关节镜下Bankart修复治疗训练伤所致慢性肩关节前方不稳

目的观察关节镜下Bankart修复治疗训练伤所致慢性肩关节前方不稳的临床疗效。方法选择21例肩关节前方不稳的患者,关节镜下锚钉修复盂唇损伤,同时修复合并出现的上盂唇前后(SLAP)损伤,较大的Hill-sachs损伤。采用UCLA功能评分标准和SST评分进行疗效的评估,记录术前和终末随访的得分。结果术后患者随访12~45个月,平均随访27个月。SST得分术前为(6.72±2.38)分,术后终末随访评分为(11.24±1.46)分,同术前比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。术前UCLA平均得分为(19.55±5.02)分,术后终末随访评分为(33.19±4.61)分,与术前比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。结论关节镜下Bankart修复治疗训练伤所致肩关节前方不稳疗效满意,可以很好恢复肩关节功能。     

以Remplissage技术修复伴有Hill-Sachs缺损的Bankart损伤治疗复发性肩关节不稳

目的探讨关节镜下Bankart损伤修复联合Remplissage技术治疗Bankart损伤合并Hill-Sachs缺损的临床效果。方法 2007～2009年间因复发性肩关节前侧不稳接受关节镜下Bankart修复结合Rem-plissage手术治疗的20例患者纳入本研究。所有病例术前证实均存在Bankart损伤和明显的Hill-Sachs损伤。术后随访中采用WOSI评分、ASES评分及Penn肩关节评分评价患者的临床效果,并对肩关节不稳的复发情况进行评估。结果所有患者的平均随访时间为25个月(18～32个月)。最终随访发现3例(15%)发生复发性肩关节脱位,随着随访期延长,脱位情况逐渐减少。末次随访时的平均ASES肩关节评分为92.5,平均Penn肩关节评分为90.0,平均WOSI评分为572.5。在ASES、Penn以及WOSI评分方面,合并其它损伤患者与未存在其它合并伤患者之间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论关节镜下Bankar损伤修复联合Remplissage技术治疗Bankart损伤合并Hill-Sachs缺损的临床效果满意,可有效重建患者的肩关节功能。     

关节镜下无结锚钉固定治疗军事训练伤致肩关节Bankart损伤

目的 探讨关节镜下无结锚钉固定治疗军事训练伤致肩关节Bankart损伤并前向不稳的临床疗效。方法 回顾性分析陆军第八十一集团军医院骨科2019年11月—2022年3月收治的69例肩关节Bankart损伤并前方不稳患者资料,其中男性68例,女性1例;年龄18～40岁,平均27.8岁;均为军事训练伤。受伤至手术时间1～120个月,中位数(P₂₅,P₇₅)为12(7,18)。关节镜下无结锚钉对肩关节前方撕裂的关节囊-韧带-盂唇复合体提拉紧缩缝合,记录患者术前、术后随访时的关节活动度,采用Constant-Murley和Rowe评分系统对双侧肩关节进行临床疗效评价,定期复查肩关节MRI和X线片。结果 患者均获得12～40个月门诊随访,平均24.3个月。患者均恢复日常工作,80%的患者恢复到了伤前的训练水平,10%的患者训练轻度受限,7%中度受限,3%重度受限。术后Constant-Murley评分比较显示手术侧和健侧肩关节之间差异无统计学意义[(91.4±6.1)分vs.(93.5±1.4)分,P>0.05],Rowe评分手术侧和健侧差异无统计...     

关节镜下带线铆钉重建后盂唇治疗肩关节后方不稳定

目的:探讨关节镜下带线铆钉重建后盂唇并选择性缝合肩袖间隙治疗肩关节后方不稳的疗效。方法:2012年9月~2015年3月先后共13例肩后向不稳患者,年龄18~36岁,平均年龄27.9岁,在我院行关节镜下带线铆钉重建后盂唇并选择性缝合肩袖间隙术,获得15~31月随访,平均随访时间22.5月。比较手术前后的UCLA肩关节评分、患肩关节外展位外旋角度来评估疗效。结果:手术效果均满意,UCLA肩关节评分术前与术后差异有统计学意义(由术前26.69±1.032提高到术后33.77±2.127,P=0.000),而肩外展位外旋角度术前与术后差异无统计学意义(P=0.906)。结论:关节镜下带线铆钉重建后盂唇并选择性缝合肩袖间隙治疗肩关节后方不稳对恢复肩关节稳定和功能有效。     

