PPAR-γ受体激活对百草枯中毒致大鼠急性肺损伤的保护作用

目的研究PPAR-γ受体激活对百草枯中毒致大鼠急性肺损伤的保护作用。方法 48只SD雄性大鼠随机平均分成3组,A组(百草枯中毒组):按照20 mg/kg剂量腹腔注射;B组(低剂量PPAR-γ受体激动剂罗格列酮预处理组):在给予百草枯腹腔注射前1 h腹腔注射3 mg/kg罗格列酮;C组(高剂量PPAR-γ受体激动剂罗格列酮预处理组):在给予百草枯腹腔注射前1 h腹腔注射10 mg/kg罗格列酮;D组(对照组):1 m L生理盐水腹腔注射。在注射百草枯后24 h和72 h时,每组取出6只,收集血清和肺组织标本。采用Elisa方法检测血清中IL-1β和TNF-α含量测定,行组织切片HE染色进行肺损伤评分,利用Western blot方法检测肺组织中caspase-3和AP-1蛋白表达水平,采用免疫组化方法检测caspase-3蛋白在肺组织中的表达。结果大鼠百草枯中毒后血清炎性细胞因子IL-1β和TNF-α含量明显增加。肺湿重/干重比以及肺损伤评分明显增加。罗格列酮预处理组可以减轻肺组织损伤程度,降低血清中IL-1β和TNF-α含量,减少肺组织中caspase-3和AP-1蛋白的表达。结论应用PPAR-γ激动剂罗格列酮可以抑制百草枯中毒大鼠肺组织中caspase-3和AP-1蛋白表达,抑制炎症反应和凋亡,对百草枯中毒导致急性肺损伤产生保护作用。     

加味生脉饮注射液对内毒素休克大鼠肺组织肿瘤坏死因子-α、白细胞介素-１β和核转录因子-κB 含量的影响

目的:观察加味生脉饮注射液对内毒素休克肺组织TNF-α、IL-1β和NF-κB表达的影响。方法:静脉注射脂多糖(LPS,8.00mg·kg^-1)造成内毒素休克模型,用加味生脉饮注射液作干预治疗,酶联免疫吸附法检测上述因子在假手术组、模型组、加味生脉饮组、阳性对照组等各组大鼠肺组织内的表达。结果:模型组肺损伤较重,TNF-α、IL-1β和NF-κB含量明显升高（P<0.05）;加味生脉饮组和阳性对照组肺损伤较轻,TNF-α、IL-1β和NF-κB含量明显降低（P<0.05）。结论:加味生脉饮注射液能减轻内毒素休克时肺损伤和TNF-α、IL-1β和NF-κB表达,提示该药对内毒素休克肺损伤的保护作用可能是通过调控NF-κB通路过度激活而实现。     

姜黄素预处理对肢体缺血再灌注肺损伤大鼠肺内炎症反应的影响

目的研究姜黄素预处理对肢体缺血再灌注肺损伤大鼠肺内炎症反应的影响。方法选取成年♂SD大鼠,建立大鼠肢体缺血2 h再灌注3 h肺损伤模型。随机分为5组(各12只):假手术组及模型组,分别给予等容量生理盐水;3个浓度姜黄素预处理组,分别于缺血前2 h经腹腔注射姜黄素501,00,200 mg.kg-1。测定每组肺组织湿/干重比(W/D),髓过氧化物酶(MPO)活性、肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)、白细胞介素-6(IL-6)含量以及核因子-κB p65(NF-κB p65)的蛋白表达。结果与假手术组比较,模型组的肺组织W/D与MPO活性、TNF-α和IL-6含量并使NF-κB p65表达均明显升高;姜黄素预处理组可剂量依赖地降低肺组织W/D与MPO活性、TNF-α和IL-6含量并使NF-κB p65表达升高。结论姜黄素预处理能减轻肢体缺血再灌注所致的大鼠肺内炎症反应,其机制可能与抑制NF-κB激活、从而减少TNF-α和IL-6介导的中性粒细胞聚集有关。     

