双能量CT在肝实质弥漫性疾病中的应用进展

双能量CT是一种采用2种不同能量进行数据采集的成像技术,可选择多种算法进行影像后处理。基于物质分离算法的双能量CT可以定量分析肝实质内的脂肪、铁、碘等物质,有助于早期评估肝实质弥漫性疾病及其严重程度,为肝实质弥漫性疾病的早期诊断及其发展的监测提供了一种新的影像学方法。综述近年来双能量CT在脂肪肝、肝铁沉积症、肝硬化等肝实质弥漫性疾病方面的应用进展。     

双源CT 灌注成像联合血清学指标对肝纤维化诊断的价值探讨

目的：探讨双源CT灌注成像联合血清学指标对兔肝纤维化进行早期诊断的价值。方法采用四氯化碳法建立肝纤维化模型,共对46只肝纤维化成模兔及10只对照兔行灌注成像,取得不同肝纤维化级别肝灌注参数,包括：肝动脉灌注量（ALP）、门脉灌注量（PVP）、肝动脉灌注指数（HPI）、血流量（BF）、血容量（BV）。检测肝纤维化兔血清透明质酸（H A ）、Ⅲ型前胶原（PCⅢ）、IV型胶原（IV‐C ）和层黏连蛋白（L N ）值,随后行病检分期分组,分析组间灌注参数值,同时分析灌注参数及血清学指标与肝纤维化程度的相关性。结果随着肝纤维化分期增加,PV P值呈下降趋势（ P ＜0．05）;S0、S1期分别与S2、S3、S4期具有统计学差异（ P ＜0．05）;PVP、HPI与肝纤维化分期存在一定相关性（ r ＝‐0．84,P ＜0．05;r ＝0．62,P ＜0．05）。血清学指标随着肝纤维化程度加重而逐渐升高,其中,HA、IV‐C与肝纤维化分期关系较为密切（ P＜0．05）。结论双源CT灌注成像与血清学检查在判断肝纤维化程度各有优缺点,联合应用二者有助于临床对肝纤维化进行合理评价。     

双层探测器光谱CT诊断肝纤维化分期的最佳单能量研究北大核心CSCD

目的:探讨双层探测器光谱CT最佳单能量成像对肝纤维化的诊断价值。方法:采用CCl_(4)腹腔注射法诱导建立兔肝纤维化模型,分为实验组(n=26)和正常对照组(n=4)。在造模后采用双层探测器能谱CT进行双期增强扫描,测量混合能量(CPI)及单能量(VMI_(40~70 keV))肝脏标准化强化值(ΔCT)。根据METAVIR系统进行肝纤维化分期。采用Spearman相关性分析明确动脉期、门脉期的肝脏ΔCT_(CPI)及ΔCT_(VMI(40~70))与纤维化分期相关性;采用ROC曲线评价对纤维化分期的诊断效能。结果:动脉期ΔCT值与纤维化分期均无相关性,静脉期ΔCT_(CPI)及ΔCT_(VMI(40~70))值与纤维化分期呈不同程度正相关。ΔCT_(VMI 40)与纤维化分期的相关性最高(r=0.595,P=0.001),ΔCT_(CPI)与纤维化分期相关性最低(r=0.453,P=0.012)。ΔCT_(VMI 40)对≥F1、≥F2、≥F3和F4期纤维化的ROC曲线下面积分别为0.865、0.790、0.831和0.740。结论:双层探测器光谱CT最佳单能量成像所测定的肝脏强化值与纤维化相关性高于混合能量,提示其可以准确诊断各期肝纤维化。     

螺旋CT三期扫描对肝纤维化诊断价值研究

目的探讨螺旋CT三期扫描对肝纤维化的诊断价值。方法对66例经肝穿刺活检病理证实的慢性乙型肝炎肝纤维化患者组和42例正常对照组进行螺旋CT三期增强扫描。根据纤维化程度分期进行影像资料和相关指标的统计分析。结果肝左叶增大,肝表面形态及肝实质密度的改变,脾脏增大,门静脉增宽和侧枝循环的建立等影像学改变,随着肝纤维化严重程度的加重而有统计学差异。本研究显示57例肝纤维化患者螺旋CT三期扫描诊断肝纤维化52例,敏感性91.2%,特异性77.8%。各期肝纤维化分期准确28例,准确率49.1%;准确判断轻度纤维化(S1、S2)或重度纤维化(S3、S4)44例,准确率77.2%,诊断早期肝硬化16例,准确率84.2%。结论螺旋CT三期扫描能判断肝纤维化的程度,而且是动态观察肝纤维化的病程演进和临床随访的有效手段。     

