小儿胃食管反流病104例分析

目的　探讨小儿胃食管反流病 (GERD)的临床特点与诊断。方法　对 10 4例GERD患儿的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果　小儿GERD以新生儿期和婴幼儿发病较多 ,<3岁者占 75 0 % (78/ 10 4)。临床表现除有呕吐、溢乳等反流症状外 ,80 8%具呼吸道症状表现。部分患儿仅表现呼吸道症状 ,反流症状反而不明显。 91例监测 2 4h食管 pH ,89例异常 ,检出率 97 8%。卧位时各项反流指标均大于立位时。 2 8例行食管钡剂造影阳性2 3例 ,诊断阳性率 82 1%。 10例食管内镜检查 3例有食管炎 ,其中 1例食管溃疡伴Barrett食管。结论　小儿胃食管反流临床表现复杂 ,缺乏特异性 ;2 4h食管 pH监测是首选的诊断方法 ,不仅可以发现反流 ,还可以了解反流程度 ;食管X线检查仍可作为小儿GER常用的诊断方法 ;内镜检查和食管粘膜病理检查有助于尽早发现食管病变 ,增加食管炎的检出率     

24小时食管pH值监测及空腹胃pH值测定在高危新生儿胃肠功能障碍诊断中的应用

目的 通过监测新生儿24 h食管pH值及测定胃pH值,研究其在新生儿胃肠功能障碍早期诊断中的价值.方法 对20例发生胃肠功能障碍的新生儿(A组)与20例未发生胃肠功能障碍的高危新生儿(B组)进行24h食管pH值监测及胃pH值测定,并对结果进行统计学分析.结果 A组患儿的胃pH值为2.22±0.30,B组为2.64±0.28,两组比胶差异有统计学意义(t=4.045,P＜0.01);根据Boix-Ochoa标准,A组发生病理性胃食管反流14例,B组7例;根据酸反流指数＞4.0％为病理性胃食管反流诊断标准,A组发生病理性胃食管反流12例,B组5例.两组24 h食管pH值差异有统计学意义(x2 =4.91,P＜0.05).结论 对高危儿进行24h食管pH值监测及胃pH值测定,有助于及时判断新生儿的胃肠功能状态,对新生儿胃肠功能障碍的早期诊断具有临床价值.     

动态胃、食管双pH监测小儿胃食管反流

目的 判断小儿胃食管反流病（GERD）的类型,提高GERD的诊断率。方法 采用晶体锑双pH微电极对临床疑诊GERD患儿65例进行食管下段和胃底部pH值24h动态监测。结果 29例（44．6％）有酸性胃食管反流,4例（6．1％）有碱性胃食管反流,总检出率50．7％,两组各项反流指标与对照组相比差异有显著意义。结论 动态胃、食管双pH监测能较准确地判定反流的有无及其类型,并提高GERD的诊断率。     

24 h食管pH监测诊断儿童胃食管返流病临床意义

目的 总结胃食管返流病患儿行24h食管pH监测的回溯性检查结果，分析其在临床上的应用意义。方法 对收治的150例无消化道梗阻患儿进行24h食管pH监测，男64例，女86例；年龄最小1个月，最大7岁，平均年龄3．45岁。按吞钡检查结果和临床表现将患儿分为4组：A组18例，为不明原因呕吐、内科保守治疗无效者，B组80例拟诊为胃食管返流病，C组47例为食管裂孔疝患儿，D组5例，表现为夜间有突然呛咳、胸痛。其中A组和D组食管吞钡检查均无异常。结果 A组患儿存在明显的胃食管返流；B组有65例存在胃食管返流，15例不符合胃食管返流病的诊断标准，检查结果与食管吞钡不一致；C组41例滑疝患儿存在胃食管返流，而6例食管旁疝无返流；D组患儿有胃食管返流病，以睡眠期返流为主，且返流的出现与其症状发生相一致。结论 通过24h食管pH检查可明确症状与返流的关系、返流程度及返流与体位、进食、疼痛的关系；24h食管pH监测特异性、敏感性较高，对检查者无损伤，因此在临床应用中，应与食管吞钡检查相互结合、相互补充，有利于提高诊断的正确性。     

