单次小剂量吗啡用于剖宫产术后硬膜外镇痛的临床观察

目的对比研究单次小剂量吗啡用于剖宫产术后硬膜外镇痛的临床效果。方法剖宫产的产妇120例,采用持续硬膜外麻醉。依术后镇痛方法的不同,随机均分为3组。I组为舒芬太尼150μg、0．375％罗哌卡因5ml持续静脉自控镇痛;Ⅱ组为吗啡40μg／kg、0．375％罗哌卡因5ml;Ⅲ组为吗啡80μg／kg、0．375％罗哌卡因5ml。后两组采用单次硬膜外给药法。记录术后VAS和舒适评分（BCS）,以及不良反应。结果3组产妇术后2、36、48hVAS和BCS评分差异无统计学意义;6、24hⅡ、Ⅲ组的VAS和BCS评分分别低于和高于I组（P〈0．05）,Ⅱ、Ⅲ组间差异无统计学意义;Ⅲ组不良反应明显较Ⅰ、Ⅱ组多（P〈0．05）;Ⅱ组皮肤瘙痒发生率较I组高（P〈0．05）,其他不良反应发生情况同Ⅰ组比较差异无统计学意义。结论吗啡40ug／kg单次用于剖宫产术后硬膜外镇痛效果确切、完善,不良反应发生率低。     

几种剖宫产术后镇痛方法的比较

目的探讨适合剖宫产术后镇痛的理想方案。方法360例孕妇需剖宫产者分为静脉镇痛组和硬膜外镇痛组（吗啡组、芬太尼组），每组120例。静脉镇痛组（I组）：芬太尼0．8mg＋氟哌利多2．5mg＋生理盐水（NS）至100ml，2ml／h；硬膜外镇痛组（芬太尼组）（Ⅱ组）：芬太尼0．8mg＋0．75％左旋布比卡因10ml＋NS至100ml，2ml／h；硬膜外镇痛组（吗啡组）（Ⅲ组）：吗啡6mg＋0．75％左旋布比卡因10ml＋盐酸异丙嗪12、5mg＋NS至60ml，1ml／h，手术结束前10min硬膜外腔给饱和量（吗啡1，5mg＋盐酸异丙嗪5mg＋NS至10ml，根据产妇情况一次注入7～10ml）。结果各组镇痛效果差异明显，硬膜外镇痛吗啡组〉硬膜外镇痛芬太尼组〉静脉镇痛组，副作用发生率Ⅰ组稍高于Ⅱ组，Ⅱ组稍高于Ⅲ组（P〈0.05），皮肤瘙痒发生率Ⅲ组稍大于Ⅰ、Ⅱ组（P〉0．05），锥体外系发生率Ⅰ组大于Ⅱ、Ⅲ组（P〈0．05）。结论硬膜外吗啡镇痛组效果优良，吾4作用发生率低，易被产妇接受，适宜剖宫产术后镇痛。     

吗啡和芬太尼用于术后镇痛效应与不良反应的临床观察

目的 观察吗啡、芬太尼用于患者自控硬膜外镇痛（PCEA）的镇痛效应及不良反应。方法 择期手术患者110例,ASAⅠ～Ⅱ级,随机分为两组,Ⅰ组（n=55例）选用吗啡10mg（1ml）加2％利多卡因和0．75％布比卡因各20ml加生理盐水59ml;Ⅱ组（n=55例）选用芬太尼0．5mg（10ml）（代替Ⅰ组配方中的吗啡）加生理盐水50ml。以LCP模式（负荷剂量5ml加持续剂量2ml／h加PCA每次0．5ml）进行镇痛。结果 Ⅰ组与Ⅱ组镇痛效果差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）;Ⅰ组出现恶心、呕吐、尿潴留、皮肤瘙痒等不良反应发生率较Ⅱ组高（P〈0．01）。结论 吗啡较芬太尼的不良反应更多,应谨慎选用。     