已酮可可碱对重症急性胰腺炎大鼠肺损伤的保护作用

目的 研究已酮可可碱(PTX)对重症急性胰腺炎(SAP)大鼠肺损伤的保护作用.方法 健康成年雄性SD大鼠72只,随机分为对照(C)组、实验(E)组和干预(P)组.E组和P组用5%牛磺胆酸钠逆行胰胆管注射制备SAP模型.然后,P组立即腹腔注射PTX.于制模后2、6和12 h观察胰腺和肺组织的病理学改变;ELISA法测定血清中性粒细胞趋化因子(CINC)和白细胞介素6(IL-6)水平变化;Western blot法检测肺组织核因子抑制蛋白(IκBα)的表达量.结果 E组血清CINC、IL-6水平及肺组织IκBα蛋白的表达均显著高于同时段C组(P<0.05);与E组比较,P组血清CINC、IL-6水平和肺组织IκBα蛋白表达量均明显降低(P<0.05),胰腺和肺组织病理改变减轻.结论 SAP肺损伤时,肺组织IκBα明显升高,核因子κB(NF-κB)活化,从而启动CINC、IL-6等过量表达.PTX可以抑制NF-κB/IκB信号通路的激活,对SAP肺损伤具有保护作用.     

氨基胍对内毒素性肺损伤炎症反应和NF-κB信号通路的影响

目的观察选择性一氧化氮合酶抑制剂氨基胍(aminogunidine,AG)对大鼠内毒素性肺损伤(acute lung injury,ALI)NF-κB相关信号通路和炎症反应的影响,探讨AG对肺损伤组织的保护作用及其机制。方法健康♂SD大鼠随机分为对照组、模型组和AG治疗组。模型组、AG治疗组静脉注射脂多糖(lipopolysaccharide,LPS)复制内毒素性肺损伤模型。各组按治疗时间又分为给LPS3h后治疗3h(3h+3h)组和给LPS6h后治疗3h(6h+3h)组,分别于给LPS3h和6h后腹腔注射生理盐水(对照组及LPS组)和AG(100mg.kg-1,AG治疗组)。每组8只动物。免疫组化染色分析肺组织中核因子-κB(NF-κB)的核移位和粘附分子-1(ICAM-1)表达;放射免疫法分别测定肺组织中肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)和白介素6(IL-6)的含量;光镜、电镜观察肺组织病理变化。结果与对照组比较,大鼠肺损伤后NF-κB活化,明显从细胞质移位于细胞核,表达量也明显增加;ICAM-1蛋白表达增加;肺组织中TNF-α、IL-6含量明显升高。肺损伤3h用AG治疗3h后,NF-κB从细胞质向细胞核的移位被明显限制,NF-κB的表达量、ICAM-1蛋白表达和肺组织中TNF-α、IL-6含量明显低于相应的LPS组,肺组织病理改变减轻;肺损伤6h用AG治疗3h后,治疗效果较差。结论AG于LPS3h后给药可减轻内毒素性肺损伤,可能与减弱诱导型一氧化氮合酶(iNOS)mRNA表达、抑制核因子的活化,在一定程度上阻断NF-κB相关信号通路的传导,下调炎症因子和ICAM-1的表达有关。     

通痹胶囊对佐剂性关节炎大鼠p38MAPK/NF-κB信号通路的影响

目的观察通痹胶囊对佐剂性关节炎大鼠血清和滑膜组织中炎性因子表达及p38MAPK/NF-κB信号通路的影响。方法 48只Wistar大鼠随机分为正常组、模型组、通痹胶囊不同剂量(375、750、1500mg·kg-1)组及雷公藤多苷片(10 mg·kg-1)组,除正常组外,其余各组均于右后足跖部注射弗氏完全佐剂造模。造模第8日,各组给予相应药物灌胃治疗,每日1次,连续4周。对大鼠关节炎指数进行监测,足容积法测量致炎侧足肿胀度;灌胃结束后,采用酶联免疫吸附(ELISA)法检测大鼠血清及滑膜中白细胞介素-1(IL-1)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)的表达水平;蛋白免疫印迹(Western blot)法检测大鼠滑膜组织中p38MAPK、NF-κB/P65、IκBα蛋白表达的。结果与正常组相比,造模后大鼠血清及滑膜组织中IL-1、TNF-α含量明显升高,p38MAPK、NF-κB/P65、IκBα表达显著增多(P <0.01);与模型组相比,通痹胶囊能够有效降低大鼠血清及滑膜组织中IL-1、TNF-α的含量,并抑制滑膜组织中p38MAPK、NF-κB及IκBα的蛋白表达(P <0.05,P <0.01)。结论通痹胶囊具有明显的抗炎作用,其治疗类风湿关节炎的作用机制之一可能为抑制p38MAPK/NF-κB信号通路的激活。     