关节镜下肩袖修补联合粘连松解术治疗肩袖撕裂合并肩关节僵硬疗效分析

目的:探讨关节镜下肩关节囊粘连松解联合肩袖修补术治疗肩袖撕裂合并肩关节僵硬患者的疗效及其术后转归。方法:回顾性分析2011年1月~2014年4月间我科收治的随访资料完整的中小型肩袖损伤患者。共43例纳入研究,其中15例合并肩关节僵硬。对僵硬组患者,先在关节镜下行肩关节囊粘连松解,术中活动肩关节证实肩关节活动度恢复良好。非僵硬组患者仅进行单纯的盂肱关节镜检查及必要的关节内清理。所有患者均根据撕裂口大小,采用1~3枚5.0 Twinfix锚钉(美国Smith&Nephew公司)单排缝合固定肩袖。僵硬组有7例、非僵硬组有8例进行了肱二头肌长头腱单纯切断或固定术。所有病例术后均给予指导康复训练。术后平均随访27.1±4.2(15~38)个月,记录并比较术前,术后1、2、3、6、12个月及末次随访时的肩痛VAS评分,术后2、3、6、12个月及末次随访时肩关节被动活动度,术后6、12个月及末次随访时的肌力,以及术前、术后1年及末次随访UCLA评分,评估患者肩关节术后康复进程及手术疗效。结果:1)无僵硬组患者及僵硬组患者术后疼痛均有明显缓解,但术后1、2个月的疼痛VAS评分无僵硬组显著优于僵硬组(P<0.05),直到术后3个月时两组差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。2)肩袖修补术后无僵硬组患者肩关节被动活动度与术前相比无显著差异。僵硬组被动活动度较术前有显著改善,其中肩前屈、外展0°位外旋活动度分别于术后3个月、术后6个月有显著改善,与无僵硬组无显著差异(P>0.05);而肩外展、90°外展位外旋、90°外展位内旋活动度直到术后12个月得到充分缓解,与无僵硬组无显著差异(P>0.05)。至末次随访时,僵硬组患者肩关节被动活动度恢复良好,未再出现关节活动度降低。3)无僵硬组术后肌力恢复良好。僵硬组患者肩前屈、外展肌力术后6个月达到健侧水平,与无僵硬组无显著差异(P>0.05);僵硬组肩外旋肌力术后12个月才达到健侧水平,与无僵硬组相比无显著差异(P>0.05)。4)末次随访UCLA评分,无僵硬组患者为33.3±3.3分,僵硬组患者为33.4±3.2分。患者肩关节功能总体恢复良好,二者差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论:肩关节镜下关节囊粘连松解联合肩袖修补术治疗肩袖撕裂合并关节僵硬患者,术后半年内的肩关节功能康复进程较未合并僵硬的肩袖撕裂患者慢,但手术治疗1年后两组患者疼痛VAS评分、肩关节被动活动度、肌力以及肩关节功能无明显差异,该联合术式可获得良好的疗效。     

