔时间、复发肿瘤大小是影响其无瘤生存的独立危险因素。结论:肝内复发间隔时间短（≤24个月）、复发肿瘤直径>5cm、复发肿瘤TNM分期越晚,提示再次切除术后预后不良。      

A phase I trial of stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) for liver metastases

PURPOSE: To determine the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) of stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) for liver metastases. METHODS AND MATERIALS: A multicenter Phase I clinical trial was conducted. Eligible patients had one to three liver metastases, tumor diameter <6 cm, and adequate liver function. The first cohort received 36 Gy to the planning target volume (PTV) in three fractions (F). Subsequent cohorts received higher doses up to a chosen maximum of 60 Gy/3F. At least 700 mL of normal liver had to receive a total dose <15 Gy. Dose-limiting toxicity (DLT) included acute Grade 3 liver or intestinal toxicity or any acute Grade 4 toxicity. The MTD was exceeded if 2/6 patients in a cohort experienced DLT. RESULTS: Eighteen patients were enrolled (10 male, 8 female): median age, 55 years (range, 26-83 years); most common primary site, colorectal (6 patients); median aggregate gross tumor volume, 18 ml (range, 3-98 ml). Four patients had multiple tumors. No patient experienced a DLT, and dose was escalated to 60 Gy/3F without reaching MTD. CONCLUSIONS: Biologically potent doses of SBRT are well tolerated in patients with limited liver metastases. Results of this study form the basis for an ongoing Phase II SBRT study of 60 Gy over three fractions for liver metastases.     

肿瘤体积和放疗剂量对体部γ刀治疗肝细胞肝癌的预后影响

目的 探索GTV和放疗剂量对体部γ刀治疗肝细胞肝癌的预后影响。 方法 回顾分析2012—2015年间 69例体部γ刀治疗肝细胞肝癌患者临床资料。采用50%或60%等剂量曲线覆盖计划靶区,单次 4~5 Gy,边缘总剂量 36~50 Gy (中位数45 Gy)。观察其近期疗效、总生存期及不良反应。采用ROC曲线确定肿瘤体积最佳界值。采用Kaplan-Meier法计算生存率,Logrank检验和单因素分析,Cox模型多因素分析。 结果 69例患者放疗近期总有效率为67%。1、2年生存率分别为62%、40%,中位生存期18.6个月。多因素分析显示GTV<93 cm³(P=0.013)及放疗近期有效(P=0.000)是影响生存的因素。GTV<93 cm³时患者≥45 Gy亚组预后明显好于<45 Gy亚组(P=0.019),而GTV≥93 cm³组患者中剂量大小对生存期无明显影响(P=0.665)。 结论 肿瘤体积是影响局部晚期肝癌患者生存的独立预后因素。小体积肿瘤行大剂量放疗患者生存获益。对肿瘤体积较大患者不宜强行追求高剂量照射。     

Local radiotherapy for patients with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma

PURPOSE: To evaluate the response to local radiotherapy (RT) for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and to analyze the dose-response relationship and the treatment-related morbidities. METHODS AND MATERIALS: Between 1998 and 2002, 59 patients who were treated with localized RT were evaluated. RT was delivered with a curative intent, and the radiation dose was 30-55 Gy (biologic effective dose of 39.0-70.2 Gy(10) using the alpha/beta ratio of 10 Gy) with 2-3 Gy as a daily dose. The tumor response was evaluated by the change in maximum tumor size on serial CT scans, and the morbidity was evaluated by the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events v3.0. RESULTS: An objective tumor response was achieved in 39 of 59 patients (66.1%) with complete response (CR) in 5 patients and partial response (PR) in 34 patients. More than 50 Gy(10) had a significant response; CR or PR was 72.8% with >50 Gy(10) and 46.7% with < or =50 Gy(10) (p = 0.0299). The 2-year overall survival rate after RT was 27.4% (median survival time: 10 months), and this was affected by the tumor response (p = 0.0640); the 2-year overall survival rate after RT was 50.0% for CR and 21.8% for PR. There was no Grade 3 or 4 acute toxicity, and 3 patients (5.1%) developed gastric or duodenal ulcer. CONCLUSIONS: Radiotherapy for unresectable HCC resulted in 66.1% of tumor response with acceptable toxicity, and the radiation dose seems to be a significant prognostic factor in RT response for HCC.     

Is there a place for radiation therapy in the management of hepatoblastomas and hepatocellular carcinomas in children?

From May 1978 to August 1988, 15 children with a primary malignant liver tumor received radiation therapy as part of their management at the Institut Gustave-Roussy. Age ranged from 4 months to 13 years. The male to female ratio was 1.5. Eleven patients had a histologically proven hepatoblastoma, two a hepatocellular carcinoma, and histology was not documented in two. Resection of the primary liver tumor was performed in nine cases, and all patients also received sequential chemotherapy, generally preoperative and alternating vincristine, doxorubicin, cyclophosphamide with vincristine, cyclophosphamide, and cis-platinum. Radiotherapy was performed postoperatively in eight incompletely resected patients. Six of eight are alive and free of disease 4-83 months following treatment (median 39 months) and 11-98 months since diagnosis (median 45 months). All but one were treated to limited fields to a total dose of 25-45 Gy (median 40 Gy). One patient became resectable by a combination of 24 Gy to the whole liver and concomitant 5FU and Cis-Platinum and remains with no evidence of disease 68 months following radiation therapy. Of four unresectable primaries, only one was controlled by radiotherapy. Neither of two children with pulmonary metastases were controlled by whole lung irradiation to a dose of 18 and 20 Gy, respectively, and one still remains stable 41 months after resection of a residual metastatic nodule. Neither of two hepatocellular carcinomas were controlled by doses up to 40 Gy. This small series suggests that in hepatoblastoma, radiotherapy to a total of 25-45 Gy fractionated doses, combined with chemotherapy, can play a role in selected inoperable children and also in those with minimal postoperative residues below 2 cm. It also indicates that in hepatocellular carcinoma, radiotherapy is ineffective in this dose-range.