罗格列酮对急性坏死性胰腺炎的保护作用

目的探讨罗格列酮对急性坏死性胰腺炎(ANP)的保护作用。方法 72只健康SD大鼠随机均分为假手术组(SO组)、ANP组及罗格列酮处理(R)组。采用经十二指肠胰胆管逆行注射5%牛磺胆酸钠诱导大鼠ANP模型,于模型制作前30min腹腔内注射罗格列酮(10mg/kg)进行预处理。各组于术后3、6、12h分批处死动物,分别观察各组大鼠血浆淀粉酶(AMY)、TNF-α、IL-6水平,胰腺组织髓过氧化物酶(MPO)水平的变化以及胰腺组织病理改变。采用免疫组化法检测胰腺组织核因子κB(NF-κB)的表达,采用RT-PCR法检测胰腺组织过氧化物酶增殖物活化受体γ(PPARγ)mRNA、热休克蛋白-70(HSP-70)mRNA。结果 ANP组AMY、TNF-α、IL-6、胰腺组织MPO、胰腺组织病理学评分及胰腺组织NF-κB的表达较SO组明显升高(P<0.05或P<0.01),R组上述各检测指标均较ANP组显著降低(P<0.05或P<0.01)。R组各时点胰腺PPARγmRNA及HSP-70mRNA表达水平增加(P<0.05或P<0.01),胰腺组织损伤明显减轻。结论罗格列酮可能是激活PPARγ后通过诱导胰腺HSP-70的表达,抑制胰腺NF-κB的活化,减少细胞因子的产生,从而改善ANP病情。     

罗格列酮对急性胰腺炎模型大鼠NF-κB与TNF-α表达的影响

目的 观察罗格列酮对大鼠急性胰腺炎（AP）的疗效和对核因子-κB（NF-κB）、肿瘤坏死因子-α（TNF-α）表达的影响。方法 大鼠胆胰管逆行注射5%牛磺胆酸钠制备AP模型,治疗组在造模前30 min股静脉注射罗格列酮6 mg&;#8226;kg^-1。观察胰腺组织病理学改变并评分,检测血清淀粉酶（AMY）和组织髓过氧化物酶（MPO）水平;免疫组化检测NF κB表达变化,逆转录聚合酶链反应（RT PCR）检测TNF-α mRNA的表达。结果 罗格列酮治疗组胰腺病理变化评分低于模型组,血清AMY和组织MPO水平亦低于模型组,NF-κB和TNF-α mRNA表达较模型组减弱（均P＜0.01）。结论 罗格列酮可缓解AP大鼠胰腺的损伤,其机制与抑制胰腺NF-κB和TNF-α表达有关。     

4-羟基苯并噁唑-2-酮对四氯化碳诱导大鼠肝纤维化的改善作用及机制研究

目的:观察4-羟基苯并噁唑-2-酮(HBOA)对四氯化碳(CCl4)诱导大鼠肝纤维化的改善作用及其机制。方法:将雄性SD大鼠随机分为正常对照组、模型组、秋水仙碱组(阳性对照,0.4 mg/kg)和HBOA低、中、高剂量组(50、75、100 mg/kg),每组12只。除正常对照组大鼠灌胃等体积生理盐水外,其余各组大鼠均灌胃50%CCl4-橄榄油溶液(2 mL/kg,首剂量加倍),每周2次,连续12周,复制肝纤维化模型。自造模第9周起,各给药组大鼠均灌胃相应药物,正常对照组和模型组大鼠均灌胃等体积0.6%羧甲基纤维素钠溶液,每天1次,连续4周。末次给药后,检测各组大鼠血清中丙氨酸转氨酶(ALT)、天冬氨酸转氨酶(AST)、白细胞介素1β(IL-1β)、IL-10的含量以及肝组织中核因子κB p65(NF-κB p65)、肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)、IL-6、细胞间黏附因子1(ICAM-1)蛋白的表达水平。结果:与正常对照组比较,模型组大鼠肝组织中NF-κB p65阳性表达明显增多,且其血清ALT、AST、IL-1β含量以及肝组织中NF-κB p65、TNF-α、IL-6、ICAM-1蛋白表达水平均显著升高,血清IL-10含量显著降低(P<0.05)。与模型组比较,各给药组大鼠肝组织中NF-κB p65阳性表达均有不同程度的减弱,且其血清ALT、AST、IL-1β含量以及肝组织中NF-κB p65、TNF-α、IL-6、ICAM-1蛋白表达水平均显著降低,血清IL-10含量均显著升高(P<0.05)。结论:HBOA对CCl4致大鼠肝纤维化具有一定的改善作用,其作用机制可能与其阻断NF-κB信号通路继而减轻炎症反应以及下调ICAM-1蛋白的表达有关。     