关节镜肩袖修补术后快速康复与延迟康复的Meta分析

目的:比较关节镜肩袖修补术后快速康复与延迟康复的疗效与安全性。方法:计算机系统检索Pubmed、EMBASE、Cochrane library、中国生物医学文献数据库(CBM)、中国知网(CNKI)、万方数据库、维普数据库等,及手工查找关于比较关节镜肩袖修补术后快速康复与延迟康复临床结果的随机对照研究。按照文献纳入标准、排除标准选取文献,并提取相关数据,评价研究方法学质量,采用Review Manager5.3软件对提取的数据进行统计学分析。结果:共纳入文献7篇,均为随机对照研究,包括547名患者,其中快速康复组279名,延迟康复组268名。Meta分析结果显示:快速康复组术后6个月肩关节前屈活动角度[MD=4.90,95%CI(1.98,7.82),P=0.001]大于延迟康复组,两组在术后6个月肩关节外旋活动度、ASES评分、Constant评分、VAS评分及术后12个月肩关节前屈活动度、外旋活动度、ASES评分、Constant评分、VAS评分等方面差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。在肩袖愈合方面,两康复组肩袖中小全层撕裂与中大全层撕裂修补术后肩袖愈合率及再撕裂率差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论:关节镜肩袖修补术后快速康复能促进早期肩关节前屈活动度恢复,但并不能明显促进肩关节功能恢复,而两组术后无论是中小撕裂还是中大撕裂,肩袖愈合率及再撕裂率没有显著差异。     

盂肱关节前方不稳MR表现与关节镜手术所见比较

 目的 探讨盂肱关节前方不稳的关节镜检查和3.0T MRI表现。方法 收集45例盂肱关节前方不稳患者的MRI检查及关节镜检查资料,回顾性对照分析MRI与多角度镜头关节镜手术结果,总结损伤类型、程度,采用Kappa检验分析MRI与关节镜诊断结果的一致性,观察MRI对各种损伤诊断结果及敏感度。结果 盂唇损伤在盂肱关节前方不稳病变中占84.4%(38/45),其中前下盂唇损伤占 51.1%(23/45),盂唇损伤合并Hill-sachs损伤、关节囊损伤占44.2%(20/45),盂唇损伤合并骨性Bankart损伤占17.7%(8/45)。MRI诊断前下盂唇损伤、HAGL病变、Hill-sachs病变的敏感度分别为78.2%、71.0%、90.0%。MRI与关节镜诊断结果具有一致性,其中诊断肩胛下肌及肌腱损伤及骨性Bankart损伤的结果完全一致,诊断前下盂唇损伤、HAGL病变及Hill-sachs病变的一致性较好,诊断SLAP损伤一致性一般。结论 3.0T MRI能够较准确地显示盂肱关节前方不稳常见病变及MRI征象,为临床早期诊断和治疗提供依据。     

关节镜下垂直褥式缝合治疗肩关节复发性前脱位合并关节囊松弛的中期疗效

目的探讨关节镜下垂直褥式缝合治疗肩关节复发性前脱位合并关节囊松弛的中期临床疗效。方法采用回顾性病例系列研究分析2018年1月至2021年9月陆军军医大学第一附属医院收治的11例肩关节复发性前脱位合并关节囊松弛患者的临床资料, 其中男10例, 女1例;年龄18～38岁[(22.8±5.5)岁]。患者均采用关节镜下垂直褥式缝合关节囊手术治疗。比较术前、术后6个月及末次随访时Oxford肩关节不稳评分、Rowe肩关节不稳评分、简便肩关节功能测试(SST)评分, 以及术前及末次随访时MRI影像学肩关节囊松弛程度和冗余长度;观察末次随访时恐惧试验结果和术后关节再脱位、医源性血管或神经损伤等并发症情况;采用Spearman相关系数分析关节囊影像学改变与肩关节功能的相关性。结果患者均获随访20～64个月[(40.7±18.6)个月]。术前、术后6个月及末次随访时Oxford肩关节不稳评分分别为(41.2±4.7)分、(49.5±3.0)分和(57.6±3.0)分, Rowe肩关节不稳评分分别为(28.6±9.5)分、(77.7±7.2)分和(94.1±10.9)分, SST评分分别为(7.6±1.3...     