婴幼儿胃食管反流相关性咳嗽治疗的初步研究

目的婴幼儿哮喘的诊断主要基于咳嗽及喘息等临床症状,神经系统功能正常的婴幼儿当出现过度胃食管反流时也可以出现类似症状。目前并无随机对照研究来评价单独使用质子泵抑制剂或联合促动力药在婴幼儿中应用的疗效。本研究的主要目的是证实在呼吸道症状提示哮喘的婴幼儿中的确存在过度胃食管反流。其次,通过随机空白对照试验,探讨使用氨基甲酰甲基胆碱和奥美拉唑治疗过度胃食管反流可否改善呼吸道症状。方法有慢性咳嗽或喘息病史且有病史支持、pH监测异常或胃排空扫描提示胃食管反流的婴幼儿22例,随机分为4个治疗组:安慰剂+安慰剂(PP治疗组)、奥美拉唑+氨基甲酰甲基胆碱(OB治疗组)、奥美拉唑+安慰剂(OP治疗组)、氨基甲酰甲基胆碱+安慰剂(BP治疗组)。通过临床问卷调查、检查和家庭日记以及pH监测数据评估患儿上述治疗前后及奥美拉唑+氨基甲酰甲基胆碱非盲试验后的情况。结果 19例纳入数据统计。PP治疗对胃食管反流或呼吸道症状没有作用,pH监测提示胃食管反流并无减少。然而根据pH监测及家长评估,OB治疗可减少胃食管反流,同时显著减少日间咳嗽,改善呼吸,无不良反应发生。结论对于临床表现提示慢性胃食管反流相关性咳嗽的婴幼儿,使用奥美拉唑和氨基甲酰甲基胆碱治疗是可行的选择。     

24 h食管pH监测在婴儿难治性肺炎中的临床应用研究

目的探讨24h食管pH监测在婴儿难治性肺炎中的临床应用及其意义。方法对57例难治性肺炎患儿进行24h食管pH监测,监测指标包括食管pH〈4.0的次数、反流时间≥5min的次数、最长反流时间、卧位pH值〈4的时间占总监测时间的百分比和Biox-Ochoa评分。结果57例中存在胃食管反流（GER）28例（占49.1%）;有呕吐与无呕吐症状患儿各项反流指标比较差异有统计学意义;伴有胃食管反流患儿经促动力剂治疗者,肺部罗音消失时间和咳嗽持续时间均较未用促动力剂治疗者短,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论难治性肺炎患儿经正规抗炎治疗效果不佳者,应考虑是否合并胃食管反流,进行24h食管pH监测,以确定病因并指导治疗。     

24小时食管pH及动力学监测在新生儿胃食管返流诊断中价值

为了解24h食管pH值监测在新生儿胃食管返流(GER)诊断中的作用和新生儿胃食管返流的临床特点及与之相关的疾病，采用便携式pH自动记录仪监测：106例临床上怀疑有胃食管返流的新生儿(症状组)，其中55例同时用台式高分辨八道胃肠动力监测系统行食管动力学监测；同时监测17例无症状新生儿(对照组)，动力学测定5例。结果显示，新生儿胃食管返流临床表现多样。以呕吐(溢乳)多见(97．6％)，其次为呼吸暂停(发绀，占14．5％)，呛咳(9．6％)；除了单纯病理性GER及继发于消化道畸形外，新生儿缺氧缺血性脑病及败血症与GER关系密切，而继发有消化道器质性疾病时，返流更严重。病理性GER食管动力异常的检出与对照组相比差异无显著性。提示新生儿胃食管返流临床表现复杂，可由多种疾病引起，及早行24h食管pH值测定是早期诊断新生儿GER的客观依据，但同时应警惕有基础疾病的可能，及时作相应的检查以增加诊断的正确性；此外尚需进一步制定与年龄相关的食管动力标准。     

近端食管胃酸反流与胃食管反流患儿呼吸道症状的关系

目的了解胃食管反流(GER)患儿近端食管胃酸反流与呼吸道症状发生的关系。方法采用食管双pH动态监测法，对31例单纯性呕吐、23例伴有反复呼吸道症状的GER患儿同时监测食管近端和远端pH值的变化，以35例健康儿作为对照组。结果单纯呕吐组远端食管各项酸反流指标、近端食管酸反流指标除最长反流时间外均大于对照组，差异有显著性；呼吸道症状组远端食管、近端食管各项酸反流指标均大于对照组，差异有显著性；但单纯呕吐组与呼吸道症状组相比较，无论在近端食管还是在远端食管，各项指标的差异无显著性；病例组远端食管各项酸反流指标均大于近端食管，差异有显著性。结论近端食管酸反流并不是GER患儿发生呼吸道症状的主要因素，而远端食管酸反流是小儿GER的主要反流形式。     