吗啡硬膜外单次注射联合PCIA在混合痔手术术后镇痛的效果观察

目的：观察吗啡硬膜外单次注射联合PCIA在混合痔手术术后的镇痛效果。方法：选择混合痔手术病人60例ASAI～Ⅱ级,随机分为罗哌卡因＋PCIA术后镇痛组（A组）和罗哌卡因＋吗啡单次硬膜外注射联合PCIA术后镇痛组（B组）,每组30例。手术的麻醉方式均采用腰硬联合一点法麻醉,平面控制在T。o。A组病人于手术结束时予0．2％罗哌卡因6ml硬膜外腔推注后,拔出硬膜外导管,接静脉镇痛泵行自控镇痛（PCIA）。B组病人于手术结束时予0．2％罗哌卡因＋吗啡2mg共6ml硬膜外腔推注后,拔出硬膜外导管,接静脉镇痛泵行自控镇痛（PCIA）。镇痛泵泵注速度为2ml／h,自控剂量为0．5ml,锁定时间为15min。观察记录两组术后6、12、24、48h的VAS评分及不良反应发生情况。结果：A组VAS评分较B组高,且差异均有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。A组的不良反应情况为皮肤瘙痒0例,恶心呕吐2例,尿潴留l例,眩晕1例,不良反应发生率为13．3％。B组为皮肤瘙痒2例,恶心呕吐1例,尿潴留2例,眩晕0例,不良反应发生率为16．7％。两组不良反应发生率比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论：吗啡硬膜外单次注射联合PCIA在混合痔手术后的镇痛效果满意。     

托烷司琼联合地塞米松预防剖宫产术后硬膜外镇痛所致恶心呕吐的临床观察

目的观察托烷司琼联合地塞米松对剖宫产术后患者硬膜外腔吗啡镇痛所致恶心呕吐的防治效果。方法随机将320例在腰硬膜外联合麻醉下行剖宫产手术的患者分为四组：分别于手术关腹膜时静脉注射生理盐水5ml（Ⅰ组）、托烷司琼5mg（Ⅱ组）、地塞米松10mg（Ⅲ组）和地塞米松10mg＋托烷司琼5mg（IV组）。所有患者在手术后均接受硬膜外吗啡镇痛。观察术后48h内患者镇痛效果和恶心呕吐发生情况。结果各组间镇痛效果无明显差异。Ⅰ组恶心呕吐发生率明显高于Ⅱ组和Ⅲ组（P〈0．05）;Ⅳ组恶心呕吐发生率与Ⅰ组比较,P〈0．01,与Ⅱ组和Ⅲ组比较,P〈0．05。结论托烷司琼联合地塞米松比其单独应用更能有效地减少剖宫产术后硬膜外吗啡镇痛所致的恶心呕吐症状,值得临床推广应用。     

不同镇痛方法用于下肢术后镇痛的比较

目的：观察比较静脉曲马多自控镇痛（PCIA）和硬膜外罗哌卡因吗啡自控镇痛（PCEA）用于下肢术后镇痛的临床效果及安全性。方法：选择ASA Ⅰ-Ⅱ病人64例，均行下肢手术，随机分为静脉曲马多组（PCIA组）和硬膜外罗哌卡因吗啡组（PCEA组），每组32例。PCIA组：术毕外周静脉单次给予曲马多负荷量1 mg／kg，继之接镇痛泵，PCIA药物配方为：曲马多800 mg＋氟哌利多5 mg＋0．9％生理盐水至100 ml。PCEA组：术毕经硬膜外导管单次注入0．125％罗哌卡因5 ml，继之接镇痛泵。PCEA药物配方：1％罗哌卡因20 ml＋吗啡10 mg＋氟哌利多5 mg＋0．9％生理盐水至100 ml。两组持续给药速度均为2 ml／h，单次PCA剂量0．5 ml，锁定时间15 min，术后定时进行镇痛镇静评分，观察有无恶心、呕吐、皮肤瘙痒、头晕嗜睡、尿潴留等不良反应。结果：两组病人的一般资料无显著性差异（P〉0．05）。术后视觉模拟评分（VAS评分），PCIA组明显高于PCEA组，有显著性差异（P〈0．01）。术后镇静评分（Ramsay评分）PCIA组明显高于PCEA组，有显著性差异（P〈0．01）。恶心呕吐、尿潴留、皮肤瘙痒发生率PCIA组明显低于PCEA组。头晕嗜睡发生率PCIA组明显高于PCEA组。结论：下肢术后镇痛，采用吗啡PCEA镇痛优于曲马多PCIA。     

硬膜外输注纳络酮降低吗啡术后镇痛副作用

目的：观察硬膜外输注低浓度纳络酮对术后吗啡镇痛引起的副作用的影响。方法：选择择期在腰麻和硬膜外联合麻醉下行子宫切除术病人46例（ASAⅠ-Ⅱ级），术后随机分为吗啡组（M组）和吗啡复合纳络酮组（MN组），二组行硬膜外持续镇痛。定时记录视觉模拟评分（VAS），镇痛、恶心、呕吐、皮肤瘙痒的评分及发生率，记录血压、心率和呼吸次数。结果：两组VAS评分，镇静、恶心、呕吐评分及其发生率差异均无显性意义（P＜0．05）；皮肤瘙痒评分及其发生率差异有显性意义（P＜0．05或P＜0．01）。结论：硬膜外持续输注吗啡复合纳络酮对镇痛效果无影响，能明显降低皮肤瘙痒的评分及其发生率，但不能降低恶心、呕吐的评分及其发生率。     