抑制NF-κB信号通路对顺铂致肺癌大鼠肾损伤的保护作用及其分子机制研究

摘要：目的:探索抑制核转录因子（NF）-κB信号通路对顺铂致肺癌大鼠肾损伤的保护作用及其分子机制研究。方法:将50只大鼠随机分为5组:正常对照组、肺癌组（Lewis细胞）、顺铂组(Lewis细胞+腹腔注射顺铂溶液5 mg·kg-1)、吡咯烷二硫代氨基甲酸盐（PDTC）组(Lewis细胞+腹腔注射PDTC 25 mg·kg-1)、PDTC+顺铂组（Lewis细胞+腹腔注射顺铂和PDTC）,每组10只。末次给药后,生化分析仪检测血清肌酐（SCr）、尿素氮（BUN）、胱抑素C（Cys C）、尿液肾损伤分子-1（Kim-1）水平,ELISA法测定肾组织中超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）和丙二醛（MDA）水平,RT-PCR检测肾组织肿瘤坏死因子-α（TNF-α）、白细胞介素（IL）-1β、IL-6水平,Western Blotting检测核因子2相关因子2（Nrf2）、血红素氧合酶-1（HO-1）、NF-κB p65、p-IκBα/IκBα的表达,HE染色检测肾组织损伤。结果:与肺癌组相比,顺铂组大鼠血SCr、BUN、Cys C、尿Kim-1水平及肾组织MDA、TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6 mRNA、Nrf2、HO-1、NF-κB p65和p-IκBα/IκBα的表达明显升高（P<0.05）,肾组织SOD活性和GSH-Px活性明显降低（P<0.05）;与顺铂组相比,PDTC+顺铂组大鼠血SCr、BUN、Cys C、尿Kim-1水平及肾组织MDA、TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6 mRNA、NF-κB p65和p-IκBα/IκBα的表达明显明显降低（P<0.05）,肾组织SOD、GSH-Px、Nrf2和HO-1的表达明显升高（P<0.05）。结论:抑制NF-κB信号通路可以降低炎症因子水平,还可以激活Nrf2的表达,降低氧化应激水平,保护顺铂致肺癌大鼠的肾组织损伤。     

Interindividual variability in metabolic activation in humans in vivo

In assessing interindividual variability in metabolic activation, the toxic metabolite is often too unstable for conventional analysis. Possible alternatives include a stable product of the reactive metabolite e.g. cysteinyl derivatives of N-acetyl-4-benzoquinoneimine, the toxic metabolite of paracetamol, adducts with DNA or protein, and indirect measurement of the activity of the enzyme(s) producing the active metabolite. An example of the last approach is the use of furafylline, a highly specific inhibitor of human CYP1A2, to determine the extent of the metabolic activation of the cooked food mutagens PhIP and MeIQx. The extent of inhibition, determined from levels of unchanged amine in urine, is an indirect measure of the activity of the activation pathway. Further refinement of this approach, allied to improved measures of the biological process of interest should prove of value in evaluating interindividual variability and its role in the risk assessment process.     

Quantitative in vivo and in vitro sex differences in artemisinin metabolism in rat

1. The pharmacokinetics of the antimalarial compound artemisinin were compared in the male and female Sprague-Dawley rat after single dose i.v. (20 mg.kg) or i.p. (50 mg.kg) administration of an emulsion formulation. 2. Plasma clearance of artemisinin was 12.0 (95% confidence interval: 10.4, 13.0) l.h. kg in the male rat and 10.6 (95% CI: 7.5, 15.0) l.h. kg in the female rat suggesting high hepatic extraction in combination with erythrocyte uptake or clearance. Artemisinin half-life was 0.5 h after both routes of administration in both sexes. Values for plasma clearance and half-lives did not statistically differ between the sexes. 3. After i.p. administration artemisinin AUCs were 2-fold higher in the female compared with male rat (p 0.001). Artemisinin disappearance was 3.9-fold greater in microsomes from male compared with female livers and it was inhibited in male microsomes by goat or rabbit serum containing antibodies against CYP2C11 and CYP3A2 but not CYP2B1 or CYP2E1. 4. The unbound fraction of artemisinin in plasma was lower (p 0.001) in plasma obtained from the male (8.8 2.0%) compared with the female rat (11.7 2.2%). 5. The possibility of a marked sex difference, dependent on the route of administration, has to be taken into account in the design and interpretation of toxicological studies of artemisinin in this species.     