儿童慢性咳嗽与胃食管反流关系临床探讨

目的　探讨儿童慢性咳嗽与胃食管反流的关系。方法　对1999年7月至2 0 0 1年3月广州市儿童医院收治的11例慢性咳嗽患儿,进行2 4h食管pH监测,对监测结果及其临床资料进行分析。结果　11例慢性咳嗽患儿经2 4h食管pH检测,有8例阳性,阳性率为72 . 7%。结论　儿童慢性咳嗽常合并胃食管反流,后者又往往加重呼吸道症状。建议在治疗儿童慢性咳嗽时,常规抗炎、祛痰、平喘处理效果如不理想,可加用抗反流药物以便提高疗效。     

小儿十二指肠胃反流的特点及对胃pH值的影响

胆汁反流性疾病是指过多的十二指肠液反流到胃或食管引起的一系列临床症候群。根据胆汁反流的部位,可分为十二指肠胃反流（DGR）和十二指肠胃食管反流（DGER）。过去常认为胆汁反流是“碱反流”,这是不确切的,因为70％-91％的食管胆汁反流在pH〈4时发生。24h胆红素监测技术的发展,为胆汁反流的诊断提供了可靠的方法。国内外研究发现,与胃酸一样,胆汁反流与食管疾病的发生密切相关,是另一个重要的上消化道疾病的致病因子。但有关小儿DGR的特点尚未见报道。2005年2月至2006年4月,我们利用Bilitec-2000型胆红素监测仪,对胃镜下黏液湖黄染的患儿进行胃胆红素和pH值监测,现报告如下。     

Application and development of pH monitoring technology in gastroesophageal reflux disease北大核心CSCD

Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is a common digestive system disease with various symptoms or complications.Currently, pH monitoring is the most powerful technology to diagnose GERD, generally including the 24-hour dynamic esophageal pH monitoring, Bilitec bile reflux monitoring, 24-hour multichannel intraluminal impedance-pH monitoring, wireless capsule pH monitoring and oropharyngeal pH monitoring.This study aims to review the development and clinical application of pH monitoring technology in GERD. © 2022 Chinese Medical Journals Publishing House Co.Ltd. All rights reserved.     

Gastroesophageal reflux disease in 2006. The imperfect diagnosis

There continues to be significant controversy related to diagnostic testing for gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). Clearly, barium contrast fluoroscopy is superior to any other test in defining the anatomy of the upper gastrointestinal (UGI) tract. Although fluoroscopy can demonstrate gastroesophageal reflux (GER), this observation does not equate to GERD. Fluoroscopy time should not be prolonged to attempt to demonstrate GER during barium contrast radiography. There are no data to justify prolonging fluoroscopy time to perform provocative maneuvers to demonstrate reflux during barium contrast UGI series. Symptoms of GERD may be associated with physiologic esophageal acid exposure measured by intraesophageal pH monitoring, and a significant percentage of patients with abnormal esophageal acid exposure have no or minimal clinical symptoms of reflux. Abnormal acid exposure defined by pH monitoring over a 24-h period does not equate to GERD. In clinical practice presumptive diagnosis of GERD is reasonably assumed by substantial reduction or elimination of suspected reflux symptoms during therapeutic trial of acid reduction therapy.     

Extended pH-monitoring in the evaluation of gastroesophageal reflux in infancy and childhood

Esophageal 24-h pH monitoring was performed in addition to esophagogastrography, esophageal manometry, and esophagoscopy in 66 infants and 12 children from 2–14 years of age with symptoms characteristic of gastroesophageal reflux (GER). In ten infants, ph monitoring was repeated once or twice at intervals of 1 week to 8 1/2 months. The follow-up time for all patients ranged from 2–7 years. Our findings suggest that extended pH monitoring is the most valuable diagnostic procedure under the following circumstances. First, when there are major discrepancies between reported observations and actual symptoms during hospitalization, pH monitoring can clarify the causal relationship. Second, when symptoms are milder but presistent, documentation of prolonged episodes of reflux — overall and during sleep — can aid in determining the urgency of endoscopy. Third, the effectiveness of individual therapeutic measures is best objectivized by means of extended pH monitoring. On the other hand, the procedure is not in defining prognosis or the need for surgical therapy.     

