肾透明细胞癌的MSCT表现

目的 :探讨肾透明细胞癌的MSCT表现,以提高其诊断水平。方法 :回顾性分析我院经手术病理证实的23例肾透明细胞癌的MSCT表现,所有患者均行平扫、皮髓交界期、实质期和排泄期增强扫描。结果:23例中,单发21例,多发2例(1例为单侧2个病灶,1例为双侧7个病灶)。23例共30个病灶,左侧10个,右侧20个。肿瘤呈圆形或类圆形,直径1~12 cm,平均4.6cm,其中≤3 cm 12个。CT平扫病灶呈等密度4个,囊性低密度3个,混杂密度23个;钙化6个。增强扫描:除2个较小肿瘤呈均匀强化外,28个强化不均匀;皮髓质期25个病灶明显强化,强化最明显区高于邻近皮质者15个,相似或略低于邻近皮质者10个;实质期肿瘤强化程度降低;排泄期肿瘤与肾实质相比呈明显低密度,病灶边界更清楚;25个病灶内见不同程度坏死、囊变。13个有假包膜。3个囊性肾透明细胞癌,平扫病灶呈囊状,2个表现如单纯性肾囊肿,1个可见网格状分隔;增强扫描1个肾透明细胞癌明显囊变,囊壁及分隔明显不规则强化;2个多房囊性肾透明细胞癌分隔不规则强化。结论:肾透明细胞癌血供丰富,瘤内可有出血、坏死、囊性变、钙化及假包膜,CT表现具有一定特征,大多可准确诊断。     

胸腹部Castleman病的CT征象及病理对照分析

目的探讨胸部及腹部Castleman病的临床、CT征象与病理表现之间的相关性,以提高对该病的CT诊断及鉴别诊断水平。方法收集经病理证实为胸腹部Castleman病的患者10例,均行CT平扫及双期增强扫描,回顾性分析其临床和CT资料,并与病理对照,对其CT征象进行归纳。结果本组10例中,呈单发病灶7例,病理为局灶透明血管型;CT表现为圆形或类圆形,直径2.5~5.6cm,平均直径3.8cm,CT平扫呈中等密度,密度均匀3例,密度不均匀4例,其中有囊变2例,伴钙化2例;增强后7例病灶动脉期显著强化且静脉期持续明显强化,与主动脉的强化程度接近。本组中呈多发病灶3例,病理为多中心浆细胞型;CT表现为多发淋巴结肿大,病灶直径1.2~3.5cm,平均直径2.4cm;CT平扫密度均匀,增强后病灶动脉期呈轻中度强化,静脉期持续中度强化,与邻近肌肉强化程度接近。结论单发透明血管型Castleman病具有特征性的影像表现,CT具有较高诊断价值;多发浆细胞型Castleman病CT表现不典型,确诊有赖于病理检查。     

肾细胞癌的CT影像特征与病理分型

目的：联合病理分型对肾细胞癌的CT影像特征进行分析以提高诊断的准确性。方法收集我院手术病理证实的47例肾细胞癌患者,术前均做CT平扫＋动态增强扫描,回顾性分析CT影像特征并与病理结果对照分析。结果34例透明细胞癌,5例多房囊性肾细胞癌,3例乳头状癌,4例嫌色细胞癌,1例集合管癌。最新病理分型将颗粒细胞癌和多房囊性肾细胞癌均归到透明细胞癌,此类型肾癌血供丰富,增强扫描后动脉期明显强化;而乳头状癌和嫌色细胞癌血供相对较少,强化程度明显低于透明细胞癌。结论各型肾细胞癌的CT表现的特异性并不强,最终分型仍依靠病理,仔细分析肾癌的CT影像特征与病理之间的关系有助于诊断与鉴别。     

