迷走神经刺激激活丘脑和下丘脑室旁核的谷氨酸能神经元的探讨

目的：研究迷走神经刺激（VNS）后激活的丘脑室旁核（PV）、下丘脑室旁核（PVN）的神经元是否含谷氨酸能神经元。方法：利用FOS和谷氨酸免疫组化双标法观察迷走神经刺激后PV、PVN的双标细胞。结果：VNS后PV、PVN中存在谷氨酸和FOS双标细胞。结论：VNS激活了PV、PVN的谷氨酸能神经元。     

迷走神经刺激在慢性心力衰竭中的应用

在心衰的发生和发展过程中,不仅存在交感神经的激活,而且存在副交感神经功能减退。动物研究显示迷走神经刺激有助于逆转心衰的心室重构,提高迷走神经张力有助于增加心衰患者心肌内NO合成、减少炎症因子和增加缝隙蛋白的表达。Cardio Fit和ANTHEM-HF等临床研究证实迷走神经刺激(vague nerve stimulation,VNS)的安全性及有效性。但新近发布的NECRAR-HF研究未能证实VNS在改善心脏重构和提高心功能的作用。更大样本量的随机对照研究有助于进一步证实VNS的疗效。     

电刺激兔下丘脑背内侧核及室旁核诱发的缺血性心律失常

本实验在迷走神经切断和未切断的麻醉兔上观察比较了单独电刺激下丘脑室旁核(PVH)、下丘脑背内侧核(DMH)及合并刺激PVH与DMH所诱发的缺血性心电变化(ST偏移)、定性心律失常(室性早搏)及升压反应。结果提示:DMH是诱发缺血性心电变化的高反应区,PVH则是诱发室性心律失常、血压升高的高反应区,PVH与DMH合并刺激能使两者反应叠加。迷走神经完整组与迷走神经切断组的结果比较提示,迷走神经的存在使刺激DMH及PVH+DMH诱发的缺血性ST偏移减轻,表明迷走神经对心肌缺血有保护作用,但对诱发室性早搏及升压反应的影响不明显。     

阿托品、麻黄素预处理对胆囊手术病人心率血压的稳定作用

腹腔胆囊手术因牵拉腹腔脏器或直接刺激迷走神经,造成心动过缓,严重时可反射性心跳骤停.硬膜外麻醉也可造成腹腔交感神经阻滞,迷走神经张力增加,如在刺激迷走神经之前预防性静脉注入阿托品、麻黄素,可降低窦房结、房室结的迷走神经激动,减轻各阻断迷走神经反射,对手术病人血流动力学有稳定作用.     

阿托品、麻黄素预处理对胆囊手术病人心率血压的稳定作用

腹腔胆囊手术因牵拉腹腔脏器或直接刺激迷走神经，造成心动过缓，严重时可反射性心跳骤停。硬膜外麻醉也可造成腹腔交感神经阻滞，迷走神经张力增加，如在刺激迷走神经之前预防性静脉注入阿托品、麻黄素，可降低窦房结、房室结的迷走神经激动，减轻各阻断迷走神经反射，对手术病人血流动力学有稳定作用。     

电刺激迷走神经对感染性休克大鼠肝脏炎性反应的影响

目的 :研究电刺激迷走神经对感染性休克大鼠肝脏炎性反应的影响。方法 :采用盲肠结扎穿孔法 (cecalligationandpuncture ,CLP)复制感染性休克模型。取成年雄性SD大鼠 2 0只 ,随机分为 4组 :假CLP组、CLP组、迷切组、电刺激组。刺激方法是将左迷走神经远端连接刺激电极 ,于CLP术毕即刻持续电刺激 (5V、2ms和 1Hz) 2 0min。各组动物均行颈总动脉置管连续监测平均动脉压 ,用酶联免疫吸附法 (ELISA法 )检测血浆TNF α水平 ,肝脏组织HE染色观察病理组织学变化情况。结果 :CLP术后平均动脉血压进行性下降 ,血浆TNF α水平含量显著升高 (各P <0 .0 1) ,肝脏组织发生明显的炎性病理改变 ;与CLP组比较 ,电刺激组动物平均动脉压下降幅度减轻 ,血浆TNF α含量显著降低 (各P <0 .0 1) ,肝组织炎性病理改变减轻。结论 :电刺激迷走神经能缓解CLP致感染性休克大鼠的进行性血压下降 ,降低血清TNF α含量 ,减轻肝组织病理损害 ,对肝功能有潜在的保护作用。     