24小时食管动态pH-阻抗联合监测评估小儿胃食管反流性咳嗽的临床特征

目的 探讨24 h食管动态pH-阻抗联合监测对以慢性咳嗽为主要表现的胃食管反流病（GERD）患儿的临床表现及反流特征的评估价值。方法 对2012年2月至2013年7月40例南京医科大学附属南京儿童医院门诊及住院的可疑胃食管反流性咳嗽（RERC）患儿,利用24 h食管pH-阻抗联合监测GERD患者的各项指标。结果 40例慢性咳嗽患儿中,单纯用24 h食管pH监测符合GERD的患儿有23例（57.5%）,利用24 h食管动态pH-阻抗联合监测符合GERD的患儿有34例（85.0%）,明显高于单纯用24 h食管pH监测的结果。且在小儿慢性咳嗽中主要是在直立时弱酸反流和酸反流为主（P＜0.05）,同时发生频率最高的在直立状态下的混合反流（P＜0.05）,而食团清除时间在直立与仰卧时差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）,近端反流是以仰卧位为主（P＜0.05）。总反流次数与症状指数（SI）呈正相关（r = 0.818,P＜0.05）。结论 利用24 h食管动态pH-阻抗联合监测技术可以检出酸反流、弱酸反流和非酸反流,使GERD的诊断更精确,对以慢性咳嗽为主要表现的GERD有着重要的诊断价值,具有较好的临床应用前景。     

24Сʱʳ�ܶ�̬pH-�迹���ϼ������С��θʳ�ܷ����Կ��Ե��ٴ�����

??Abstract??Objective To investigate the characteristics of gastroesophageal reflux disease ??GERD?? with chronic cough by 24-hour ambulatory esophageal impedance-pH monitoring in children. Methods From February 2012 to July 2013?? 40 cases of inpatients and outpatients in Nanjing Children′s Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University?? who were suspected with gastroesophageal reflux cough ??RERC????were recruited??all these cases underwent 24-hour ambulatory esophageal impedance-pH monitoring. Results Among the 40 children with chronic cough?? 23 patients were diagnosed with GERD refering to pH monitoring??34 children were diagnosed with GERD by 24-hour ambulatory esophageal impedance-pH monitoring. Esophageal acid reflux were significantly higher in the upright than supine position ??P??0.05????and the characteristics of GERD with chronic cough was mainly weak acidic reflux and acid reflux in the upright ??P??0.05????the mixed reflux was the highest frequency in the upright ??P??0.05??. There was no difference between in the upright and supine position about the bolus clearance time??proximal reflux in the supine position was the main way in the total reflux ??P??0.05??. The total reflux and SI demonstrated positive correlation??r = 0.818?? P??0.05??. Conclusion Acid reflux?? weak acid reflux and non-acid reflux can be detected by 24-hour ambulatory esophageal impedance-pH monitoring. The 24-hour ambulatory esophageal impedance-pH monitoring can make more accurate diagnosis of GERD in chronic cough children??and it may have a good prospect for clinical application.     

Gastroesophageal reflux in pediatrics; (patho)physiology and new insights in diagnostics and treatment

GER is the passage of gastric contents into the esophagus and is referred to as GER disease (GERD) when GER causes troublesome symptoms and/or complications. GERD in infants and children is sometimes difficult to diagnose and even more difficult to treat. The diagnosis of GERD is hampered by the fact that GER symptoms such as irritability and crying, feed refusal and regurgitation are common problems in infants and these symptoms are not specific for GERD. Diagnostic criteria for the objective diagnosis of GERD with commonly used diagnostic tests such as pH-metry, pH-impedance monitoring and endoscopy are poorly or not defined. In this review the current understanding of (patho)physiology of GERD, clinical history in infants and children, new insights in diagnostic modalities and the role of non-pharmacological and pharmacological interventions are discussed.     