CT在不同病理亚型肾细胞癌诊断中的价值

目的 探讨WHO病理分类中不同亚型肾细胞癌（renal cee carcinoma,RCC）的CT特征,旨在加深对RCC的认识,提高影像诊断准确率.方法 回顾性分析2008年1月～2013年9月72例经病理证实的RCC患者的临床资料及CT检查结果,其中透明细胞癌58例,乳头状细胞癌7例,嫌色细胞癌4例,多房囊性肾癌3例.结果 透明细胞癌平扫病灶呈等或低密度,增强扫描皮质期肿瘤多呈不均性明显强化,实质期、分泌期强化减退.乳头状细胞癌多呈等密度或囊实性,增强扫描皮质期实性部分轻度强化,实质期、分泌期延迟强化.嫌色细胞癌多位于肾髓质内,密度均匀,增强扫描强化均匀,坏死、囊变少见.多房囊性肾癌位于肾皮质区,由多个囊腔和分隔构成,囊壁及间隔菲薄,无附壁结节,平扫病灶呈低密度,增强扫描囊壁、间隔延迟强化.结论 不同病理亚型肾细胞癌CT特征、手术方案、预后均不同,术前影像学检查准确诊断能够为临床医师选择合理手术方案提供可靠依据.     

肾皮髓期增强扫描对肾细胞癌亚型的鉴别诊断价值

目的　评价CT、MRI肾皮髓期增强扫描对肾细胞癌亚型的鉴别诊断价值。方法　对 96例肾细胞癌患者的肾脏行CT和 /或MRI肾皮髓期增强扫描。结果　肿瘤直径为 2~9cm,经手术病理证实为肉瘤样肾细胞癌 1例、透明细胞癌 78例、颗粒细胞癌 5例、混合细胞癌 8例和乳头状癌 4例。肾皮髓期增强扫描,肉瘤样肾细胞癌、混合细胞癌、97. 4% (76 /78)的透明细胞癌和 75. 0% (3 /4)的乳头状癌呈不均匀强化,而颗粒细胞癌强化较均匀。51. 3% (40 /78)的透明细胞癌及 37. 5% (3 /8)的混合细胞癌强化程度强于邻近肾皮质;肉瘤样肾细胞癌、44. 9% (35 /78)的透明细胞癌和 50. 0% (4 /8)的混合细胞癌强化程度与邻近肾皮质相仿; 3. 8% (3 /78)的透明细胞癌、12. 5% (1 /8)的混合细胞癌及所有乳头状癌和颗粒细胞癌强化程度明显弱于邻近肾皮质。结论　各型肾细胞癌在CT/MRI肾皮髓期增强扫描上有不同的表现,有助于鉴别诊断。     

肾癌亚型的CT表现与病理对照分析

目的 探讨肾癌亚型的影像学特征,提高诊断的准确率.方法 回顾性分析37例肾癌亚型的CT表现,其中透明细胞癌25例,嫌色细胞癌5例,乳头状癌5例,多房囊性肾细胞癌2例.所有病例均进行了SCT多期扫描.结果 25例肾透明细胞癌平扫表现为肾实质均匀或不均匀的等、稍低、稍高或混杂密度肿块,增强皮质期明显不均匀强化,强化程度等或高于肾皮质,髓质期强化程度迅速下降;出血、坏死及囊变23例,肿瘤内钙化3例.5例乳头状肾细胞癌平扫为均匀或不均匀类圆形肿块,呈轻中度较均匀或不均匀强化,皮质期密度低于肾皮质,瘤内出血3例,囊变2例.5例肾嫌色细胞癌平扫为位于肾髓质的类圆形肿块,4例呈均匀密度,1例呈混杂密度,增强后呈轻到中度均匀强化,皮质期密度低于肾皮质.2例多房囊性肾细胞癌表现为中心位于肾皮质的椭圆形囊性肿块,可见少量的实性部分及分隔,增强后间隔呈中度进行性延迟强化,实性部分强化与肾皮质等同.结论 不同的肾癌亚型影像学表现具有一定的特征性,螺旋CT动态增强扫描对诊断有帮助.     