Theophylline kinetics in peripheral tissues in vivo in humans

Several biochemical and cellular effects have been described for methylxanthines under in vitro conditions. However, it is unknown, whether threshold concentrations required to exert these effects are attained in target tissues in vivo. We therefore employed the microdialysis technique for measuring theophylline concentrations in peripheral tissues under in vivo conditions.Following in vitro and in vivo calibration, microdialysis probes were inserted into the medial vastus muscle and into the periumbilical subcutaneous adipose layer of healthy volunteers. Following single oral dose administration of 300 mg or i.v. infusion of 240 mg theophylline, in vivo time courses of theophylline concentrations were monitored in tissues and plasma. Major pharmacokinetic parameters (c_max, t_max, AUC) were calculated for plasma and tissue time courses. The mean AUC_tissue /AUC_plasma-ratio was 0.56 (p.o.) and 0.55 (i.v.) for muscle and 0.55 (p.o.) and 0.72 (i.v.) for subcutaneous adipose tissue.We conclude that microdialysis provides important information on the distribution and the tissue pharmacokinetics of theophylline.Abbreviations FPIA Fluorescence polarisation immuno assay - AUC Area under the curve - t_max Time to peak concentration - c_max Peak concentration     

休克时血中氧自由基的变化

本实验测定10名休克患者血浆和红细胞的丙二醛(MDA)、血浆总抗的氧化活性(AOA)的含量。结果表明:休克病人红细胞膜和血浆 MDA 含量(4.298±0.722;5.348±0.834)与对照组(3.235±0.682;4.356±1.081)比较明显增高(P<0.05);血浆 AOA(39.65±7.858)与对照组(48.21±10.81)比较明显降低(P<0.01)。提示:休克时,患者机体内自由基反应增强是引起组织细胞损伤的原因之一。     

Polymorphisms in genes involved in neurotransmission in relation to smoking

Smoking behavior is influenced by both genetic and environmental factors. The genetic contribution to smoking behavior is at least as great as its contribution to alcoholism. Much progress has been achieved in genomic research related to cigarette-smoking within recent years. Linkage studies indicate that there are several loci linked to smoking, and candidate genes that are related to neurotransmission have been examined. Possible associated genes include cytochrome P450 subfamily polypeptide 6 (CYP2A6), dopamine D₁, D₂, and D₄ receptors, dopamine transporter, and serotonin transporter genes. There are other important candidate genes but studies evaluating the link with smoking have not been reported. These include genes encoding the dopamine D₃ and D₅ receptors, serotonin receptors, tyrosine hydroxylase, trytophan 2,3-dioxygenase, opioid receptors, and cannabinoid receptors. Since smoking-related factors are extremely complex, studies of diverse populations and of many aspects of smoking behavior including initiation, maintenance, cessation, relapse, and influence of environmental factors are needed to identify smoking-associated genes. We now review genetic polymorphisms reported to be involved in neurotransmission in relation to smoking.     

Tramadol concentrations in blood and in cerebrospinal fluid in a neonate

Based on blood and cerebrospinal fluid samples collected in a full-term neonate, the penetration of tramadol in the central nervous system is described. Following intravenous administration of tramadol, a lag time of about 4 h was observed until full blood–brain equilibration was achieved. This pharmacokinetic observation is in line with a recent pharmacodynamic evaluation of the central opioid effects of tramadol in adults.     

Disease control in asthmatic children seen in private practice in Switzerland

ABSTRACT

Background: Asthma is the most common chronic childhood disease in Switzerland with a prevalence of 10%. Asthma has a high economic burden accounting for high medical costs. Assessment of disease control is likely to be of help in the implementation of strategies to improve asthma. Therefore, we aimed to evaluate asthma control and therapy regimens among children in private practice.

Methods: We assessed asthma control as well as therapy regimens in 575 asthmatic children in an experience programme in Switzerland by using an abbreviated questionnaire based on the asthma control questionnaire and the child health questionnaire on Visit 1 and Visit 2.

Results: Good asthma control at Visit 1 was only present in 25.7% of asthmatic children. Occasional asthma symptoms, limitation of physical activity, nocturnal awakening and anxiety of the parent was present in 80.5%, 41.2%, 46.8% and 57% of the children, respectively. After adjustment of therapy regimens at Visit 1, mainly by adding a leukotriene receptor antagonist, asthma control was reported to be much better in 53.4% of the children at Visit 2.

Conclusions: As asthma control is inadequately achieved within a major portion of asthmatic children, it is imperative to find measures to improve asthma control and hence, to reduce the burden of disease.