Contribution of Advanced Glycation End Products to PCOS Key Elements: A Narrative Review

In the last decade, data has suggested that dietary advanced glycation end products (AGEs) play an important role in both reproductive and metabolic dysfunctions associated with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). AGEs are highly reactive molecules that are formed by the non-enzymatic glycation process between reducing sugars and proteins, lipids, or nucleic acids. They can be formed endogenously under normal metabolic conditions or under abnormal situations such as diabetes, renal disease, and other inflammatory disorders. Bodily AGEs can also accumulate from exogenous dietary sources particularly when ingested food is cooked and processed under high-temperature conditions, such as frying, baking, or grilling. Women with PCOS have elevated levels of serum AGEs that are associated with insulin resistance and obesity and that leads to a high deposition of AGEs in the ovarian tissue causing anovulation and hyperandrogenism. This review will describe new data relevant to the role of AGEs in several key elements of PCOS phenotype and pathophysiology. Those elements include ovarian dysfunction, hyperandrogenemia, insulin resistance, and obesity. The literature findings to date suggest that targeting AGEs and their cellular actions could represent a novel approach to treating PCOS symptoms.     

Evidence-based medical nutrition therapy for diabetes.

The 2002 American Diabetes Association (ADA) nutrition principles and recommendations are classified according to the level of evidence available using the ADA evidence grading system. Research also supports medical nutrition therapy (MNT) as an effective therapy in reaching treatment goals for glycemia, lipids, and blood pressure. Recommendations for carbohydrate, protein, dietary fat, micronutrients, and alcohol are summarized. The first priority for persons requiring insulin therapy is to identify a food/meal plan that can be used to integrate an insulin regimen into the person's lifestyle. MNT for type 2 diabetes progresses from prevention of obesity or weight gain to improving insulin resistance to contributing to improved metabolic control. The progressive decline in beta-cell failure requires that MNT progress from MNT as monotherapy to MNT in combination with oral glucose-lowering agents to MNT with insulin therapy. Monitoring of outcomes is essential to assess the outcomes of lifestyle interventions or to determine if changes in medication(s) are necessary.     

多囊卵巢综合征的病因研究进展

多囊卵巢综合征(PCOS)是一种常见的影响育龄期女性生殖和内分泌功能的疾病,临床上以高雄激素为临床或生化表现,以持续无排卵、卵巢多囊改变为特征,常伴有胰岛素抵抗、肥胖等临床症状。PCOS的病因复杂,发病机制迄今尚未完全阐明,可能与遗传因素及环境因素的作用有关。笔者拟就该病相关病因研究进展进行综述,旨在提高临床对该病的认识,以及对该病的诊断、处理及预防能力。     

内脂素在多囊卵巢综合征中的研究进展

多囊卵巢综合征（PCOS）是一种常见的女性生殖功能障碍与糖代谢异常相关的内分泌紊乱综合征。内脂素是脂肪因子家族新成员,近年研究发现,内脂素在PCOS患者血浆中的表达升高,尤其在肥胖和胰岛素抵抗（IR）的患者中升高更为明显;内脂素在子宫内膜癌患者的血浆和内膜组织中的表达增加,肥胖和IR能增加患子宫内膜癌的风险,而子宫内膜癌是PCOS的远期并发症之一。内脂素与PCOS中的IR、肥胖及远期并发症子宫内膜病变的发生密切相关,内脂素可能是治疗PCOS的新靶点,为研究IR、PCOS提供新的思路。     

Apelin在多囊卵巢综合征中的研究进展

多囊卵巢综合征(PCOS)是最常见的女性内分泌疾病,以慢性无排卵和高雄激素血症为特征,其病因复杂,临床表现高度异质,不仅影响女性生殖和内分泌系统,还常伴随多种代谢异常,包括胰岛素抵抗、高胰岛素血症、肥胖等.Apelin是脂肪因子家族新成员,是由脂肪细胞分泌的一类活性肽激素,主要参与体液平衡、食物摄入、胰岛素分泌、能量代...     