核转录因子红系2相关因子2在肝缺血再灌注损伤中的作用及麻醉药物干预的研究进展

肝缺血再灌注损伤（IRI）是一种常见的肝脏损伤类型,严重影响患者预后。核转录因子红系2相关因子2(Nrf2)是一种重要的转录因子,参与多种细胞生理活动。研究表明,Nrf2在肝脏IRI中起重要调控作用,激活Nrf2及相关通路能够清除活性氧,减少氧化应激损伤,从而减轻肝脏IRI。近年来,麻醉药物调控Nrf2信号通路在基础实验和临床试验中减轻肝脏IRI均取得一定成果,但仍处于实验阶段。本文通过分析近年来麻醉药物相关研究进展,对Nrf2在肝脏IRI中的作用及机制进行综述,以期为肝脏IRI的防治提供新方向。     

迷走神经刺激可治疗癫痫

迷走神经的神经刺激(VNS)可阻止马钱子碱(strychnine)诱发的狗癫痫发作以及戊四氮(pentylenetratol)引起的鼠癫痫发作。迷走神经的慢性刺激可使有氧化铝凝胶病灶的猴子自发性癫痫发作频率降低。对人类而言,现有一种刺激迷走神经的商业化装置。该装置是由一个脉:中发生器、一根刺激迷走神经的双极导线以及一根可操纵磁铁手柄转换刺激装置开或关的程序控制棒和软件组成。植入该装置以刺激左侧(而不是右侧)的迷走神经,因为刺激该部位的迷走神经可能不会导致对心脏的影响。     

预使用阿托品对胆囊手术患者血压和心率稳定作用的探讨

胆囊手术常因牵拉胆囊或肠管。或直接刺激迷走神经而造成心动过缓，严重的可造成迷走神经反射性心跳骤停。硬膜外麻醉下腹腔交感神经被阻滞，迷走神经张力兴奋性相对增加。如在刺激迷走神经之前预防性使用静脉注射阿托品的措施，可降低窦房结与房室结的迷走神经张力，减轻和阻断迷走神经反射，对手术患者血液动力学具有稳定作用。本文对此进行了观察。     

葡萄籽原花青素B2对小鼠肾缺血再灌注损伤模型氧化应激及凋亡的影响

目的 探讨葡萄籽原花青素B2(grape seed proanthocyanidin B2,GSPB2)对小鼠肾缺血再灌注损伤模型氧化应激及凋亡的影响及相关机制。方法 将40只C57BL小鼠随机分为4组,假手术组(sham组)、缺血再灌注损伤组(IRI组)、葡萄籽原花青素B2+缺血再灌注损伤组(GSPB2+IRI组)、葡萄籽原花青素B2+鸦胆子苦醇+缺血再灌注损伤组(GSPB2+BRU+IRI组),每组10只。建模后24h,HE染色及透射电镜检测肾脏病理学损伤;检测肾组织SOD、MDA;TUNEL染色检测肾组织细胞凋亡;免疫荧光染色及Western blot法检测Nrf2、HO-1、cleaved-caspase-3蛋白表达。结果 与IRI组比较,GSPB2+IRI组小鼠肾脏形态学及线粒体损伤明显减轻,同时Nrf2、HO-1蛋白的表达明显上调。同时,与IRI组比较,GSPB2+IRI组的肾组织cleaved-caspase-3蛋白表达水平明显下调。但同时加入葡萄籽原花青素B2和BRU干预时,葡萄籽原花青素B2保护作用明显减弱。结论 葡萄籽原花青素B2能明显减轻小鼠肾缺血再灌注损伤过程中的氧化应激损伤及线粒体损伤,同时能明显减轻肾小管上皮细胞的凋亡。这可能与葡萄籽原花青素B2能激活内源性抗氧化系统,上调Nrf2、HO-1蛋白的表达并抑制cleaved-caspase-3蛋白的表达有关。     

