肺切除术后支气管胸膜瘘的非手术治疗

目的:探讨肺切除术后支气管胸膜瘘的非手术治疗方法.方法:支气管胸膜瘘患者11例均先行胸腔闭式引流,应用庆大霉素及1:4络合碘液、3%三氯醋酸稀释液交替冲洗,配合祛痰、止咳药物、抗生素的应用,加强营养,待瘘口基本无分泌物时酌情更换细引流管并逐渐外退或纤维支气管镜下以医用生物蛋白胶黏合,然后继续引流.结果:10例患者瘘口愈合后1,3,12个月复查纤维支气管镜及胸部CT未见复发.1例经上述方法2次处理无效后行开胸瘘口修补,带蒂肌瓣填塞后治愈.结论:肺切除术后支气管胸膜瘘瘘口<6 mm的患者,处理得当多数可通过非手术疗法治愈.     

经内镜支气管黏膜下注射硬化剂治疗肺切除术后支气管胸膜瘘

目的：总结采用经支气管镜支气管黏膜下注射硬化剂-1％乙氧硬化醇治疗肺切除术后支气管胸膜瘘的临床经验。方法：8例支气管胸膜瘘患者接受经支气管镜注射硬化剂的治疗。8例中，全肺切除术后2例，肺叶切除术后6例。结果：6例患者获得痊愈，无手术相关并发症发生。结论：经支气管镜支气管黏膜下注射硬化剂治疗支气管胸膜瘘是一种安全、有效的方法，值得在临床上推广。     

三氯醋酸稀释液治疗支气管胸膜瘘的临床研究

我科 1999～ 2 0 0 1年对 18例支气管胸膜瘘患者行经纤维支气管镜注入 3%三氯醋酸治疗 ,并取得明显效果 ,现报告如下。1　资料与方法1 1　一般资料　选择 1999～ 2 0 0 1年我院胸外科肺手术及外院肺手术合并支气管胸膜瘘病人 18例 (男 10例 ,女 8例 ) ,其中 9例是支气管肺癌术后 ,3例是慢性肺脓肿术后 ,2例是肺结核术后 ,4例是肺挫裂伤术后。 18例病人在肺切除术后均行胸腔闭式引流术 ,并给予抗生素治疗、支持疗法等。患者胸腔引流装置有气体漏出 ,一般情况较差 ,不能耐受胸科再次手术。1 2　方法1 2 1　术前准备　术前禁食水 4～ 6ｈ ,术…     

经内镜注射生物蛋白胶联合微波治疗支气管胸膜瘘8例

背景:支气管胸膜瘘传统的治疗主要包括保守治疗和手术治疗两大类.随着内镜介入治疗的发展,一种安全、有效的新方法正引起关注.目的:探讨在支气管镜引导下注射生物蛋白胶联合明胶海绵填塞治疗肺切除术后支气管胸膜瘘的疗效.方法:8例支气管胸膜瘘患者接受经支气管镜微波治疗及明胶海绵填塞后注射生物蛋白胶封堵瘘口的治疗.男6例,女2例,平均年龄为53.8岁(39～73岁).病例7、病例8为左全肺切除,病例1、病例2为左上肺叶切除,病例3为左下肺叶切除,病例4为右下肺叶切除,病例5、病例6为右上肺叶切除.病例4和病例8为术后化疗后出现支气管胸膜瘘的表现.结果与结论:病例8不成功,因瘘口大于5 mm,封堵6次,瘘口未闭,患者放弃治疗而失败,以永久胸腔引流出院.其余7例获得痊愈.注射次数以及住院时间与瘘口大小有一定的联系,瘘口小于3 mm的4例患者均一次封堵成功.而瘘口介于3～5 mm的3例患者注射次数分别为3次和5次.在经支气管镜生物蛋白胶封堵治疗的病例中未发生严重的并发症以及不良反应.说明支气管镜引导注射生物蛋白胶联合明胶海绵和微波治疗支气管胸膜瘘是一种安全、有效的方法.     