支链氨基酸对多囊卵巢综合征代谢与生殖的影响

多囊卵巢综合征（polycystic ovary syndrome,PCOS）是育龄期女性常见的生殖内分泌疾病,患者常伴有胰岛素抵抗、肥胖、不孕及不良妊娠结局等临床表现,严重影响女性身心健康。近年研究表明,支链氨基酸（branched-chain amino acid,BCAA）在PCOS患者体内存在代谢异常,并且可能作为标志物预测PCOS相关并发症的发生风险。BCAA作为人体的必需氨基酸,通过多种途径参与胰岛素的调节、调控脂肪的生成与分化,对维持机体稳态具有重要作用,同时其水平变化可能会影响女性的生殖功能。PCOS患者循环中BCAA过高可导致糖脂代谢紊乱,促进胰岛素抵抗和肥胖的发生,也可对育龄期患者排卵及妊娠造成不利影响。综述BCAA在PCOS糖脂代谢和生殖方面的作用及研究进展,以期为PCOS代谢与生殖方面疾病的诊治提供新思路。     

多囊卵巢综合征的候选基因研究进展

多囊卵巢综合征（polycystic ovary syndrome,PCOS）是以高雄激素血症、稀发/无排卵、多囊卵巢和生育能力下降为主要特征的女性常见生殖内分泌异常疾病。其确切病因、病理机制未明。越来越多研究指出遗传因素在PCOS发病机制中发挥重要作用,认为PCOS可能是一种多基因遗传疾病,其发病可能是某些遗传因素与环境因素交互作用的结果。因此研究PCOS易感基因对该病的病理机制探索及防治具有重要意义。综述近年来PCOS候选基因研究进展,主要从与雄激素生物合成、储备及作用、性腺功能失调、胰岛素抵抗（insulin resistance,IR）、肥胖和慢性炎症等相关的易感基因进行阐述,以期为PCOS的病因、病理机制研究与靶向治疗提供新思路。     

青春期多囊卵巢综合征患者糖代谢评估

目的　研究青春期多囊卵巢综合征 (PCOS)患者糖耐量异常的发生率 ,探讨糖代谢异常与胰岛素抵抗、体重的关系以及早期评估方法。　方法　 4 3例青春期PCOS患者 ,口服 75 g葡萄糖 ,行糖耐量及胰岛素释放实验。用稳态模型胰岛素抵抗指数 (HOMAIR)评价胰岛素抵抗。　结果　 (1)糖耐量低减发生率为 11 6 % (5 /43) ;(2 )糖耐量低减患者的体重指数、空腹血糖、空腹胰岛素及服糖后 6 0、 12 0min的血糖值、胰岛素值、HOMAIR均高于糖耐量正常患者 ,差异有显著性 (P <0 0 5 )。 (3)体重指数与服糖后 12 0min血糖值成正相关 (r =0 35 5 ,P <0 0 5 )。HOMAIR与服糖后 12 0min血糖值成正相关 (r=0 5 78,P <0 0 5 )。　结论　青春期PCOS患者存在糖代谢异常 ,肥胖和胰岛素抵抗是影响其糖耐量的重要因素 ,口服糖耐量试验是用于监测青春期PCOS患者糖代谢的较好指标。     

血管生成素样蛋白与胰岛素抵抗和糖代谢的关系及在多囊卵巢综合征中的作用

多囊卵巢综合征(polycystic ovary syndrome,PCOS)是育龄期女性最常见的内分泌及代谢性疾病之一,PCOS患者发生心血管疾病和2型糖尿病的风险增加.越来越多的研究支持胰岛素抵抗(insulin resistance,IR)是PCOS重要的病理机制之一.血管生成素样蛋白(angiopoietin-...     

多囊卵巢综合征脂类代谢异常及其治疗

多囊卵巢综合征(PCOS)是育龄期妇女最常见的内分泌代谢性疾病,其脂类代谢异常最常见的特征是高密度脂蛋白胆固醇降低,低密度脂蛋白胆固醇和三酰甘油升高;脂质代谢异常与高雄激素血症、胰岛素抵抗、稀发排卵等密切相关。因此,降低体质量指数、纠正血脂异常和预防远期并发症成为PCOS治疗的重要方面。     

瘦素与多囊卵巢综合征的研究进展

多囊卵巢综合征是一种病因未明的疾病,其临床常见代谢异常的表现,包括超重或肥胖,胰岛素抵抗,糖耐量减低或2型糖尿病,血脂异常和罹患心血管疾病的危险增加.瘦素是一种新型的脂肪源性的肽类激素,其与肥胖、不孕和胰岛素间有着密切的关系.肥胖的多囊卵巢综合征患者瘦素水平改变,瘦素与多囊卵巢综合征的胰岛素抵抗/高胰岛素血症及2型糖尿病间相互影响,多囊卵巢综合征血脂异常及并发心血管疾病的患者瘦素也有变化.所以,瘦素可能参与了多囊卵巢综合征的代谢,引起多囊卵巢综合征代谢异常.     