关节镜下成形联合缝合术治疗不稳定型外侧盘状半月板临床分析

目的:回顾分析关节镜下成形联合缝合修补术治疗不稳定型外侧盘状半月板的手术方法和近期疗效。方法:复旦大学附属华山医院运动医学与关节镜外科自2007年6月至2008年10月采用关节镜下半月板成形联合周边缘缝合术治疗不稳定型外侧盘状半月板患者49例(52膝),随访时采用Lysholm评分、HSS膝关节功能评分(hospital for special surgery knee score)及复查MRI评价手术疗效。结果:49例(52膝)术后随访14个月至30个月,平均20.8个月。术前Lysholm评分为43±7.3分,术后90±5.3分(P<0.01),术前HSS评分为40±8.6分,术后89±7.3分(P<0.01),评分优良率分别为86.5%和87.9%。24膝得到MRI复查,21膝完全愈合,3膝部分愈合。结论:采用关节镜下半月板成形联合缝合修补术治疗不稳定型外侧盘状半月板创伤小,手术效果良好。     

部队官兵复发性肩关节脱位诊治及疗效评估

目的探讨基层部队官兵复发性肩关节脱位的原因、治疗方法及预后。方法回顾分析我院骨科2000年8月—2012年8月期间收治的确诊为复发性肩关节脱位的27例官兵的临床资料,并采用Rowe评分量表和牛津大学肩关节不稳评分量表(OSIS)对随访患者进行评估。结果 25例患者接受手术,术后21例完成随访,随访时间为6～72(46.7±3.76)个月。15例肩关节功能恢复正常,3例外旋、上举轻度受限,2例脱位复发,1例存在活动疼痛。手术前后Rowe评分为(38.1±14.8)分和(85.8±14.6)分(P<0.01)。术后优良率较术前提高76.1%;手术前后OSIS评分为(42.7±6.4)分和(19.7±5.8)分(P<0.01)。结论初次脱位后全面的诊断、充足的固定时间、合适的手术方式选择以及术后系统的康复锻炼是预防和治疗部队官兵复发性肩关节脱位的关键环节。     

The surgical outcome of immediate arthroscopic Bankart repair for first time anterior shoulder dislocation in young active patients

This study evaluated the surgical outcomes of young active patients with arthroscopic Bankart repair within 1 month after first-time anterior shoulder dislocation. From July 2002–October 2004, patients presented with first-time traumatic anterior shoulder dislocation and treated with arthroscopic stabilization within 1 month of injury were retrospectively reviewed. Magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography were performed before the operation in all cases. Cases with contralateral shoulder multidirectional instability or glenoid bone loss of more than 30% on preoperative computed tomography on the injury side were excluded. All patients were treated with arthroscopic Bankart repair, using metallic suture anchors or soft tissue bio-absorbable anchors by a same group of surgeons and followed the same rehabilitation protocol. Recurrence, instability signs, range of motion, WOSI score, Rowe score and complications were assessed. Thirty-eight patients were recruited: the average age was 21 (16–30). All patients had definite trauma history. Radiologically, all patients had Bankart/Hill-Sachs lesion. All the operations were done within 1 month after injury (6–25 days). The average hospital stay was 1.2 days (1–5 days). The average follow-up was 28 months (24–48 months). There were two cases of posttraumatic re-dislocation (5.2%). The average external rotation lag was 5° (0–15) in 90° shoulder abduction when compared with contralateral side. 95% of patients had excellent or good Rowe score. The average WOSI score was 83%. There was one case of transient ulnar nerve palsy and one case of superficial wound infection. This study concluded that immediate arthroscopic Bankart repair with an accelerated rehabilitation program is an effective and safe technique for treating young active patients with first-time traumatic anterior shoulder dislocation. This study complies with the current laws of the Hong Kong Special Administration Region Government.     