肾透明细胞癌与乏脂性肾血管平滑肌脂肪瘤的CT鉴别诊断

目的探讨肾透明细胞癌与乏脂性肾血管平滑肌脂肪瘤的CT特征,提高诊断准确率。方法回顾性分析18例肾透明细胞癌与5例乏脂性肾血管平滑肌脂肪瘤的CT表现,所有病例均进行多层螺旋CT多期扫描。结果 18例肾透明细胞癌平扫表现为肾实质内均匀或不均匀的等、稍低或稍高混杂密度肿块,增强皮质期或实质期明显不均匀强化,强化程度等于或高于肾皮质,髓质期强化程度迅速下降,其中16例出现不同程度的囊变、坏死和/或出血,钙化1例。5例乏脂性肾血管平滑肌脂肪瘤平扫表现为肾实质内均匀的稍高密度肿块,增强后皮质期强化程度等于、低于或高于肾皮质,髓质期强化程度有所下降。5例均未见坏死、囊变、出血及钙化。结论肾透明细胞癌与乏脂性肾血管平滑肌脂肪瘤CT表现具有一定特征,术前大部分可准确诊断。     

肾嗜酸性细胞腺瘤的CT诊断与误诊分析

目的探讨肾嗜酸性细胞腺瘤的CT表现及误诊原因,旨在提高本病的诊断准确率。方法回顾分析经病理证实的10例肾嗜酸性细胞腺瘤的临床及CT资料,观察病灶的部位、形态、大小、密度、有无包膜及强化幅度与方式等。结果 10例全部单侧发病,6例位于左肾,4例位于右肾,最大径3.5~12.5cm,平均6.4cm,均呈圆形或类圆形,CT平扫密度均低于肾实质或类似于肾实质,6例密度均匀,4例密度不均;4例病灶内囊变、坏死,边缘及边界均清晰;7例有包膜;10例均未见钙化,肾盂肾盏均呈受压推挤改变。增强皮质期均明显强化,髓质期实质成分均成持续强化,4例囊变区不强化,3例强化病灶内可见"纤维瘢痕征",周围包膜结构显示更加明显。术前CT检查全部误诊,误诊为嫌色细胞癌7例,透明细胞癌3例。结论肾嗜酸性细胞腺瘤CT表现具有一定特征性,肾实质内孤立性肿块,密度稍低于肾实质,且密度常均匀一致,可见假包膜,边缘及边界清晰,增强呈渐进性明显强化,体积较大者病灶内可见囊变、坏死,增强部分病灶内可见"纤维瘢痕征",而对其影像特征及鉴别诊断认识不足是其误诊的主要原因。     

肾透明细胞癌与肾嗜酸细胞腺瘤的CT鉴别诊断

目的探讨分析肾透明细胞癌与嗜酸细胞腺瘤的CT表现及鉴别诊断。方法选取我院收治并经手术病理证实为肾透明细胞癌(20例)及肾嗜酸细胞腺瘤(15例)的CT表现,分析两者病灶的大小、形态、密度、CT值及强化方式等。结果肾透明细胞癌与肾嗜酸细胞腺瘤病灶的直径差异不明显(P> 0.05),差异无统计学意义;肾透明细胞癌与嗜酸细胞腺瘤CT平扫均多数为等或稍低密度,增强期多表现为明显强化,但肾透明细胞癌的强化特点为快进快出型,而肾嗜酸细胞腺瘤为快进慢出型,且肾透明细胞癌可有淋巴结转移,而肾嗜酸细胞瘤可有中央瘢痕。结论综合分析肾透明细胞癌与肾嗜酸细胞腺瘤的CT平扫及增强扫描的影像学特点,有助于两者的鉴别诊断。     