The link between polycystic ovary syndrome and both Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes mellitus: what do we know today?

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) are both obesity-related conditions that share epidemiological and pathophysiological factors. Insulin resistance is a key factor whereby obesity influences the expression of each condition. However, the mechanisms by which insulin resistance contributes towards the manifestation of PCOS and T2D differ in important ways: in PCOS, compensatory hyperinsulinemia results in pleiotropic effects including co-gonadotrophic stimulation of ovarian and adrenal steroidogenesis; in T2D, insulin resistance contributes towards β-cell exhaustion and ultimately to hyposecretion of insulin with resultant dysglycemia. The link between PCOS and Type 1 diabetes mellitus is believed to implicate supraphysiological concentrations of insulin within the systemic circulation. Further progression of the obesity epidemic will ensure even greater prominence of important obesity-related conditions such as PCOS and T2D. Research to gain a clearer understanding of the mechanisms linking each condition should be a priority.     

肠道菌群在多囊卵巢综合征胰岛素抵抗中的作用机制

多囊卵巢综合征(PCOS)是一种高度异质性的妇科内分泌疾病,临床表现多为排卵障碍、月经失调、多毛、痤疮甚至不孕,常伴有肥胖、胰岛素抵抗(IR)、血脂异常等代谢性疾病,其发病机制尚不明确.IR是PCOS的主要病理基础,与性激素分泌异常、卵泡发育异常、子宫内膜容受性降低等生殖功能改变密切相关.肠道菌群被称为人体第二基因组,...     

多囊卵巢综合征患者胰岛素抵抗与内分泌异常、心血管疾病风险的关系

目的探讨多囊卵巢综合征(PCOS)患者胰岛素抵抗(IR)与生殖激素水平异常、心血管疾病风险的关系。方法50例PCOS患者分为IR组(28例),非IR组(22例),另设30正常育龄妇女为对照组。分别进行生殖激素(LH、FSH、E2、PRL、T)、血清总胆固醇(TC)、甘油三酯(TG)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)、载脂蛋白A1(ApoA1)、载脂蛋白B(ApoB)、C反应蛋白(hs-CRP)的测定。结果T、LH、TG、HDL-C、ApoA1、ApoB、hs-CRP组间存在明显差异。结论IR是导致PCOS患者生殖激素水平异常、心血管疾病风险的主要因素。     

Canavanine-induced longevity in mice may require diets with greater than 15.7% protein

Background

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the most common endocrine disorder affecting women of reproductive age and is associated with obesity, hyperinsulinemia, and insulin resistance. Because low carbohydrate diets have been shown to reduce insulin resistance, this pilot study investigated the six-month metabolic and endocrine effects of a low-carbohydrate, ketogenic diet (LCKD) on overweight and obese women with PCOS.

Results

Eleven women with a body mass index >27 kg/m² and a clinical diagnosis of PCOS were recruited from the community. They were instructed to limit their carbohydrate intake to 20 grams or less per day for 24 weeks. Participants returned every two weeks to an outpatient research clinic for measurements and reinforcement of dietary instruction. In the 5 women who completed the study, there were significant reductions from baseline to 24 weeks in body weight (-12%), percent free testosterone (-22%), LH/FSH ratio (-36%), and fasting insulin (-54%). There were non-significant decreases in insulin, glucose, testosterone, HgbA1c, triglyceride, and perceived body hair. Two women became pregnant despite previous infertility problems.

Conclusion

In this pilot study, a LCKD led to significant improvement in weight, percent free testosterone, LH/FSH ratio, and fasting insulin in women with obesity and PCOS over a 24 week period.     

多囊卵巢综合征孕妇并发妊娠期糖代谢异常的相关因素探讨

目的:分析多囊卵巢综合征孕妇妊娠期糖代谢异常的发病情况以及与发病相关的因素。方法:回顾性分析300例孕妇的病历资料,其中多囊卵巢综合征(PCOS)组140人,正常孕妇160人。结果:PCOS组妊娠期糖代谢异常发生率为60.71%(85/140),其中妊娠期糖尿病(GDM)45例,妊娠期糖耐量受损(GIGT)40例;对照组孕期发生妊娠期糖代谢异常发生率为18.75%(30/160),其中妊娠期糖尿病(GDM)13例,妊娠期糖耐量受损(GIGT)17例。两组间比较有显著性差异(P<0.05)。结论:多囊卵巢综合征患者由于存在胰岛素抵抗(IR),易导致糖代谢异常而引发妊娠期糖代谢异常,且肥胖加剧胰岛素抵抗的程度,因此对此类患者应加强预防性监控。     