CT能谱成像在鉴别小肝癌和小血管瘤中的价值

目的 探讨CT能谱成像在鉴别小肝癌和小血管瘤中的应用价值.方法 60例肝脏占位病变患者,其中小肝癌(small hepatocellular carcinoma,SHCC)30例,肝小血管瘤(small hepatic hemangioma,SHH)30例,均行宝石CT双能量扫描,获得动脉期(arterial phase,AP)和门脉期(portal venous phase,PP)的能谱系列图像.测量病灶、正常肝组织和腹主动脉的能谱参数,并计算不同能量水平下病灶-肝脏对比噪声比(contrast to noise ratio,CNR),标准化碘浓度 (normalized iodine concentration,NIC)和病灶与正常肝组织碘浓度比值 (lesion-to-normal hepatic tissue ratio,LNR),对上述结果 进行独立样本t检验.结果 小肝癌和小血管瘤的动脉期最佳单能量均为50 keV,门脉期最佳单能量分别为70 keV、50 keV;动脉期最佳CNR分别为3.58± 2.12、10.03±2.72,门脉期最佳CNR分别为1.79±0.92、3.08±2.38;动脉期NIC分别为(0.25±0.08) mg/mL,(0.46±0.18) mg/mL,门脉期NIC分别为(0.52±0.15) mg/mL和(0.87±0.25) mg/mL;动脉期LNR值分别为2.97±0.50,6.01±2.29,门脉期LNR值分别为0.98±0.18,1.58±0.38.小肝癌的动脉期和门脉期NIC和LNR值均低于小血管瘤.两者2期的NIC、LNR、钙(脂肪)浓度和脂肪(钙)浓度均有统计学差异(P<0.05),但其水(碘)浓度在2期中均无统计学差异(P>0.05).结论 CT能谱成像的单能量图像、碘基图像和碘物质定量分析对小肝癌和小血管瘤的检出和鉴别诊断有价值.     

双源CT碘定量评价肾透明细胞癌病理分级

目的 评价双源CT双能量成像碘含量定量分析在术前判断肾透明细胞癌病理分级的价值,以评估其恶性程度,指导临床治疗方案的选择.方法 回顾性分析行双源CT皮髓期和实质期双能量增强扫描检查并经手术病理证实为肾透明细胞癌的患者共42例(低级别组25例,高级别组17例).分别比较皮髓期和实质期高低级别组肾透明细胞癌碘含量及标准化碘浓度(NIC)的差异,同时运用ROC曲线评估两项指标的诊断效能.结果 皮髓期及实质期低级别组肾透明细胞癌碘含量和NIC均高于高级别组,差异均具有统计学意义(P＜0.05).以实质期标准化碘浓度0.715作为诊断阈值,AUC最高,判断透明细胞癌病理分级的敏感性可达90％,特异性达82％.结论 双源CT碘含量尤其是标准化浓度可以较准确的判断肾透明细胞癌的病理分级,为定量评估其分化程度提供新的指标.     

肝细胞外基质体积分数定量评价肝纤维化的诊断价值

目的 探讨肝细胞外基质体积分数(fECVs)在无创定量评价肝纤维化程度方面的诊断价值.方法 选取肝脏穿刺确诊肝纤维化并进行常规肝脏多期动态增强CT扫描患者60例,通过平扫及平衡期(注射对比剂3 min后)计算肝实质(Eliver)及主动脉(Eaorta)绝对强化值,并通过以下公式计算fECV值:fECV(％)=Eliver/Eaorta(100-Hct[％]),分析各纤维化组间fECV值差异及其与肝脏纤维化程度的相关性,采用受试者工作特征曲线分析fECV值诊断肝纤维化程度的能力.结果 肝纤维化分期组间fECV值比较差异具有统计学意义(P＜0.05),S0∶S4、S1∶S4及S2∶S4差异有统计学意义;fECV值与肝纤维化程度呈正相关(r=0.468,P=0.001);fECV值诊断重度肝纤维化及早期肝硬化(S≥3及S=4)的敏感性和特异性分别为76％、68％及89％、63％,受试者工作特征曲线下面积分别为0.757及0.775.结论 fECV值可以作为常规肝脏多期动态增强CT检查中无创性评估肝纤维化的方法.     