螺旋CT对肾细胞癌亚型的鉴别诊断价值

目的:探讨CT动态增强扫描对肾细胞癌病理亚型的鉴别诊断价值。方法:87例经手术病理证实的肾细胞癌患者,包括50例透明细胞癌、17例乳头状癌、8例嫌色细胞癌和2例集合管癌,术前行CT平扫和双期动态增强扫描(肾皮髓期和肾实质期),测量肿瘤、腹主动脉及邻近正常肾实质的CT值,并计算肿瘤与主动脉、肾实质的强化比值,同时评价肿瘤的强化方式,对不同病理亚型肿瘤的各项指标进行统计学分析。结果:透明细胞癌在皮髓期和实质期增强扫描时肿瘤与主动脉、肾实质的强化比值均高于乳头状癌和嫌色细胞癌(P<0.01),而乳头状癌和嫌色细胞癌间差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。不均匀强化常见于透明细胞癌(92%)、乳头状癌(82.4%)和集合管癌(100%);而均匀强化常见于嫌色细胞癌(62.5%),其与透明细胞癌(P=0.010)和乳头状癌(P=0.017)间差异有显著性意义。结论:CT增强扫描时分析肿瘤与主动脉和肾实质的强化比值及强化的均匀度对肾癌病理亚型的鉴别诊断有重要价值。     

Renal masses measuring under 2 cm: Pathologic outcomes and associations with MRI features

Purpose

To evaluate pathologic outcomes and associations with MRI features in small renal masses measuring up to 20 mm

Methods

86 patients (61 ± 13 years; 45 M/41F) with 92 renal masses measuring up to 20 mm that underwent MRI prior to tissue diagnosis were included. Two radiologists independently evaluated all masses for microscopic lipid, hemorrhage, T2-hyperintensity, T2-homogeneity, cystic/necrotic areas, hypervascularity, enhancement homogeneity, circumscribed margins, and predominantly exophytic location. These MRI features, as well as patient age, gender, and history of RCC, were compared with pathologic findings using Fisher's exact test, unpaired t-test, and multivariate logistic regression.

Results

26.1% (24/92) of masses under 2 cm were benign, only 32.6% (30/92) were clear-cell RCC, and only 7.6% (7/92) were high-grade. Among 16 masses measuring up to 1 cm, only 12.5% (2/16) were clear-cell RCC, and none was high-grade. Within the entire cohort, no MRI or clinical feature showed a significant difference between benign and malignant lesions (p ≥ 0.053). However, for both readers, clear-cell RCC exhibited a significantly higher frequency of T2-hyperintensity, cystic/necrotic areas, and hypervascularity, and a significantly lower frequency of hemorrhage, T2-homogeneity, and enhancement homogeneity (p < 0.001–0.036). Hypervascularity was a significant independent predictor of clear-cell RCC for both readers (p = 0.002–0.007), as was T2-hyperintensity for reader 2 (p = 0.007).

Conclusion

A substantial fraction of small renal masses were benign, and when malignant, largely exhibited indolent pathologic characteristics, particularly when measuring under 1 cm Although small benign and malignant masses could not be differentiated on MRI, hypervascularity showed a significant independent association with clear-cell RCC in comparison with other lesions.     

16层螺旋CT肾脏皮质早期扫描及CTA在肾癌诊断和术前评估中的价值

目的:探讨16层螺旋CT肾脏皮质早期扫描及血管成像在肾癌定性诊断及术前评估中的价值。材料和方法:采用Siemens16层螺旋CT机,对超声提示有肾占位性病变的46例病人进行扫描,利用获得的皮质早期容积数据,显示肾占位性病变对邻近肾内动脉分支的影响、肿瘤血管及类似肿瘤染色等方面的情况,同时显示肾动脉有无变异和其他病变。结果:28例肾癌中23例(82.1%)在皮质早期病灶即呈明显强化,实质期强化程度迅速下降;25例(89.3%)可见邻近动脉分支的受侵改变;21例(75.0%)可见确切的一支或多支粗大的供血动脉,以及瘤体内可见明显的肿瘤血管影或血池影;23例(82.1%)出现类似血管造影的肿瘤染色表现;2例(7.1%)患肾出现静脉早显;3例(10.7%)病人中患肾出现副肾动脉,其中1例为两支;1例(3.6%)病人患侧肾动脉重度狭窄,健侧肾动脉中度狭窄。8例血管平滑肌脂肪瘤中,仅2例(25%)见供血动脉影,其中1例供血动脉增粗,均未见相邻动脉分支破坏、明显肿瘤血管、血池及肿瘤染色改变。10例囊肿,仅表现为相邻肾动脉分支受压移位、拉直变细。结论:应用优化方案扫描进行皮质早期扫描及CTA重建,不仅为肾癌的定性诊断提供了重要的信息,对肾癌的术前评估也具有重要的补充价值。     

