HPLC法测定小儿消咳片中小檗碱的含量

目的：建立HPLC法测定小儿消咳片中盐酸小檗碱的含量方法。方法：以迪马钻石C18（250mm×4．6mm，5μm）为色谱柱；流动相：乙腈-0．1％磷酸溶液（每100ml中加入0．1g十二烷基磺酸钠）（50：50）；流速：1．0ml·min^-1；柱温：30℃；检测波长349nm。结果：盐酸小檗碱线性范围为2～21μg·ml^-1（r=0．9996），平均回收率为98．4％，RSD为0．9％（n=6）。结论：方法适用于小儿消咳片中盐酸小檗碱的含量测定。     

HPLC法分别测定芍连胃乐片中芍药苷与盐酸小檗碱含量

目的：建立测定芍连胃乐片中芍药苷和盐酸小檗碱含量的高效液相色谱法。方法：芍药苷含量测定采用C18（200mm×4．6mm，5μm），流动相为乙腈：0．05mol·L^-1磷酸二氢钾溶液（15：85），检测波长为230nm。盐酸小檗碱含量测定采用C18（250mm×4．6mm，5μm），流动相为乙腈：0．033mol·L^-1磷酸二氢钾溶液（32：68），检测波长为265nm。结果：芍药苷在3．0—48．3μg·ml^-1范围内线性关系良好（r=1．0000），平均回收率为98．1％，RSD为0．5％；盐酸小檗碱在1．0～16．4μg·ml^-1范围内线性关系良好（r=1.0000），平均回收率为98．9％，RSD为1．0％。结论：本方法简便、可靠、准确。     

HPLC法测定骨筋丸胶囊中血竭素高氯酸盐的含量

目的：建立高效液相色谱法对骨筋丸胶囊进行含量测定。方法：选用Hypersil ODS分析柱（250mm×4．6mm，5μm），乙腈-0．05mol·L^-1磷酸二氢钠溶液（45：55），流速：1．0ml·min^-1；检测波长：440nm。结果：血竭素高氯酸盐在0．14～1．40μg内线性关系良好（r=0．9997），平均回收率为98．3％，RSD=0．7％n=6）。结论：方法简便、快速、准确，能有效控制骨筋丸胶囊质量。     

HPLC法同时测定夏天无注射液中3个有效成分的含量

目的：建立高效液相色谱法测定夏天无注射液中原阿片碱、延胡索乙素、巴马汀3个有效成分的含量。方法：Diamonsil C18色谱柱（5μm，250mm×4．6mm）；流动相A：乙腈，流动相B：醋酸-三乙胺溶液（每1000mL水中加入冰醋酸30mL，三乙胺8mL），进行梯度洗脱，流速1．0mL·min^-1，检测波长280nm，柱温：25℃。结果：原阿片碱、延胡索乙素、巴马汀的线性范围分别为8．56～171．2μg·mL^-1（r=0．9998），7．12～142．4μg·mL^-1（r=0．9997），6．72～134．4μg·mL^-1（r=0．9996）；回收率（n=3）分别为99．3％～100．4％（RSD≤1．1％），99．8％～100．0％（RSD≤1．5％），99．4％～99．9％（RSD≤0．9％）。结论：所建立的HPLC方法准确、快速，可用于夏天无注射液中原阿片碱、延胡索乙素、巴马汀的含量测定。     

HPLC法同时测定复方乙胺嘧啶片中两组分的含量

目的：建立高效液相色谱法同时测定复方乙胺嘧啶片中两组分含量。方法：色谱柱Water C18（250mm×4．6mm，5μm），甲醇·水·三乙胺（40：55：5）为流动相，流速1．0ml·min，检测波长272nm。结果：乙胺嘧啶和氨苯砜的线性范围分别为6．4～22．6μg·ml^-1（r=0．9999）和32．4-113．6μg·ml^-1（r=0．9999），平均回收率分别为97．0％（RSD=0．9％）和100．3％（RSD=03％）。结论：方法简便、快速、准确可靠，适用于产品的含量测定。     

HPLC法同时测定复方川芎胶囊中阿魏酸和川芎嗪含量

目的：建立用高效液相色谱同时测定复方川芎胶囊中阿魏酸和川芎嗪含量的方法。方法：用Inertsil ODS2 C18柱（150mm×4．6mm，5μm），流动相：甲醇-0．5％冰醋酸溶液（25：75），检测波长：280nm，流速：1．0m1·min^-1。结果：阿魏酸和川芎嗪的线性范围分别为4．4-44μg·ml^-1（r=0．9999）和2．0—20．2μg·ml^-1（r=0．9998），平均回收率分别为100．6％（RSD2．1％）和100．9％（RSD 2．2％）（n=6）。结论：该法简单、快速、重复性好，可用于样品的含量测定及质量控制。     