Long-term results of arthroscopic Bankart repair with a bioabsorbable tack

BACKGROUND: Short-term to midterm data are available on arthroscopic shoulder stabilization using bioabsorbable tacks or suture anchors. It remains unknown whether these techniques can equal the success of open Bankart repair in the long term. PURPOSE: To assess the long-term outcome of arthroscopic Bankart repair using bioabsorbable tacks in patients with traumatic anterior shoulder instability with a minimum follow-up of 7 years. STUDY DESIGN: Case series; Level of evidence, 4. METHODS: Treatment outcomes were determined prospectively according to the Rowe score and retrospectively according to the Constant and American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons scores. Included in this study were 18 consecutive patients with a mean age of 26.8 years (range, 16-62 years) who underwent arthroscopic Bankart repair using bioabsorbable tacks for traumatic anterior shoulder instability. The study group consisted of 14 male and 4 female patients. The mean follow-up was 8.7 years (range, 7.0-9.8 years). RESULTS: One patient had recurrent dislocations requiring further surgery, for an overall failure rate of 5.6%. An additional patient had 1 traumatic subluxation episode within the first postoperative year that did not recur. According to the Rowe score, which increased to 90.3 (17.8) from 32.8 (8.3) points preoperatively, 15 patients (83.3%) achieved a good or excellent result. The mean Constant score was 91.3 (SD, 6.9) points, and the mean American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons score was 92.1 (SD, 6.9) points postoperatively. A return to the preinjury level of sports competition was reported by 64% of patients. No signs of synovitis occurred in any patient postoperatively. CONCLUSION: Arthroscopic Bankart repair for the treatment of recurrent traumatic anterior shoulder instability repair using bioabsorbable tacks offers reliable results with respect to failure rate, range of motion, and shoulder function during a minimum follow-up of 7.0 years. In contrast to previous reports on arthroscopic Bankart repair, results did not deteriorate during follow-up.     

Surgical treatment of significant glenoid bone defects and associated humeral avulsions of glenohumeral ligament (HAGL) lesions in anterior shoulder instability

Purpose

Combined occurrence of humeral avulsion of glenohumeral ligament (HAGL) lesion and a significant glenoid bone defect is an unusual and previously undescribed association in traumatic anterior shoulder instability. The purpose of this study was (1) to report a retrospective case series of seven anterior bony instability patients who were diagnosed with this unusual association and (2) to evaluate the results of a modified Latarjet procedure and simultaneous HAGL repair using a new subscapularis-sparing approach.

Methods

A retrospective review of the records of 64 anterior shoulder instability patients who underwent bony stabilization surgery was performed, and patients who underwent a combined reconstruction for significant glenohumeral bone defects (glenoid loss >20 %) and an associated HAGL lesion were identified. Pre- and postoperative follow-up clinical parameters and functional scores were documented (Oxford shoulder instability score [OSIS], Western Ontario shoulder instability index [WOSI]), Rowe score). Radiological assessment included measurement of the glenoid bone defect (CT scan) and evaluation of soft tissue lesions (MR arthrogram).

Results

Radiological and arthroscopic evaluation confirmed the combined lesion complex in 7 (11 %) patients. Follow-up evaluation (mean 20.6 months) suggested an excellent outcome (Rowe score: median 95, range 95–100); a statistically significant improvement was seen in the follow-up OSIS (median 12, range 12–14, p = 0.018) and WOSI score (median 28, range 17–102, p = 0.018) as compared to the preoperative score (median OSIS 50, range 32–53; median WOSI 1,084, range 919–1,195). Clinical tests for subscapularis function revealed a functional subscapularis muscle; no significant differences were detected in pre- versus postoperative internal rotation strength and in the operated versus normal contralateral shoulder (ns). The dual-window subscapularis–sparing approach provided adequate exposure for combined reconstruction of the humeral and glenoid lesions, and no complications were encountered.

Conclusions

Significant glenoid defects are associated with HAGL lesions in approximately 1/10th of patients with bony instability. Combined reconstruction of these lesions via a subscapularis-sparing approach results in an excellent outcome and significant improvement in functional scores at a medium-term follow-up.

Level of evidence

Therapeutic study, Level IV.     

Sports activity after arthroscopic superior labral repair using suture anchors in overhead-throwing athletes

PURPOSE: To evaluate the results of arthroscopic repair of type II superior labral anterior posterior lesions of the shoulder in overhead athletes. HYPOTHESIS: Such repair is useful for overhead athletes in terms of postoperative sports activity. STUDY DESIGN: Case series; Level of evidence, 4. METHODS: The study group was composed of 40 patients with a mean age of 24 years (range, 15-38 years); mean follow-up was 41 months (range, 24-58 months). They were divided into an overuse (n=22) and a trauma group (n=18). The authors used 2 suture anchors loaded with a nonabsorbable suture at the 11-o'clock and 1-o'clock positions through the anterosuperior and lateral trans-rotator cuff portal. A modified Rowe score and postoperative athletic activities were evaluated. RESULTS: After arthroscopic repair, mean modified Rowe scores improved from 27.5 to 92.1 points (P<.0001). Rated on this scale, the results were excellent in 30 (75%), good in 6 (15%), and fair in 4 (10%) athletes; there were no poor results. Satisfactory outcomes were achieved in 36 (90%) of these patients; 30 (75%) experienced a return to the preinjury level. The complete return rate of baseball players in the overuse group was lower than that of other overhead athletes in the trauma group. CONCLUSION: Arthroscopic superior labral repair is a safe and reliable procedure in overhead athletes.     