Value of D-Dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection

Objective: To evaluatel the value of D-dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection (AAD). Methods: This study consisted of 16 patients with AAD and 27 non-AAD patients. Serum D-dimets were measured by Sta-Liatest D-DI immunoturbidimetric assay. Results: D-dimer level was higher (P ＜ 0.001) in patients with AAD(7.91 ± 5.52 μg/ml) than that in non- AAD group(1.57±1.24 μg/ml). D-dimer was positive (＞0.4 μg/ml) in all patients with AAD and in 10 control group patients (37%). Among patients with acute AAD, D-dimers tended to be higher in Stanford A than in Stanford B (8.67 ± 4.31 μg/ml vs. 3.24±1.27 μg/ml, P ＜0.01). D-dimer values tended to be higher in more extended disease(3.84 ± 1.65 μg/ml, 8.57 ± 3.58 μg/ml and 11.87 ± 5.69 μg/ml in thoracic aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta and iliacal arteries, respectively, P ＜ 0.05 for both 8.57 ± 3.58 and 11.87 ± 5.69 vs. 3.84 ± 1.65 ). Including the control group into the analysis, we found a sensitivity of 100%, a negative predictive value of 100%, and a specificity of 66% and a positive predictive value of 64% for D-dimer in diagnosis of AAD in our patients with suspected AAD. Conclusion: D-dimer was elevated in patients with AAD. A negative D-dimer test result could be useful in excluding AAD.     

Research of combined liver-kidney transplantation model in rats

Objective： To set up a simple and reliable rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation. Methods： SD rats served as both donors and recipients. 4℃ sodium lactate Ringer＇s was infused from portal veins to donated livers,and from abdominal aorta to donated kidneys, respectively. Anastomosis of the portal vein and the inferior vena cava （IVC） inferior to the right kidney between the graft and the recipient was performed by a double cuff method, then the superior hepatic vena cava with suture. A patch of donated renal artery was anastomosed to the recipient abdominal aorta. The urethra and bile duct were reconstructed with a simple inside bracket. Results： Among 65 cases of combined liver-kidney transplantation, the success rate in the late 40 cases was 77.5%. The function of the grafted liver and kidney remained normal. Conclusion： This rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation can be established in common laboratory conditions with high success rate and meet the needs of renal transplantation experiment.     

BLOOD PRESSURE CHANGE WITH AGE IN SALT-SENSITIVE TEENAGERS

Objective To observe blood pressure change with age in salt-sensitive teenagers whose salt sensitivity were determined by repeated testing.Methods Salt sensitivity was determined through intravenous infusion of normal saline combined with volume-depletion by oral diuretic furosemide in 55 teenagers. After five years, salt sensitivity was re-examined and subject blood pressure was followed up. Blood pressure changes in salt-sensitive teenagers were compared to that of non-salt sensitive teenagers over five years.Results After 5 years, the repetition rate of salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading is 92.7%. In teenagers with salt sensitivity on the baseline, both the systolic blood pressure increments and increment rates were much higher than non-salt sensitive teenagers (12.7±12.1 mmHg vs. 2.8±5.2 mmHg, P＜ 0.01; 12.2%± 12.0% vs. 2.5% ±4.4%, P＜ 0.001,respectively). There was a similar trend for diastolic blood pressure (8.4 ± 6.4 mmHg vs. 3.7 ± 6.4 mmHg, P = 0.052; 13.2% ±10.6 % vs. 6.8%± 10.1%, P = 0.053, respectively).Conclusions Salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading showed good reproducibility. Blood pressure increments with age were much higher in salt-sensitive teenagers than non-salt sensitive teenagers, especially in terms of systolic blood pressure.     

