Intérêt d’un réentraînement à l’effort intermittent individualisé chez l’adolescent obèse

Introduction

To assess in six obese teenagers, the effects of 30 sessions (three days/week) of 50-minute individualised interval training on cardiorespiratory and metabolic parameters at rest and during exercise.

Synthesis

After this programme, fat mass decreases (10.8%) while BMI did not change. The expiratory reserve volume improved (44.6%). Maximal aerobic power, oxygen pulse and maximal ventilation are higher (12.4%; 16.9%; 17.2% respectively). First and second ventilatory threshold are increased (26.1% and 17.3%).

Conclusion

This study demonstrates the efficiency of this individualised training programme for obese teenagers. Such a programme may therefore provides additional benefits in weight management of obesity.     

Activité physique adaptée et qualité de vie liée à la santé lors d’un séjour hospitalier chez des enfants atteints d’un cancer : APOP, un essai randomisé en cross-over

Introduction

The objective was to assess the efficacy of adapted physical activity on quality of life of hospitalized children and adolescents with cancer.

Facts

Thirty children were included in the APOP study (mean age 13.6 ± 2.9 years; 18 males). Cross-over analysis revealed no effect of period or interaction between physical activity and period. Quality of life was higher when children practiced than when they did not practice physical activity during their hospitalization, as reported by both children and parents, for the dimensions of physical functioning (P < 0.0001), role/social-physical limitations (P = 0.001), self-esteem (P < 0.0001) and mental health (P < 0.0001). Physical activity had a significant effect on the general behavior dimension (P = 0.01), as reported by children, and on the bodily pain dimension (P = 0.0004), as reported by parents.

Conclusion

Physical activity practiced during hospitalization for children with cancer was associated with better health-related quality of life.     

Profil musculaire isocinétique du genou chez des sprinteurs et des sauteurs de haut niveau

Purpose

To study the isokinetic knee strength profile in elite sprinters and jumpers with recurrent hamstring injuries.

Method

A group of eight elite athletes including sprinters and jumpers with previous hamstring injuries were compared to a control group of non-injured players (n = 8). The concentric isokinetic knee flexion and extension strength was assessed at 60, 120 and 180 °/s using a Biodex^® System 3 dynamometer.

Results

There were no significant differences for any of the isokinetic variables comparing the injured and the non-injured athletes except for the hamstring to quadriceps ratio, which is lower in the control group. No significant difference was observed between the dominant and the non-dominant leg for the two groups.

Conclusion

Isokinetic muscle strength testing allows to detect the existence of a strength deficit after a hamstring injury during sports practice. Additional eccentric tests may be required to identify these cases.     

Prévention des lésions de l’appareil locomoteur liées à la pratique de l’athlétisme sur piste. Revue des données épidémiologiques

Objectives

Sports injuries have an important impact on the sport and in daily life. Although athletics is known and performed on five continents, few is known about epidemiological data such as frequency, incidence, diagnosis or risk factors of injuries in athletics. In this context, consideration on strategies of sports injury prevention in athletics should be conducted.

Current knowledge

Sports injury surveillance by epidemiological studies is a preliminary step necessary in the clinical research on sports injury prevention. This is permitted by an agreed and validated methodolgy. Currently, the musculoskeletal lesions related to the track and field practice are common. The great diversity of these lesions reflects the diversity of disciplines, the constraints are different between the explosive disciplines (sprints, hurdles, jumps, throws) and endurance disciplines (middle and long distance). There was a predominance of lesions of thigh and hamstrings in the disciplines of sprint/hurdles, the Achilles tendon in jumps and sprints/hurdles, and chronic knee injuries and stress fractures in middle-distance.

Conclusion

Preventive measures which target the most frequent pathologies should be introduced. However, these data appear insufficient to fully understand the specific injury according to disciplines, and to understand the risk factors and injury mechanisms. Therefore, prospective epidemiological studies, and studies focused on specific populations or pathologies, are needed to improve strategies for the prevention of injuries in track and field.     

Condition physique et niveau d’activité physique d’adolescents présentant une déficience intellectuelle

Introduction

The aim of this study is to analyze the physical fitness and physical activity in adolescents with intellectual disabilities.

Summary of facts

These adolescents had a low level of physical fitness according to Eurofit test battery compared with standard results. Moreover, 41.18% of participants presented an excess of body fat mass and only 12% reach enough physical activity to avoid an excess of body fat.

Conclusion

This low physical fitness coupled with low levels of physical activity increases the health risks and might worsen restriction of social participation.     

Perception de soi et activité physique adaptée dans l’anorexie mentale

Introduction

Anorexia nervosa is an eating disorder related to disturbances of self-perception (body image, self-esteem, physical self-perception).