Operative stabilization of posterior shoulder instability

BACKGROUND: Symptomatic, traumatic posterior shoulder instability is often the result of a posteriorly directed blow to an adducted, internally rotated, and forward-flexed upper extremity. Operative repair has been shown to provide favorable results. Current arthroscopic techniques with suture anchors and the ability to plicate the capsule using a nonabsorbable suture may provide favorable outcomes with reduced morbidity. PURPOSE: To evaluate the results of operative shoulder stabilization in patients with traumatic posterior shoulder instability. STUDY DESIGN: Case series; Level of evidence, 4. METHODS: A consecutive series of patients who underwent arthroscopic or open posterior stabilization for traumatic posterior shoulder instability were evaluated using subjective assessments, physical examinations, the Single Assessment Numeric Evaluation, Rowe score, Simple Shoulder Test, and the Western Ontario Shoulder Instability Index.Results: Between May 1996 and February 2002, 31 shoulders (30 patients) underwent posterior stabilization (19 arthroscopically, 12 open). There were 29 men and 1 woman (mean age, 23 years). Preoperatively, all patients had a distinct traumatic cause for the instability. On physical examination, all patients had posterior apprehension and increased (2+, 3+) posterior load-shift testing. Preoperative radiographs and/or magnetic resonance imaging revealed posterior rim calcification or reverse Bankart lesions in 29 cases (94%). At arthroscopy, posterior labral injuries, reverse Bankart lesions, or humeral head defects were identified. Follow-up averaged 40 months, and the mean duration between injury and surgery was 21 months. The mean Single Assessment Numeric Evaluation, Rowe score, Simple Shoulder Test, and Western Ontario Shoulder Instability Index scores, respectively, for the entire group were 89, 87, 11, and 346; for the open group, they were 81, 80, 10.5, and 594; for the arthroscopic group, they were 92, 92, 11.4, and 190. The Western Ontario Shoulder Instability Index (P < .03) and Rowe score (P < .04) outcomes scores for the arthroscopic group were statistically better than those of the open group. Twenty-nine of 31 shoulders were rated as excellent or good. CONCLUSION: In the case of traumatic posterior shoulder subluxation, posterior lesions of the labrum ("reverse Bankart"), articular edge, and capsule are observed. Surgical treatment addressing these lesions led to satisfactory results for both the open and arthroscopic treated groups. In this study, an arthroscopic technique utilizing suture anchor repair with capsular placation provided the most favorable outcomes.     

Revisiting open capsuloplasty for the treatment of anterior shoulder instability: 35-year follow-up of the Du Toit procedure

The Du Toit open capsuloplasty for the treatment of anterior shoulder instability is based on the concept of restoring joint stability by recreating the integrity of the anterior glenoid labrum and inferior gleno-humeral ligament using staples. The long-term validity of this procedure for the treatment of anterior shoulder instability was retrospectively assessed by a clinical or telephone interview and radiographic evaluation in 58 patients with an average 35-year follow-up between 1948 and 1974. The range of motion was evaluated by comparing the treated side with the contralateral one; subjective and objective evaluation was performed according to the ASES, Rowe scales and Constant rating system; A-P and axillary X-rays were performed to evaluate glenohumeral arthrosis by the Samilson criteria. Despite the need for a second operation due to staple loosening (5 of 58 patients in our series), this open procedure for shoulder instability gave a high rate of satisfactory results, thus holding the ground for the current concept of the modern arthroscopic Bankart repair.     