安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术后生活质量影响的研究

目的：评价使用安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术（PPCI）术后生活质量的影响.方法：将160例接受PPCI的急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者随机分为安心颗粒组（术前顿服安心颗粒8.8g,术后安心颗粒4.4 g/次,每日2次）和对照组（仅接受基础药物治疗）.所有患者均服用阿司匹林、氯吡格雷和阿托伐他汀.分别在入院时、出院前1d、出院后180 d时,应用心肌梗死多维度量表（MIDAS）、中文版SF-36评价量表对患者生活质量评分.并观察术后30 d以内的出血并发症、血小板减少症发生情况.结果：入院时和出院前1d,两组患者的心肌梗死MIDAS、SF-36量表评分比较无差异（P＞0.05）;出院后180 d时,与对照组比较,安心颗粒组MIDAS、SF-36评分明显减低（P＜0.05）;组内与入院时比较,两组出院前1d、出院后180 d时,MIDAS、SF-36评分均降低（P＜0.05）.两组患者在随访期间均无大量出血、少量出血、重度和极重度血小板减少症发生,安心颗粒组有4例、对照组有7例发生不明显出血（P＞0.05）.两组发生轻度血小板减少症的患者数比较无差异（P＞0.05）.结论：PPCI使用安心颗粒,能改善急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者的生活质量,且不增加出血风险.     

The comparative studies of the influences of Urapidil and Nicardipine on sino-atrial node function, atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics

Objective:To investigate the influences of urapidil and nicardipine on rabbit sinus function,atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics.Methods:Thirty-two Angora's rabbits were selected and randomly divided into four groups.U1 group:urapidil 0.25 mg/kg;U2 group:urapidil 0.5 mg/kg;N1 group:nicardipine 10 μg/kg;N2 group:nicardipine 20 μg/kg.All these medicine were administrated within 30 seconds.Measurements were taken before and after the administration of urapidil or nicardipine for the following data:mean blood pressure(MAP),heart rate(HR),sino-atrial conduction time(SACT),maximal sinoatrial recovery time(SNRTmax)corrected sinus node recovery time(CSNRT),index of sinus node recovery time(SNRTI),Wenckebach A-V conduction frequency (WB),and P-R interval.Results:Significant MAP and HR changes were identified in all of the four groups before and after administration of both urapidil and nicardipine.No significant changes could be found in the rest of the parameters.Intergroup analysis showed that SACT and CSNRT of N1 and N2 groups were shorter than those of the U2 group(P＜0.01);the MAP decreased(P＜0.01)and the HR increased drastically(P＜0.01).Conclusions:Neither urapidil(0.25 mg/kg,0.5 mg/kg)nor nicardipine(10μg/kg,20μg/kg)has any significant influence on rabbit sinus function or rabbit atrio-ventricular node function.Nicardipine could be a better choice than urapidil for parafunctional sinus node patients.     

Expression of OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the patients of hip fracture due to osteoporosis

Objective：To investigate the gene expression of osteoprotegerin（OPG） and osteoclast differentiation factor（ODF） in the bone tissue of patients with hip fracture due to osteoporosis. Methods：OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the bone tissue in 50 cases of osteoporosis sufferers（over 50 years old） with hip fracture（Observer Group） and 30 cases of hip facture sufferers with no osteoporosis（Control group） were analyzed with the Semi-Quantitative RT-PCR method. Results：The mRNA expressed of ODF, OPG were both high in the patients with hip fracture. In the control group, the expression of OPG mRNA was observed, while the expression of ODF mRNA was very slight. Conclusion：Aged patients contained all signals including OPG, ODF that are essential for inducing osteoclastogenesis and promoting bone resorption.     

