罗派卡因和布比卡因用于腰-硬联合麻醉的比较研究

目的比较罗派卡因和布比卡因用于腰-硬联合麻醉分娩镇痛的效果及对产妇和胎儿的影响。方法选择ASA分级I~Ⅱ级要求分娩镇痛者,随机分成罗派卡因组45例,布比卡因组47例。观察镇痛效果VAS评分、运动阻滞程度采用改良Bromage法评分,自动监测产妇的BP、HR、SpO2、胎儿心率、产程、新生儿Apgar评分、剖宫产率和不良反应等。结果罗派卡因组与布比卡因组,在分娩镇痛用药后,运动神经阻滞出现显著性差异,罗哌卡因组运动阻滞程度明显高于布比卡因组,两组比较差异有显著性(P<0.05)。两组BP、HR、SpO2、各时段胎心率、产程时间、新生儿Apgar评分等均无显著性差异。结论罗派卡因和布比卡因应用于硬膜外镇痛分娩是有效安全的方法,且优于布比卡因。     

罗哌卡因与布比卡因用于自控硬膜外分娩镇痛的临床研究

目的对比低浓度的罗哌卡因与布比卡因联合芬太尼用于自控硬膜外分娩镇痛（PCEA）的效果及运动神经阻滞情况。方法选择160例健康、单胎、足月、无麻醉禁忌的初产妇为分娩镇痛组,随机分为2组,A组为0．125％罗哌卡因加2μg/ml芬太尼,B组为0．125％布比卡因加2μg/ml芬太尼;将未使用分娩镇痛药物进入产程的80例产妇作为对照组（C组）。对分娩镇痛组进行视觉模拟镇痛评分（VAS）和下肢运动神经阻滞评分（MBS）。记录3组产程时间、分娩方式、产后出血及新生儿Apgar评分。结果A、B2组分娩镇痛效果良好,无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。MBS评分A、B2组比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。A、B组与C组第一、二产程时间比较均有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。A、B、C3组分娩方式、产后出血及新生儿Apgar评分差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论分娩镇痛能缩短第一产程,延长第二产程。低浓度的罗哌卡因与布比卡因联合小剂量芬太尼用于分娩镇痛均可产生可靠的镇痛效果,但罗哌卡因比布比卡因的运动神经阻滞轻,产妇可下床活动,是1种可行走的分娩镇痛,两者相比,罗哌卡因分娩镇痛效果更佳。     

罗哌卡因与布比卡因硬膜外分娩镇痛的比较

目的 观察罗哌卡因和布比卡因自控硬膜外分娩镇痛的效果。方法 选择单胎初产妇122例。随机分为罗哌卡因（R）组和布比卡因（B）组,每组各61例,分别给予0．125％罗哌卡因和0．125％布比卡因各复合1μg／ml芬太尼。镇痛期间进行视觉模拟镇痛评分（VAS）,Bromage评估运动神经阻滞程度,第1、2产程时间及分娩方式,进行新生儿1、5分钟的Apgar评分及新生儿神经及适应能力（NACS）评分。结果 两组产妇各产程时间、产妇顺产率、器械助产率及催产素使用率比较差异无显著性（P〉0．05）。两组产妇镇痛起效时间和VAS评分差异无显著性（P〉0．05）。B组产妇Bromage评分明显高于R组,而镇痛满意度评分明显低于该组（P〈0．05）。两组婴儿1、5分钟的Apgar评分及NACS评分差别无显著性（P〉0.05）。结论 罗哌卡因分娩镇痛效果优于布比卡因。     

罗哌卡因可行走硬膜外分娩镇痛的临床应用价值探讨

目的探讨罗哌卡因可行走硬膜外分娩镇痛的临床应用价值。方法选择顺产产妇80例,按照数字随机法分为两组,各40例,观察组实施罗哌卡因硬膜外可行走镇痛,对照组使用布比卡因,比较两组产程及1 min新生儿Apgar评分,并统计两组助产率、催产素使用率、产后大出血率。结果观察组第一产程和第二产程时间短于对照组(P<0.05),1 min新生儿Apgar评分高于对照组(P<0.05),观察组助产率、催产素使用率、产后大出血率均显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。结论罗哌卡因可行走硬膜外镇痛不影响产妇运动,更好的促进自然分娩,减少分手并发症,对母婴均有积极意义。     

罗哌卡因与布比卡因用于分娩镇痛的临床研究

目的对比罗哌卡因和布比卡因自控硬膜外分娩镇痛(PCEA)的效果。方法ASAⅠ~Ⅱ级初产妇足月单胎150例随机分为3组:0.125%罗哌卡因+舒芬太尼组(R组)、0.125%布比卡因+舒芬太尼组(B组)和对照组(C组)。采取双盲法进行视觉模拟镇痛评分(VAS)和下肢运动神经阻滞评分(MBS)。记录产程时间、生产方式、胎儿心率(FHR)及新生儿Apgar评分。结果两组产妇分娩镇痛效果良好,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。两组中运动神经阻滞MBS评分,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。与对照组相比,镇痛组第一产程时间缩短,第二产程时间延长,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),第三产程时间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。三组新生儿Apgar评分差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论罗哌卡因分娩作用效果优于布比卡因,能使产妇获得满意的镇痛效果,是一种对母婴安全、不良反应小的镇痛方法。     