A long-term clinical follow-up study after arthroscopic intra-articular Bankart repair using absorbable tacks

The aim of the study was to perform an independent long-term evaluation after arthroscopic Bankart repair using absorbable tacks. We hypothesise that arthroscopic Bankart repair using absorbable tacks will result in stable shoulders. Eighty-one consecutive patients (84 shoulders) with symptomatic, recurrent, anterior, post-traumatic shoulder instability were included in the study. All the patients had a Bankart lesion. The age of the patients was 28 (15-62) years. The number of dislocations prior to surgery was five (sublux-50). The operation was performed 28 (3-360) months after the index injury by one of three surgeons with a special interest in shoulder surgery using an intra-articular arthroscopic Bankart procedure involving absorbable Suretac fixators. Seventy-six/84 (90%) of the shoulders (50 male, 23 female patients) were re-examined by two independent observers, after a follow-up period of 98 (46-129) months. In the long-term, the failure rate in terms of stability was 8/76 (11%) dislocations and a further 6/76 (8%) had experienced or had clinical signs of subluxation. The Rowe score was 91 (38-98) points at follow-up and the Constant score was 90 (56-100) points. The Constant score for the contralateral shoulder was 93 (69-100) points (P < 0.001). In the long-term, the arthroscopic Bankart procedure using Suretac fixators resulted in stable, well-functioning shoulders in the majority of patients. Eighteen per cent of the patients had experienced signs of instability during the follow-up period in terms of dislocations or subluxations.     

Anterior Shoulder Instability Repair and Reconstruction: An Algorithm for Patients with Bone Defects

Most cases of instability of the shoulder do not involve a significant osseous lesion. Bony lesions of the glenoid and humeral head, however, can be a major cause of recurrent anterior glenohumeral instability. Unrecognized bony glenoid defects and Hill-Sachs lesions can lead to failure after arthroscopic soft tissue stabilization procedures for anterior instability. However bony defects can usually be identified and effectively treated, if an appropriate protocol and workup is followed. Current indications for the treatment of anterior glenohumeral instability with a bony augmentation procedure include anteroinferior glenoid bone loss of greater than 20%-30%, an engaging Hill-Sachs lesion, or an Instability Severity Index Score greater than 6. A variety of procedures have been described for treating bony instability, including both arthroscopic and open techniques. Here we discuss the evaluation, workup, and treatment of anterior shoulder instability related to bone deficiency of the glenohumeral joint.     

Revision of failed arthroscopic bankart repairs

BACKGROUND: The results following open revision surgery following a failed arthroscopic Bankart procedure are not well documented. PURPOSE: To evaluate the results of patients with a failed arthroscopic Bankart repair treated with a traditional, open Bankart repair. STUDY DESIGN: Case series; Level of evidence, 4. METHODS: Thirty patients (28 male and 2 female) who had a mean age of 24 years (range 15-36) at the time of operation were evaluated. The mean interval from the time of the operation to the final follow-up was 46 months (range 24-55). The rating systems of Rowe and the University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA) were recorded preoperatively and at the time of the final evaluation. RESULTS: After open repair, mean modified Rowe scores improved from 25 preoperatively to 84.2 points. The results were excellent in 2 (6.7%), good in 24 (80%), and fair in 4 (13.3%); there were no poor results. The UCLA shoulder score improved from a mean of 17 points preoperatively to 29 points (P = .001 for all comparisons). Twenty-six patients (87%) did not have an anchor placement inferior to the 4-o'clock position for a right shoulder or the 8-o'clock position for the left shoulder after the index arthroscopic repair. There were no rotator interval closures performed at the index arthroscopic Bankart repair, and 10 patients (33%) required an interval closure at the open revision procedure. Twenty-five patients (83%) immobilized the operated arm in a sling for less than 2 weeks following the index arthroscopic repair. CONCLUSION: Patients with failed arthroscopic Bankart repairs can be successfully treated with a revision, open Bankart repair. Inadequate postoperative immobilization, large rotator intervals, and improper anchor placement are possible risk factors that may increase the incidence of failure of an arthroscopic Bankart repair.