The clinicopathological and immuohistochemical analysis of solid-pseudopapillary tumor of the pancreas： report of 9 cases

Objective：To investigate the clinical features, pathological characteristics and immunophenotype of solid-pseudopapillary tumor of the pancreas（SPTP）. Methods：Nine surgically treated cases of SPTP were retrospectively reviewed. Hematoxylin and Eosin（HE） staining and immunohistochemical staining were used to analyze all cases, and the general clinical data was collected. Results：Six patients were asymptomatic except for a palpable mass. Two patients complained of vague-epigastric pain. One patient appeared jaundice. The tumor was encapsulated and solid tissues alternately with cystic tissues. Histologically, the histological structure of solid portion was pseudopapillary with a fibrovascular core. Tumor cells were uniform and medium-sized which were arranged in sheets ets or nests or pseudopapillary patterns. Immunohistochemical studies demonstrated that SPTP proved positive in vimentin（9/9 cases）, AAT（9/9 cases）, NSE（9/9 cases）, ACT（7/9 cases）, CK20（2/9 cases）, CgA（1/9 cases）, S-100（3/gcases）, PR（4/gcases）, Syn（3/9 cases） and CD56（5/9cases）, negative in CEA and ER. Conclusion：SPTP is a tumor predominantly occurring in young women frequently without special symptoms. This tumor has various characteristical histological patterns with different immunophenotype.     

Dynamic Changes in Serum Estradiol and Progesterone levels in Patients of Premenstrual Syndrome with Adverse Flow of Liver-qi

Objective:To probe into the influence of changes of ovarian hormones on the pathogenesis of the specific sub-type premenstrual syndrome(PMS)and reveal partial microcosmic mechanisms of adverse flow of liver-qi.Methods:Estradiol(E2)and progesterone(P)levels in serum were determined at different phases of menstrual cycle by radioimmunoassay.Results:In the group of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.the secretive peak value Of E2 and P at the follicular phase significantly decreased,and the secretive peak value at the luteal phase did not come into being.Conclusions:Low E2 and P secretive peak at the follicular phase and absence of secretive peak at the luteal phase is one of the microcosmic mechanisms of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.One of the pathophysiologic mechanisms of specific sub-type PMS is probably the continuous low level of E2and P.     

Real-time Three-dimensional Echocardiography in Assessment of Left Ventricular and Right Ventricular Volumes

Real-time three-dimensional echocardiography (RT3DE)is a new ultrasound technique that enables dynamic threedimensional visualization and quantification of the heart in real time. Investigation of feasibility and methodology of RT3DE in determining left ventricular (LV) and right ventricular (RV) volumes, RT3DE was performed in 35 normal adults using Philips SONOS 7500 system with a 2-4 MHz matrix array transducer. The 60°×60° "pyramid" volume database was obtained and analyzed on a TomTec echo workstation. Both LV and RV volumes were calculated with four 3DE methods (i.e. apical 2, 4, 8, and 16-plane) through manually tracing ventricular endocardial borders in end diastole and end systole. Stroke volumes were then calculated. LV volume was also measured by 2DE Simpson's rule using GE VIVID 7 ultrasound machine.     

SCREENING FOR A 21-CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITY IN PREIMPLANTED EMBRYOS OF ELDERLY WOMEN

Increasing maternal age is the only etiological factor unequivocally linked to Down's syndrome in humans. The occurrence rate of newborns with Down's syndrome is about 1/220 in women over 35 years old. However, the occurrence rate in embryos fertilized in vitro, of the elder woman is unclear. Using FISH we screened the number of chromosome 21 in preimplanted embryos of 5 elderly women (average age, 38.4 years) to study the feasibility and necessity of screening trisomy 21 in embryos in patients over 35 years old at the in vitro fertilization (IVF) center.