能谱CT动态增强在肝硬化诊断中的初步研究

目的:探讨能谱CT动态增强在肝硬化诊断中的应用价值。方法:35例接受能谱CT扫描者纳入研究,其中10例无肝脏疾病的患者作为对照组,25例经临床诊断为肝硬化的患者作为肝硬化组。依据Couinaud分段法将肝脏分为Ⅰ～Ⅷ段,并分别测量动脉期及门脉期单能量为70keV时肝脏各段的CT值,碘浓度,水浓度及有效原子序数值(Eff-Z),并对对照组和肝硬化组进行比较研究。结果:动脉期扫描图像分析结果显示,肝硬化组患者的肝实质呈不均匀轻度强化,与对照组相比,Ⅱ段及Ⅳ段70keV的CT值有所下降,且具有统计学意义(肝硬化组与对照组单能量为70keV的CT值在Ⅱ段分别为77±9HU,71±7HU;Ⅳ段分别为79±11HU,72±7HU),其他各段70keV的CT值改变均无统计学意义;动脉期Ⅰ至Ⅷ段的碘浓度、水浓度及Eff-Z与对照组相比均无统计学意义。门脉期,肝硬化组的肝实质强化较均匀,与对照组相比,门脉期Ⅰ段至Ⅷ段70keV的CT值,Eff-Z和碘浓度均有所下降,且均具有统计学意义,门脉期Ⅰ至Ⅷ段的水浓度与对照组相比均无统计学意义。结论:肝硬化组的能谱CT动态增强扫描尤其是门脉期扫描的各能谱成像参数和对照组之间有差别,提示能谱CT扫描对诊断肝硬化具有一定的参考价值。     

能谱CT碘基图对鉴别肝内胆管细胞癌与非典型肝细胞癌的临床价值

目的探讨能谱CT碘基图对鉴别肝内胆管细胞癌(ICC)与非典型肝细胞癌(AHCC)的临床价值。方法回顾性分析我院2013年4月—2014年2月间经病理证实为肝癌的52例病人(ICC 24例,AHCC 28例)的动脉期、门静脉期及平衡期能谱影像。测量ICC及AHCC 2组病灶和正常肝实质的3期碘浓度值,计算平衡期与动脉期病灶碘浓度差值(EAD)及平衡期病灶与正常肝实质碘浓度差值(LNDE),并对测量和计算结果分别进行两组间独立样本t检验及ROC曲线分析。结果 ICC的3期碘浓度值明显高于AHCC的,两组间差异均有统计学意义(均P0.01);ICC的EAD值及LNDE值明显高于AHCC的,两组间差异均有统计学意义(均P0.01)。ROC曲线分析示平衡期碘浓度值、EAD和LNDE鉴别ICC和AHCC的敏感度和特异度分别为95.8%、92.9%,62.5%、89.2%,95.8%、82.1%。结论能谱CT碘定量测定能够定量评价ICC的强化特点,平衡期的碘定量分析在ICC与AHCC的鉴别诊断方面具有较高的价值。     

CT能谱成像在肝细胞肝癌与肝血管瘤鉴别诊断中的价值

【摘要】目的:分析CT能谱成像相关参数在肝细胞肝癌(HCC)与肝血管瘤(HH)中的差异,探讨CT能谱成像在HCC与HH鉴别诊断中的价值。方法:31例HCC患者和13例HH患者（17个病灶）均行能谱CT扫描,获得动脉期和门静脉期的能谱系列图像。分别测量病灶在动脉期和门静脉期从40～140keV每隔10keV的单能量平均CT值、标准差（SD,即病灶的不均质性）、碘浓度(ICpp)及水浓度值(WCap,WCpp),并计算病灶能谱曲线的斜率（Sap,Spp）、动脉期标准化碘浓度（NIC）、病灶碘摄取比值 (IURpp)及碘浓度比（ICR）。结果:动脉期40～140keV能量段、门脉期40～90keV能量段HH组的各单能量平均CT值均显著低于HCC,差异均有统计学意义（P值均<0.05）,门脉期40～100keV能量段HH与HCC间的SD值差异有统计学差异,且两者间IURap、IURpp、Sap、Spp、NICap、ICap、ICpp及ICR的差异均具有统计学意义（P值均<0.05）。鉴别HCC与HH的最佳能谱定量参数为动脉期50keV的平均CT值,阈值为106.87HU,ROC曲线下面积为0.898,鉴别诊断两者的敏感度和特异度分别为90.3%和82.4%;其次为ICR,阈值为0.61,ROC曲线下面积为0.890,鉴别诊断两者的敏感度和特异度分别为87.1%和82.4%。结论:CT能谱成像多参数分析有助于HCC与HH的鉴别诊断,尤其是动脉期50keV的平均CT值和ICR在两者的鉴别诊断中具有较高的应用价值。     

Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) - validation of a Swedish version

The Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) is a self-administered instrument measuring outcome after knee injury at impairment, disability, and handicap level in five subscales. Reliability, validity, and responsiveness of a Swedish version was assessed in 142 patients who underwent arthroscopy because of injury to the menisci, anterior cruciate ligament, or cartilage of the knee. The clinimetric properties were found to be good and comparable to the American version of the KOOS. Comparison to the Short Form-36 and the Lysholm knee scoring scale revealed expected correlations and construct validity. Item by item, symptoms and functional limitations were compared between diagnostic groups. High responsiveness was found three months after arthroscopic partial meniscectomy for all subscales but Activities of Daily Living.     