经纤维支气管镜注射医用胶粘堵气管、支气管胸膜瘘3例

本文经纤维支气管镜（简称纤支镜）注射医用胶粘堵气管吻合口瘘1例,支气管残端瘘2例,取得了良好疗效。现报告如下：     

经纤维支气管注入肠粘合剂治疗肺切除术后支气管胸膜瘘的护理

肺切除术后支气管胸膜瘘是胸肺外科较严重的并发症，残端吻合口瘘形成以后，如处理不当，则会导致手术失败。过去对此并发症多采用开胸瘘口修补术或胸廓改形术，组织损伤大，给患者带来的痛苦大，不易接受。我院自1996～1998年，对5例肺切除术后并发支气管胸膜瘘的患者采用经纤维支气管镜导管注入肠粘合剂(OB胶)，修补瘘口取得成功，在此项治疗中，术前有效     

高渗葡萄糖加四环素胸腔内注入治疗支气管和食道瘘的方法和护理

支气管和食道瘘在临床上并不少见,目前多采用手术治疗,但疗效并不理想,且死亡率较高,是胸外科疾病治疗中的一个棘手问题。我们于1982年以来用50％葡萄糖加四环素作为粘连剂胸腔内注射治疗脓胸或肺大泡合并支气管瘘或食道瘘4例,均获成功。现将治疗方法和护理配合介绍如下. 临床资料 4例中,男3例,女1例。年龄26～64岁。2例为脓胸伴支气管胸膜瘘,1例为肺大泡伴支气管瘘,另1例为食道下段癌切除胃食道弓下吻合术后伴发脓胸及食道吻合瘘。4例患者经50％葡萄糖加四环素胸腔内注入2～5次后,在7—28天内瘘口闭合。痊愈出院。     

经纤维支气管镜注射化疗药治疗支气管肺癌——附45例报告

目的：观察经纤维支气管镜（纤维镜）局部注射化学治疗药物对支气管肺癌的疗效。方法：经纤支镜予45例支气管肺癌患者的癌瘤上直接注射化学治疗药物（阿霉素10mg,顺铂10mg,长春新碱2mg）,每周1次,4次至6次为1个疗程。结果：治疗1个疗程后显效20例（44％）,有效18例（40％）,总有效率84％,且未发现严重的有良反应。结论：经纤支镜局部注射化学治疗药物治疗支气管肺癌近期效果满意。     

经纤维支气管镜球囊扩张术联合局部注药治疗结核性支气管狭窄

目的探讨经纤维支气管镜球囊扩张术加局部注药治疗结核性支气管狭窄的疗效。方法对14例支气管狭窄病人施行经纤维支气管镜球囊扩张术及经纤维支气管镜局部注入抗结核药物。每周1次，连续4次。结果14例患者中12例扩张成功，狭窄支气管保持通畅，无明显的并发症。结论经纤维支气管镜球囊扩张术治疗结核性支气管狭窄及经纤维支气管镜局部注入抗结核药物是一项安全有效的方法，并发症少，值得临床推广应用。     

纤维支气管镜下支气管残端瘘的临床处理

目的探讨应用纤维支气管镜开展胸部手术后支气管残端瘘粘堵术。方法对肺叶切除术后出现漏气患者，在排除伤口、胸腔闭式引流原因后，应尽早行纤维支气管镜检查，探查气管情况及漏气原因，采用纤维支气管镜直视下OB胶或医用蛋白胶粘堵处理。结果5例支气管残端瘘患者在粘堵处理后3例一次粘堵成功，当日漏气停止；2例二次粘堵成功，次日漏气停止，疗效满意。结论经纤维支气管镜直视下探查实施OB胶或医用蛋白胶粘堵是治疗支气管残端瘘的有效方法之一。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Guns and Knives in New Mexico: Patterns of Penetrating Trauma, 1978–1993

Objective: To identify patterns of nonfatal and fatal penetrating trauma among children and adults in New Mexico using ED and medical examiner data.
Methods: The authors retrospectively sampled in 5-year intervals all victims of penetrating trauma who presented to either the state Level-1 trauma center or the state medical examiner from a 16-year period (1978–1993). Rates of nonfatal and fatal firearm and stabbing injury were compared for children and adults.
Results: Rates of nonfatal injury were similar (firearm, 34.3 per 100,000 person-years; stabbing, 35.1). However, rates of fatal injury were significantly different (firearm, 21.9; stabbing, 2.7; relative risk: 8.2; 95% confidence interval: 5.4, 12.5). From 1978 to 1993, nonfatal injury rates increased for children (p = 0.0043) and adults (p < 0.0001), while fatal penetrating injury remained constant. The increase in nonfatal injury in children resulted from increased firearm injury rates. In adults, both stabbing and firearm nonfatal injury rates increased.
Conclusions: Nonfatal injury data suggest that nonfatal violence has increased; fatal injury data suggest that violent death rates have remained constant. Injury patterns vary by age, mechanism of trauma, and data source. These results suggest that ED and medical examiner data differ and that both are needed to guide injury prevention programs.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.