舒芬太尼和吗啡持续硬膜外输注术后镇痛效应的比较

目的比较舒芬太尼和吗啡持续硬膜外输注术后镇痛的效应。方法择期妇科手术患者60例,行硬膜外麻醉后,随机分为两组：吗啡镇痛组（Ⅰ组）,给予吗啡2mg、罗哌卡因75mg加生理盐水至100ml;舒芬太尼镇痛组（Ⅱ组）,给予舒芬太尼100μg、罗哌卡因75mg加生理盐水至100ml行硬膜外术后镇痛。观察术后4、8、24、48h时间点患者的视觉模拟评分（VAS评分）、Ram—say镇静评分、Bromage运动神经阻滞评分．以及恶心、呕吐、瘙痒和呼吸抑制等不良反应。结果Ⅱ组术后4、8、24、48h时间点患者的VAS评分均低于1组（P〈0．05）。1组术后的恶心、呕吐、皮肤瘙痒发生率均高于Ⅱ组（P〈0．05）。结论和吗啡相比,舒芬太尼复合罗哌卡因用于硬膜外术后镇痛．能够产生较理想的镇痛效果。和减少术后镇痛副作用的发生。     

硬膜外腔注入吗啡术后镇痛最佳用量探讨

探讨硬膜外腔注入吗啡术后镇痛的最佳用量。180例ASAⅠ～Ⅱ级在硬膜外麻醉下行中下腹部手术病人随机分为A、B、C三组，分别手术毕硬膜外腔注入吗啡0．5mg、1mg、2mg，均用10ml生理盐水稀释。结果，A组无满意镇用作用，B组和C组镇痛优良者分别为86．7％和93．3％（P＞0．05），镇痛时间分别为24．2±2．9h和25．8±4．3h（P＞0．05）；不良反应发生率A组明显低于B组和C组（P＜0．01），B组明显低于C组（P＜0．01）．提示，吗啡1mg可能是硬膜外腔注药术后镇痛的最佳用量。     

吗啡和小剂量纳洛酮对妇科患者术后镇痛的临床观察

①目的 观察硬膜外吗啡和小剂量纳洛酮在妇科手术后镇痛的效果及不良反应。②方法 ASAⅠ、Ⅱ级60例全宫切除术患者，随机分为两组：吗啡＋纳洛酮组（MN），吗啡组（M），每组30例。MN组：吗啡3mg＋纳洛酮0．4mg＋地塞米松10mg＋1％罗哌卡因20ml；M组：吗啡3mg＋地塞米松10mg＋1％罗哌卡因20mL；均以生理盐水配置150mL泵内，关腹膜时硬膜外腔给予负荷量吗啡2mg＋生理盐水至10m1．后连接PCA（江苏杨州市华兴医疗器械有限公司）镇痛泵进行自控镇痛（PCA），术后2、6、12、24、46小时行VAS评分，并对有效按压次数、不良反应发生情况进行观察比较：③结果 MN组术后12小时内VAS评分低于M组（P〈0．05）；MN组PcA按压次数少于M组（P〈0．05）。④结论 小剂量纳洛酮可增强吗啡硬膜外镇痛的效果，其机制可能与增强内源性阿片肽的合成及释放有关，并且不良反应发生率明显减少，是一种较好的镇痛选择。     

Value of D-Dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection

Objective: To evaluatel the value of D-dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection (AAD). Methods: This study consisted of 16 patients with AAD and 27 non-AAD patients. Serum D-dimets were measured by Sta-Liatest D-DI immunoturbidimetric assay. Results: D-dimer level was higher (P ＜ 0.001) in patients with AAD(7.91 ± 5.52 μg/ml) than that in non- AAD group(1.57±1.24 μg/ml). D-dimer was positive (＞0.4 μg/ml) in all patients with AAD and in 10 control group patients (37%). Among patients with acute AAD, D-dimers tended to be higher in Stanford A than in Stanford B (8.67 ± 4.31 μg/ml vs. 3.24±1.27 μg/ml, P ＜0.01). D-dimer values tended to be higher in more extended disease(3.84 ± 1.65 μg/ml, 8.57 ± 3.58 μg/ml and 11.87 ± 5.69 μg/ml in thoracic aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta and iliacal arteries, respectively, P ＜ 0.05 for both 8.57 ± 3.58 and 11.87 ± 5.69 vs. 3.84 ± 1.65 ). Including the control group into the analysis, we found a sensitivity of 100%, a negative predictive value of 100%, and a specificity of 66% and a positive predictive value of 64% for D-dimer in diagnosis of AAD in our patients with suspected AAD. Conclusion: D-dimer was elevated in patients with AAD. A negative D-dimer test result could be useful in excluding AAD.     