Endovascular management of carotid-cavernous fistulas

Objective To investigate endovascular treatment of traumatic direct carotid-cavernous fistulas （CCF） and their complications such as pseudoaneurysms. Methods： Over a five-year period, 22 patients with traumatic direct CCFs were treated endovascularly in our institution. Thirteen patients were treated once with the result of CCF occluded, 8 twice and 1 three times. Treatment modalities included balloon occlusion of the CCF, sacrifice of the ipsilateral internal carotid artery with detachable balloon, coll embolization of the cavernous sinus and secondary pseudoaneurysms, and covered-stem management of the pseudoaneurysms. Results All the direct CCFs were successfully managed endovascularly. Four patients developed a pseudoaneurysm after the occlusion of the CCF with an incidence of pseudoaneurysm formation of 18.2% （4/22）. A total number of 8 patients experienced permanent occlusion of the ICA with a rate of ICA occlusion reaching 36.4% （8/22）. Followed up through telephone consultation from 6 months to 5 years, all did well with no recurrence of CCF symptoms and signs. Conclusion Traumatic direct CCFs can be successfully managed with endovascular means. The pseudoaneurysms secondary to the occlusion of the CCFs can be occluded with stent-assisted coiling and implantation of covered stents.     

The acutely limping child

Acute limping may be the result of multiple pathologies in children. The differential diagnosis varies based on the age of the child. Irrespective of age, the initial imaging work-up includes AP and frog leg radiographs of the pelvis and ultrasound; MRI may sometimes be helpful. In children less than 3 years, infections and trauma are most frequent. MRI is the imaging modality of choice when osteomyelitis is clinically suspected. Between the ages of 3 and 10 years, transient synovitis of the hip and Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease are main considerations but infection, inflammation and focal bony lesions are also considered. In children over 10 years, slipped capital femoral epiphysis also is considered.     

Do Balance Board Training Programs Reduce the Risk of Ankle Sprains in Athletes?

Introduction Ankle sprains are the most common musculo-skeletal injury that occurs in athletes,particularly in sports that require jumping and landing on one foot such as soccer,and basketball(1-4).These injuries often result in significant time loss from participation,long-term disability,and have a major impact on health care costs and resources(5-8).     

High Intensity Interval Training:New Insights

KEY POINTS ·High-intensity interval training(HIT)is characterized by repeated sessions of relatively brief，intermittent exercise.often performed with an“a11 out”effort or at an intensity close to that which elicits peak oxygen uptake(i.e.，≥90%of VO2 peak).     

Developmental validation of the PowerPlex(®) ESI 16 and PowerPlex(®) ESI 17 Systems: STR multiplexes for the new European standard

In response to the ENFSI and EDNAP groups’ call for new STR multiplexes for Europe, Promega^® developed a suite of four new DNA profiling kits. This paper describes the developmental validation study performed on the PowerPlex^® ESI 16 (European Standard Investigator 16) and the PowerPlex^® ESI 17 Systems. The PowerPlex^® ESI 16 System combines the 11 loci compatible with the UK National DNA Database^®, contained within the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® PCR Amplification Kit, with five additional loci: D2S441, D10S1248, D22S1045, D1S1656 and D12S391. The multiplex was designed to reduce the amplicon size of the loci found in the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® kit. This design facilitates increased robustness and amplification success for the loci used in the national DNA databases created in many countries, when analyzing degraded DNA samples. The PowerPlex^® ESI 17 System amplifies the same loci as the PowerPlex^® ESI 16 System, but with the addition of a primer pair for the SE33 locus. Tests were designed to address the developmental validation guidelines issued by the Scientific Working Group on DNA Analysis Methods (SWGDAM), and those of the DNA Advisory Board (DAB). Samples processed include DNA mixtures, PCR reactions spiked with inhibitors, a sensitivity series, and 306 United Kingdom donor samples to determine concordance with data generated with the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® kit. Allele frequencies from 242 white Caucasian samples collected in the United Kingdom are also presented. The PowerPlex^® ESI 16 and ESI 17 Systems are robust and sensitive tools, suitable for the analysis of forensic DNA samples. Full profiles were routinely observed with 62.5 pg of a fully heterozygous single source DNA template. This high level of sensitivity was found to impact on mixture analyses, where 54–86% of unique minor contributor alleles were routinely observed in a 1:19 mixture ratio. Improved sensitivity combined with the robustness afforded by smaller amplicons has substantially improved the quantity of data obtained from degraded samples, and the improved chemistry confers exceptional tolerance to high levels of laboratory prepared inhibitors.