Methods and results

These three components of self-perception were assessed by questionnaires in 19 women with anorexia, at the beginning and at the end of a program of adapted physical activity (APA), and in 16 women without eating disorder. Results revealed that the anorexics scores were significantly lower than controls for the three variables. Nevertheless, we observed no effect of the program of APA on these variables for anorexics.

Conclusion

In spite of absence of significant effect, we considered that a six-month program of APA would contribute to the anorexia recovery process by reducing the self-perception disturbances.     

Effets de la reprise d’une activité physique régulière sur les capacités physiques et la qualité de vie d’hommes atteints du syndrome métabolique

Objective

To assess the effects of aerobic training on physical capacities and quality of life in men with metabolic syndrome (Mets), using field evaluation tools.

Synthesis

The physical capacities and the quality of life of eight men with Mets (59.5 ± 4.8 years old) was assessed before and after 8 weeks of aerobic exercise training by the 6 minutes walking test and the quality of life, obesity and dietetics scale.

Conclusion

Aerobic exercise training of 8 weeks improves physical capacities and the psychosocial impact dimension of quality of life in men with Mets, without generating anthropometric modification.     

Correction de l’hypoxémie d’exercice chez le BPCO : variabilité des réponses, enjeux et problèmes posés dans le cadre de la réhabilitation respiratoire

Aim

To define in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients (COPD) moderately hypoxemic in resting conditions, if controlled acute oxygen supplementation was always able to increase exercise tolerance when partial oxygen saturation SpO₂ was corrected.

Results

In hyperoxia, endurance time (T_LIM) was significantly and consistently increased in 14 COPD (+68%) and decreased in seven others (–36%). These two subgroups exhibited no difference in resting values or in their disease severity. COPD with a decreased T_LIM under hyperoxic conditions had an abnormal response to O₂: unchanged cardiac output and ventilation, increased breathing frequency.

Conclusion

This work shows that acute O₂ supplementation responses in COPD are not univocal, either on exercise tolerance or cardio-respiratory variables typically affected by hyperoxia.     

Le point sur les recommandations de santé publique en matière d’activité physique

Objective

To describe the evolution of the recommendations for physical activity to better understand their scientific bases and to summarize the current public health recommendations for physical activity.

News

The health-related benefits from physical activity are well-known even if all the mechanisms are not well understood. Some recommendations have been published and guidelines have been provided.

Perspectives and projects

Public health recommendations for physical activity are largely shared. However, specific recommendations for management of chronic disease should be precised.

Conclusion

Recommendations for physical activity should be disseminate among professionals, and particularly among health professionals because of their capacity to deliver advices to their patients. The challenge consists in defining the optimal quantity and the type of physical activity according to the characteristics of the population and their health.     

La sédentarité : un processus physio-psychologique et un facteur de risque pour la santé pour tous

Objectives

Taking into account the process of sedentarism (inclination to sedentary lifestyle) which leads the individual to no longer invest himself in physical activity (PA), despite being conscious of the deleterious character of this behaviour for health.

News

Considering the 3H syndrome (hypodynamy/hypokinesia/hypoxia) which is based on a functional approach of sedentary lifestyle, this article looks at its psycho-physiological interface. This model explains how from the alteration of the physiological capacity inherent to the lack of PA, the individual no longer wants to practice PA, and adopts attitudes and behaviours which are locking him in inactivity. This approach focuses on the importance of the modifications of aerobic capacity and of the feeling of dissatisfaction in the process of sedentary lifestyle.

Perspectives

This process is crucial to understand the phenomenon of over-handicap related to physical inactivity among people with disabilities and/or chronic pathologies.

Conclusion

The question of physical inactivity and/or sedentary lifestyle constitutes a major public health issue. The loss of aerobic capacity is the key element of this process. Recommendations are proposed to break this vicious circle of physical inactivity.     

Œil et sport. Physiologie et moyens d’exploration. Mise au point CAT devant les lésions oculaires dues aux sports

For practising sports, vision is a major sensorial element whatsoever sport level is concerned. The vision is based on a sensorial system and the eye picks up the information. This information conveys through retina, visual ways and brain. Throughout this process, filtration or amplification mechanisms, plurimodal and multisensorial mechanisms, cognitive mechanisms, paying attention and memorizing mechanisms are playing an essential role. This so perfect and rather complex construction can be easily damaged when the eye is wounded. Practising a sport may expose the eyes to damageable traumatisms. The subsequent secondary effects would be a decline of the visual capacity and consequently a decline of the athletic performance. Finally, “sport doctors” and coaches focus on the physical preparation, heart ventilation, cardiovascular monitoring, but they should not forgot the visual system which has an essential role as the brain is in an hermetically closed box and can only react when receiving relevant information of which 80% come from vision. Most injuries involve the cornea due to penetration of small foreign bodies. Direct or indirect shock can have secondary consequences such as glaucoma, cataract or retinal injury. The secondary effects can be measured in terms of visual acuity.