罗哌卡因联合芬太尼硬膜外阻滞用于无痛分娩的可行性分析

目的探讨罗哌卡因联合芬太尼硬膜外阻滞用于无痛分娩的可行性。方法选择2011年5月至2012年6月在我院阴道分娩的产妇:60例为镇痛组(实验组),给予罗哌卡因联合芬太尼进行硬膜外阻滞后经阴道分娩,选择同期常规阴道分娩产妇(对照组)60例。比较两组产妇的各产程时间、新生儿Apgar评分及产后出血率。结果两组产妇各产程时间中活跃期时间、产后出血率相比差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),第二产程、第三产程、新生儿Apgar评分差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论罗哌卡因联合芬太尼硬膜外阻滞用于分娩的镇痛是安全有效的,可明显降低产妇的疼痛程度与焦虑情绪,且对母婴影响较小。     

罗哌卡因用于可行走脊麻-硬膜外联合镇痛分娩效果观察

目的比较0.75‰罗哌卡因或布比卡因与芬太尼的混合液用于可行走脊麻-硬膜外联合镇痛分娩的可行性。方法60例初产妇分为A、B、C三组各20例,A组用0.75‰罗哌卡因 芬太尼2μg/ml;B组0.75‰布比卡因 芬太尼2μg/ml;C组为对照组。进行视觉模拟疼痛评分和行走功能的评定。记录各组产妇的生命体征、胎心率、产程、分娩方式、催产素用量以及新生儿Apgar评分。结果镇痛后A组所有产妇均能下床行走和自主排尿,B组70%产妇能下床行走和自主排尿;产程、分娩方式及新生儿Apgar评分三组相似。结论0.75‰罗哌卡因与芬太尼混合液用于可行走镇痛分娩,其行走功能好于布比卡因 芬太尼。     

低浓度罗哌卡因腰麻硬膜外联合阻滞与硬膜外阻滞用于分娩镇痛的临床观察

目的　比较罗哌卡因腰麻硬膜外联合阻滞与硬膜外阻滞对分娩镇痛的临床效果。方法　 10 0例足月初产妇随机分为两组 :CSEA组为腰麻硬膜外联合阻滞组 ,经蛛网膜下腔注入罗哌卡因 2 5mg及芬太尼 2 0 μg ,作用消退后经硬膜外腔持续注入 0 12 5 %罗哌卡因溶液 (含芬太尼 2 μg/ml) ;EA组为硬膜外阻滞组。观察分娩镇痛效果、产程进展、分娩方式、新生儿Apgar评分、产后出血量等情况。 结果　两组患者均取得满意的镇痛效果 ,组间差异无显著意义 (P >0 0 5 ) ,但CSEA组起效时间明显短于EA组 (P <0 0 1) ,两组患者第一、第二产程 ,分娩方式、新生儿Apgar评分、产后出血量等差异均无显著意义 (P >0 0 5 )。 结论　两种分娩镇痛方法均安全有效 ,对母婴无不良影响 ,腰麻硬膜外联合阻滞更适宜分娩镇痛。     

罗哌卡因用于分娩镇痛的观察

目的观察罗哌卡因腰麻-硬膜外联合麻醉应用于无痛分娩的效果和安全性.方法将60例单胎足月分娩的产妇随机分为两组,镇痛组(A组)和非镇痛组(B组),每组30例.A组产妇进入规律宫缩,宫口开大2～3cm时,将0.75%罗哌卡因0.5ml注入蛛网膜下腔,1～2min后迅速产生镇痛,持续1.5～2h,待腰麻镇痛减弱后,再接硬膜外镇痛泵注入0.175%罗哌卡因,维持到分娩结束.B组自然分娩不镇痛.观察A组的镇痛效果和运动神经阻滞情况,观察A、B两组产妇产程过程中生命体征的变化及产程的进展情况,和新生儿的Apgar评分.结果A组镇痛效果显著,运动神经阻滞不明显.A、B两组生命体征无明显差异,产程进展及新生儿Apgar评分无明显差异.结论通过观察,结果表明,罗哌卡因腰麻-硬膜外联合麻醉应用于无痛分娩具有:镇痛迅速、完善;用药量小;对产妇和新生儿无影响;对产妇活动影响小,产妇乐意接受.     

舒芬太尼复合布比卡因用于硬膜外分娩镇痛的可行性研究

目的比较舒芬太尼复合布比卡因及罗哌卡因用于硬膜外分娩镇痛的效果。方法临产妇200例,随机分成两组,A1组为舒芬太尼复合罗哌卡因,A2组为舒芬太尼复合布比卡因,分别观察产妇的VAS评分、宫缩及胎心变化和产程,分娩方式、催产素用量及新生儿Apgar评分。结果两组的VAS评分、宫缩及胎心变化和产程,分娩方式、催产素用量及新生儿Apgar评分均差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论舒芬太尼复合布比卡因可用于硬膜外分娩镇痛。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

---

Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.