Research of combined liver-kidney transplantation model in rats

Objective： To set up a simple and reliable rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation. Methods： SD rats served as both donors and recipients. 4℃ sodium lactate Ringer＇s was infused from portal veins to donated livers,and from abdominal aorta to donated kidneys, respectively. Anastomosis of the portal vein and the inferior vena cava （IVC） inferior to the right kidney between the graft and the recipient was performed by a double cuff method, then the superior hepatic vena cava with suture. A patch of donated renal artery was anastomosed to the recipient abdominal aorta. The urethra and bile duct were reconstructed with a simple inside bracket. Results： Among 65 cases of combined liver-kidney transplantation, the success rate in the late 40 cases was 77.5%. The function of the grafted liver and kidney remained normal. Conclusion： This rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation can be established in common laboratory conditions with high success rate and meet the needs of renal transplantation experiment.     

BLOOD PRESSURE CHANGE WITH AGE IN SALT-SENSITIVE TEENAGERS

Objective To observe blood pressure change with age in salt-sensitive teenagers whose salt sensitivity were determined by repeated testing.Methods Salt sensitivity was determined through intravenous infusion of normal saline combined with volume-depletion by oral diuretic furosemide in 55 teenagers. After five years, salt sensitivity was re-examined and subject blood pressure was followed up. Blood pressure changes in salt-sensitive teenagers were compared to that of non-salt sensitive teenagers over five years.Results After 5 years, the repetition rate of salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading is 92.7%. In teenagers with salt sensitivity on the baseline, both the systolic blood pressure increments and increment rates were much higher than non-salt sensitive teenagers (12.7±12.1 mmHg vs. 2.8±5.2 mmHg, P＜ 0.01; 12.2%± 12.0% vs. 2.5% ±4.4%, P＜ 0.001,respectively). There was a similar trend for diastolic blood pressure (8.4 ± 6.4 mmHg vs. 3.7 ± 6.4 mmHg, P = 0.052; 13.2% ±10.6 % vs. 6.8%± 10.1%, P = 0.053, respectively).Conclusions Salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading showed good reproducibility. Blood pressure increments with age were much higher in salt-sensitive teenagers than non-salt sensitive teenagers, especially in terms of systolic blood pressure.     

安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术后生活质量影响的研究

目的：评价使用安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术（PPCI）术后生活质量的影响.方法：将160例接受PPCI的急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者随机分为安心颗粒组（术前顿服安心颗粒8.8g,术后安心颗粒4.4 g/次,每日2次）和对照组（仅接受基础药物治疗）.所有患者均服用阿司匹林、氯吡格雷和阿托伐他汀.分别在入院时、出院前1d、出院后180 d时,应用心肌梗死多维度量表（MIDAS）、中文版SF-36评价量表对患者生活质量评分.并观察术后30 d以内的出血并发症、血小板减少症发生情况.结果：入院时和出院前1d,两组患者的心肌梗死MIDAS、SF-36量表评分比较无差异（P＞0.05）;出院后180 d时,与对照组比较,安心颗粒组MIDAS、SF-36评分明显减低（P＜0.05）;组内与入院时比较,两组出院前1d、出院后180 d时,MIDAS、SF-36评分均降低（P＜0.05）.两组患者在随访期间均无大量出血、少量出血、重度和极重度血小板减少症发生,安心颗粒组有4例、对照组有7例发生不明显出血（P＞0.05）.两组发生轻度血小板减少症的患者数比较无差异（P＞0.05）.结论：PPCI使用安心颗粒,能改善急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者的生活质量,且不增加出血风险.     

The comparative studies of the influences of Urapidil and Nicardipine on sino-atrial node function, atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics

Objective:To investigate the influences of urapidil and nicardipine on rabbit sinus function,atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics.Methods:Thirty-two Angora's rabbits were selected and randomly divided into four groups.U1 group:urapidil 0.25 mg/kg;U2 group:urapidil 0.5 mg/kg;N1 group:nicardipine 10 μg/kg;N2 group:nicardipine 20 μg/kg.All these medicine were administrated within 30 seconds.Measurements were taken before and after the administration of urapidil or nicardipine for the following data:mean blood pressure(MAP),heart rate(HR),sino-atrial conduction time(SACT),maximal sinoatrial recovery time(SNRTmax)corrected sinus node recovery time(CSNRT),index of sinus node recovery time(SNRTI),Wenckebach A-V conduction frequency (WB),and P-R interval.Results:Significant MAP and HR changes were identified in all of the four groups before and after administration of both urapidil and nicardipine.No significant changes could be found in the rest of the parameters.Intergroup analysis showed that SACT and CSNRT of N1 and N2 groups were shorter than those of the U2 group(P＜0.01);the MAP decreased(P＜0.01)and the HR increased drastically(P＜0.01).Conclusions:Neither urapidil(0.25 mg/kg,0.5 mg/kg)nor nicardipine(10μg/kg,20μg/kg)has any significant influence on rabbit sinus function or rabbit atrio-ventricular node function.Nicardipine could be a better choice than urapidil for parafunctional sinus node patients.     

Expression of OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the patients of hip fracture due to osteoporosis

Objective：To investigate the gene expression of osteoprotegerin（OPG） and osteoclast differentiation factor（ODF） in the bone tissue of patients with hip fracture due to osteoporosis. Methods：OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the bone tissue in 50 cases of osteoporosis sufferers（over 50 years old） with hip fracture（Observer Group） and 30 cases of hip facture sufferers with no osteoporosis（Control group） were analyzed with the Semi-Quantitative RT-PCR method. Results：The mRNA expressed of ODF, OPG were both high in the patients with hip fracture. In the control group, the expression of OPG mRNA was observed, while the expression of ODF mRNA was very slight. Conclusion：Aged patients contained all signals including OPG, ODF that are essential for inducing osteoclastogenesis and promoting bone resorption.     

Dynamic Changes in Serum Estradiol and Progesterone levels in Patients of Premenstrual Syndrome with Adverse Flow of Liver-qi

Objective:To probe into the influence of changes of ovarian hormones on the pathogenesis of the specific sub-type premenstrual syndrome(PMS)and reveal partial microcosmic mechanisms of adverse flow of liver-qi.Methods:Estradiol(E2)and progesterone(P)levels in serum were determined at different phases of menstrual cycle by radioimmunoassay.Results:In the group of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.the secretive peak value Of E2 and P at the follicular phase significantly decreased,and the secretive peak value at the luteal phase did not come into being.Conclusions:Low E2 and P secretive peak at the follicular phase and absence of secretive peak at the luteal phase is one of the microcosmic mechanisms of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.One of the pathophysiologic mechanisms of specific sub-type PMS is probably the continuous low level of E2and P.     

Real-time Three-dimensional Echocardiography in Assessment of Left Ventricular and Right Ventricular Volumes

Real-time three-dimensional echocardiography (RT3DE)is a new ultrasound technique that enables dynamic threedimensional visualization and quantification of the heart in real time. Investigation of feasibility and methodology of RT3DE in determining left ventricular (LV) and right ventricular (RV) volumes, RT3DE was performed in 35 normal adults using Philips SONOS 7500 system with a 2-4 MHz matrix array transducer. The 60°×60° "pyramid" volume database was obtained and analyzed on a TomTec echo workstation. Both LV and RV volumes were calculated with four 3DE methods (i.e. apical 2, 4, 8, and 16-plane) through manually tracing ventricular endocardial borders in end diastole and end systole. Stroke volumes were then calculated. LV volume was also measured by 2DE Simpson's rule using GE VIVID 7 ultrasound machine.     

SCREENING FOR A 21-CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITY IN PREIMPLANTED EMBRYOS OF ELDERLY WOMEN

Increasing maternal age is the only etiological factor unequivocally linked to Down's syndrome in humans. The occurrence rate of newborns with Down's syndrome is about 1/220 in women over 35 years old. However, the occurrence rate in embryos fertilized in vitro, of the elder woman is unclear. Using FISH we screened the number of chromosome 21 in preimplanted embryos of 5 elderly women (average age, 38.4 years) to study the feasibility and necessity of screening trisomy 21 in embryos in patients over 35 years old at the in vitro fertilization (IVF) center.     

Scientific principles and rigorous processes should be followed in developing clinical guidelines for therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine

A clinical guideline for the therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine may be defined as a written document which states a series of recommendations on therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine for a special disease or condition. The guideline may provide assistance to medical professionals in making clinical decisions aimed at improving the clinical outcome of patients and reducing the costs of medical care（~＇4~. Recommendations issued by a guideline should be based on the best available evidence in both Western and Chinese medicine. For fulfilling this purpose, the development of clinical guidelines for therapeutic interventions in the field of integrative medicine should follow scientific principles and undergo a rigorous processes.