肾细胞癌的免疫组化研究——角蛋白、波形蛋白的表达

本文对肾细胞癌(简称肾癌)40例进行了免疫组化——角蛋白、波形蛋白表达的研究。在常规福尔马林固定、石蜡切片上,有波形蛋白表达者17.5％(7/40)。从外科病理学的角度出发,波形蛋白阳性不再能除外上皮性肿瘤(如肾癌)。     

肾癌的MR诊断、鉴别诊断及术前分期评估

目的：探讨ＭＲ对肾癌诊断、鉴别诊断和术前分期的价值。方法：使用美国ＧＥ公司生产Ｓｉｇｎａ １．５ＴＭＲ机,对３４例肾癌病人进行检查,男２３例,女１１例,全部经手术病理组织学检查证实。结果：肾癌的ＭＲＩ表现为肾轮廓异常,ＣＭＤ消失,信号异常多样化,Ｔ１ 加权低信号１２例,等信号１２ 例,高信号５例,混合信号５ 例,Ｔ２ 加权低信号７ 例,等信号３例,高信号１４例,混合信号１０ 例。假包膜形成,Ｔ１ 显示５ 例,１４％ ,Ｔ２ 显示１３ 例,占３８％ 。造影有轻微增强。一期肾癌７例,分期诊断正确６ 例,二期肾癌１７ 例,分期诊断正确１２例,三期肾癌５例,分期诊断全部正确,四期肾癌５例,４例分期诊断正确。结论：肾癌的ＭＲ表现有特征性,对鉴别诊断有价值,Ⅰ、Ⅱ期肾癌区分有一定困难,Ⅲ、Ⅳ期肾癌的诊断正确率高,全组分期诊断正确为７９．４％ 。     

乏脂肪肾血管平滑肌脂肪瘤与肾细胞癌的CT鉴别诊断

目的探讨乏脂肪肾血管平滑肌脂肪瘤(RAML)与肾细胞癌(RCC)的CT鉴别诊断征象,提高乏脂肪RAML的诊断水平。资料与方法回顾性分析经手术病理证实并行CT平扫及双期增强扫描的乏脂肪RAML28例、RCC34例患者的资料。对各项CT观察指标进行统计学分析。结果单发或多发、病灶与皮质交角、假包膜及"黑星征"等4项CT观察指标在乏脂肪RAML与RCC组中的差异有统计学意义。结论病灶的单发与多发、与皮质的交角、假包膜及"黑星征"对两者的鉴别诊断有重要价值。     

Transhepatic Approach for Percutaneous Computed-Tomography-Guided Radiofrequency Ablation of Renal Cell Carcinoma

We performed percutaneously radiofrequency (RF) ablation of 5 renal cell carcinomas (mean diameter 26 ± 15 mm) with computed-tomography (CT) fluoroscopic guidance using the transhepatic route. The RF electrode was successfully advanced into all tumors. RF ablation caused one minor complication (small asymptomatic perirenal hematoma); no major complications occurred. The follow-up contrast-enhanced CT images showed no local tumor progression of any tumors in a median period of 10 months (range 3–14 months). In conclusion, it seems that this transhepatic approach is safe and can be an alternative method for electrode insertion during RF ablation of selected renal tumors.     