Association of Dietary Patterns with Weight Status and Metabolic Risk Factors among Children and Adolescents

Unhealthy dietary patterns are associated with obesity in children and adolescents. However, few studies have investigated the relationships between dietary patterns and obesity-related metabolic disorders among Asians. We identified dietary patterns in children and adolescents and examined the associations between these patterns and obesity, insulin resistance, and metabolic syndrome in South Korea. This study is a cross-sectional design. We used baseline data from an intervention study of 435 Korean children and adolescents aged 6–17 years. Insulin resistance was assessed as HOMA-IR ≥ 2.6. Metabolic syndrome was diagnosed by cardiovascular disease risk factor clustering. Dietary intakes were estimated using 3-day food records. Factor analysis was used to obtain dietary patterns, and we examined the associations between dietary patterns and obesity-related markers adjusted for potential covariates. Three dietary patterns were identified as fast food and soda (FFS), white rice and kimchi (WRK), and oil and seasoned vegetable (OSV) patterns. Compared with participants in the lower intake of FFS pattern, those in the top intake were associated with a higher waist circumference (WC) (β = 1.55), insulin level (β = 1.25), and body mass index (BMI) (β = 0.53) and it was positively associated with HOMA-IR ≥ 2.6 (OR = 2.11; 95% CI: 1.227–3.638) (p < 0.05). WRK pattern was associated with lower weight and higher HDL cholesterol, and the OSV pattern was associated with a lower weight, WC, and insulin level (p < 0.05). The FFS pattern showed a positive relation with WC, serum insulin, and BMI, and the other two dietary patterns indicated a preventive effect of those parameters. The FFS pattern was associated with significantly elevated insulin resistance among children and adolescents.     

微小RNA在多囊卵巢综合征病因学研究中的新进展

多囊卵巢综合征（PCOS）是一种常见的生殖内分泌疾病,其主要特征是高雄激素血症、稀发排卵或无排卵、卵巢多囊样改变及胰岛素抵抗。微小RNA（miRNA）是一类小分子非编码RNA,在转录后水平对靶基因进行调控。miRNA可以通过调节卵巢颗粒细胞增殖和凋亡影响卵泡发育、排卵与闭锁;通过影响雄激素的合成和释放,导致内分泌紊乱;通过调节糖代谢及胰岛素敏感性,诱导胰岛素抵抗的产生,从而参与PCOS的发病过程。现就miRNA在PCOS病因学研究中的进展进行综述。     

多囊卵巢综合征代谢异常的研究进展

多囊卵巢综合征是育龄妇女常见的极为复杂的内分泌疾病。其病理生理改变范围非常广泛,涉及神经内分泌、糖代谢、脂肪代谢以及卵巢局部调控因素等多方面的异常变化。抵抗素是新发现的脂肪细胞分泌的激素,可能参与多囊卵巢综合征的代谢异常。该文对多囊卵巢综合征代谢异常及与抵抗素关联的研究作一综述。     

多囊卵巢综合征子宫内膜胰岛素受体和胰岛素样生长因子-Ⅰ的表达与临床特征研究

目的:检测多囊卵巢综合征(PCOS)患者子宫内膜胰岛素受体(IR)、胰岛素样生长因子-Ⅰ(IGF-Ⅰ)的表达,研究其与PCOS患者性激素、血脂、胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA)、体重指数(BM I)等临床特征的关系。方法:选取P-COS患者31例作为实验组,输卵管性不孕患者20例作为对照组。采用免疫组化方法检测子宫内膜IR、IGF-Ⅰ表达。用免疫法测定血清性激素、血脂、糖耐量葡萄糖试验(OGTT)、胰岛素释放试验(INS)。结果:实验组子宫内膜IR表达低于对照组,IGF-Ⅰ表达高于对照组。PCOS肥胖组IR低于非肥胖组,肥胖组IGF-Ⅰ表达高于非肥胖组;胰岛素抵抗组IGF-Ⅰ表达高于非胰岛素抵抗组。相关性分析发现IGF-Ⅰ表达与BM I、HOMA呈正相关。结论:PCOS患者子宫内膜IR表达低于正常妇女,但IGF-Ⅰ表达却增高。肥胖及胰岛素抵抗增加了IGF-Ⅰ在子宫内膜的表达。