HPLC测定维药祖卡木胶囊中大黄素、大黄酚的含量

目的：采用高效液相色谱法测定祖卡木胶囊中大黄素和大黄酚的含量。方法：采用Waters Symmetry C18（150mm×4．6mm，5μm）色谱柱，流动相：甲醇-0．1％磷酸溶液（80：20）；检测波长：254mm；流速1．0ml·min^-1；柱温35℃。结果：大黄素在0．8—6．6μg·ml^-1（r=0．9999，n=5）范围内，有良好的线性关系，平均回收率为98．8％（n=9），RSD为1．7％。大黄酚在2．0—10．2μg·ml^-1（r=0．9999，n=5）范围内，有良好的线性关系，平均回收率为101．3％（n=9），RSD为1．6％。结论：方法具有操作简单、准确的优点，能有效控制祖卡木胶囊的质量。     

HPLC法测定大鼠血浆中马钱子碱的浓度

目的：建立HPLC测定大鼠血浆中马钱子碱浓度的方法。方法：以士的宁为内标，血浆用液-液2次萃取进行处理。采用Phenomenex C18（250mm×4．6mm，5μm）和汉邦c18预柱；流动相：乙腈-0．01mol·L-1庚烷磺酸钠与0．02mol·L-1。磷酸二氢钾等量混合（用10％磷酸调pH2．8）（24：76）；检测波长：264nm；流速：1．0mL·min-1；柱温：30℃。大鼠静脉注射马钱子碱溶液10mg·kg-1。应用3P97药动学软件程序对数据进行计算机处理。结果：血浆内源性杂质对样品测定无干扰。马钱子碱定量限为50ng·mL-1，在50—5000ng·mL-1范围内线性关系良好（r=0．9978）。血浆中的马钱子碱的绝对回收率为86．3％～97．6％，方法回收率为97．7％-107．0％，日内RSD≤6．3％，日间RSD≤7．0％。样品多次冻融后稳定性良好。主要药动学参数A=2589ng·mL-1，α=0．06min-1，B=926ng·mL-1，β=0．008min-1，Vc=2907mL·KG-1，t1／2α=16min，t1／2β=80min，K21=0．022min-1，K10=0．020min-1，K12=0．022min-1，AUC：187min·μg·mL-1，CL=57mL·kg-1·min-1。结论：该法快速、灵敏、准确，可用于马钱子碱在大鼠体内的药代动力学研究。     

胶束液相色谱法测定萘普生胶囊的含量

目的：建立胶束液相色谱法测定萘普生胶囊含量的方法。方法：色谱柱为ZORBAX Extend-C18（4．6mm×250mm，5μm），水（含20mmol·L^-1 吐温-80，25mmol·L^-1 K2HPO4，pH=7．8）为流动相，检测波长为263nm，流速为1．0mL·min^-1。结果：萘普生在0．1～1．1mg·mL^-1浓度范围内线性关系良好（r=0．99996），方法的回收率为99．2％～101．0％。结论：本方法操作简便、准确、重现性良好，易于环保，为萘普生胶囊的含量测定提供1种新方法。     

高效液相色谱法测定盐酸坦索罗辛及其缓释胶囊的含量和有关物质

目的：建立一种高效液相色谱法同时测定盐酸坦索罗辛缓释胶囊含量及有关物质。方法：采用ODS柱（150mm×4．6mm，5μm），以甲醇-0．2mmol·L～Na2HPO4一KH2P04（pH5．9）（6：4）为流动相，检测波长275nm，流速1。0mL·min-1柱温30℃。结果：盐酸坦索罗辛在5．06～130．65μg·mL-1（r=0．9995）、R型手性胺在5．26～132．60μg·mL-1（r=0．9993）、2-（2-乙氧基苯氧基）溴乙烷在5．06～130．65μg·mL-1（r=0．9999）范围内线性关系良好，平均回收率分别为100．8％，105．1％，103．5％。结论：该方法简单，快速，专属性强，适于测定盐酸坦索罗辛原料药和缓释胶囊中盐酸坦索罗辛含量及有关物质。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.