Livin及Caspase-3蛋白在肾癌组织中的表达及意义

目的观察Livin及Caspase-3蛋白在肾癌组织中的表达及其临床病理意义。方法采用免疫组化法检测69例肾癌中Livin及Caspase-3蛋白的表达。结果 Livin蛋白在肾癌中的阳性率明显高于肾组织,而Caspase-3则反之。结论 Livin蛋白表达增高与肾癌的临床分期,复发密切相关。检测Livin及Caspase-3有助于提高肾癌侵袭转移能力的评估,并可作为判定肾癌生物学行为的客观指标。     

Impact of size of region-of-interest on differentiation of renal cell carcinoma and renal cysts on multi-phase CT: Preliminary findings

Introduction

To assess impact of size of regions-of-interest (ROI) on differentiation of RCC and renal cysts using multi-phase CT, with focus on differentiating papillary RCC (pRCC) and cysts given known hypovascularity of pRCC.

Methods

99 renal lesions (23 pRCC, 47 clear-cell RCC, 7 chromophobe RCC, 22 cysts) underwent multi-phase CT. Subjective presence of visual enhancement was recorded for each lesion. Whole-lesion (WL) ROIs, and small (≤5 mm²), medium (average size of small and large ROIs), and large (half of lesion diameter) peripherally located partial-lesion (PL) ROIs, were placed on non-contrast and nephrographic phases. Impact of ROI size in separating cysts from all RCC and from pRCC based on increased attenuation between phases was assessed using ROC analysis.

Results

Visual enhancement was perceived in 96% of ccRCC, 61% of pRCC, and 9% of cysts. AUCs for separating all RCC and cysts for WL-ROI and small, medium, and large PL-ROIs were 91%, 96%, 91% and 93%, and among lesions without visible enhancement were 60%, 79%, 67% and 67%. AUCs for separating pRCC and cysts for WL-ROI and small, medium, and large PL-ROIs were 78%, 92%, 82% and 84%, and among lesions without visible enhancement were 64%, 88%, 69% and 69%.

Conclusion

Small PL-ROIs had higher accuracy than WL-ROI or other PL-ROIs in separating RCC from cysts, with greater impact in differentiating pRCC from cysts and differentiating lesions without visible enhancement. Thus, when evaluating renal lesions using multi-phase CT, we suggest placing small peripheral ROIs for highest accuracy in distinguishing renal malignancy and benign cysts.     

彩色多普勒超声对鉴别良恶性肾肿瘤的意义

目的探讨彩色多普勒超声（CDUS）对鉴别肾脏良、恶性肿瘤的意义。方法32例由手术病理证实的肾肿瘤患者（23例肾细胞癌，6例肾盂移行细胞癌，以及3例肾错构瘤）均经CDUS检查，首先分析其二维声像图特征，其次测量其肾动脉峰值血流速度及阻力指数，并将良、恶性患者的测量均值进行比较。结果肾脏良、恶性肿瘤具有不同的声像图特征，恶性肿瘤患者肾动脉峰值流速高于良性肿瘤患者，RI低于良性肿瘤患者。在32例中，CDUS定位诊断准确率为100％，2例恶性肿瘤被误诊为良性肿瘤，2例良性肿瘤被误诊为恶性肿瘤，CDUS的诊断敏感性为93．5％，特异性33．3％，准确性87．5％。结论CDUS，尤其是彩色多普勒血流显像（CDFI）技术对肾动脉血流参数的检测及对肿瘤内血流分布的评价，在鉴别肾脏良、恶性肿瘤中起重要作用。     

The incidental renal mass

Incidental renal masses are extremely common. Although most represent benign renal cysts, not all incidental renal masses are benign. Most renal cell carcinomas are discovered incidentally when an imaging examination is performed to evaluate a nonrenal complaint. Therefore, differentiating incidental benign renal masses from those that are potentially malignant is important. There are well-established, time-tested, image-based criteria that can be used to diagnose most renal masses definitively. However, some renal masses remain indeterminate even after a thorough evaluation with imaging. This article discusses the evaluation, diagnosis, and treatment options of the incidental renal mass.