Delayed gastric emptying in gastroesophageal reflux disease: the role of malrotation

The association between gastroesophageal reflux (GER) and intestinal malrotation (IM) has been well described. Delayed or impaired gastric emptying in IM is thought to be a contributing factor in the development of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). The current study assessed the role of malrotation in delayed gastric emptying in children with GERD. We also evaluated the interactions between GERD, malrotation, gastric pH abnormalities, and gastric dysmotility. Sixty-seven patients between 1 and 5 years of age (mean 3.08±1.2) and with symptoms of GER, such as emesis, reactive or recurrent lung disease, and/or growth retardation, were studied in 2001–2005. Upper and lower gastrointestinal contrast studies were performed for the diagnosis of malrotation. Gastric motility was evaluated with a liquid gastric emptying protocol. GER was documented by upper gastrointestinal studies, scintigraphy, and/or 24-h pH monitoring. In our series of 44 children with GERD, there was an unexpectedly high incidence of IM: 54.5% (24/44). IM has previously been known to occur in 25% of patients with GERD. GERD was found in 24 (82.7%) of 29 patients with IM. Mean nuclear gastric emptying (MNGE) was 51.6±8.04 min in patients with isolated GERD and 96.6±20.5 min in children with IM and GERD. There was a statistically significant difference in MNGE time (p<0.05) between children with primary GERD and in those with GERD and IM. Esophageal pH monitoring showed that mean fraction time below pH 4 was 7.06±1.1% in patients with isolated GERD and 14.7±4.1% in patients with IM and GERD. GERD is common in children between 1 and 5 years old. Using gastric emptying studies and esophageal pH monitoring, we have shown that gastric dysmotility and esophageal pH abnormalities are highly prevalent, especially in children with malrotation compared with children with isolated GERD. These findings suggest that malrotation is an important factor responsible for delayed gastric emptying in GERD. Hence, we recommend that all infants and children with GERD and delayed gastric emptying undergo careful evaluation for malrotation.     

Esophageal pH measurements in newborn infants. Value and indications

Esophageal pH monitoring is now the most reliable test in the diagnosis of gastroesophageal reflux (GER) in infants and children. A 18-24 hr esophageal pH monitoring is undertaken in 26 newborns to validate this test for this age group where GER is frequent with fair correlation of clinical presentation. In 19 infants with suspicion of GER, this test give a positive diagnosis in 12 of them. Seven out of these 12 infants have another investigations (barium- esophagram - scintigraphy - esophagoscopy) with only a positive diagnosis of GER in 4 cases. Esophageal pH monitoring in 7 control infants show that the percent of monitoring time with pH below 4.0 is one of the best discriminative values (upper limit: 4.2%) for the diagnosis of GER. Unusual symptoms of GER in the neonatal period as apneic spells, dyspnea, cyanosis or neurological signs are indications for esophageal pH monitoring.     

Will esophageal impedance replace pH monitoring?

Esophageal impedance, a technique based on the fact that the passage of a bolus changes the impedance between esophageal segments, is being used more and more. Multiple esophageal impedance combined with pH monitoring is advocated to become the preferred technique to measure acid and nonacid gastroesophageal reflux. Compared with pH monitoring, impedance has the advantage of being independent of pH and, as a consequence, is better adapted to measure reflux (especially in the postprandial period when reflux is buffered) and detect symptoms associated with nonacid- or weakly acid-reflux episodes. Conversely, the analysis of an impedance tracing requires more time and knowledge than a pH tracing and is possibly subjected to higher interobserver variability. Day-to-day reproducibility and interobserver variability are considerable. Episodes detected only by pH monitoring or impedance are numerous in pediatrics; therefore, pH monitoring and impedance should be associated in analyses of multiple esophageal impedance combined with pH monitoring. Up to now, there has been a striking absence of literature showing attempts to link data from diagnostic procedures to clinical outcome in symptomatic patients. Furthermore, data suggesting that impedance does offer a clear-cut benefit in pediatric clinical routine are missing. High cost of the material and the investment in time necessary for interpretation of the recording remain a handicap. However, because pH monitoring is part of impedance technology, it is likely that the latter will soon replace pH monitoring despite the current need of scientific evidence demonstrating a relation between symptoms, esophageal damage or response to reflux treatment, and results of multiple esophageal impedance combined with pH monitoring.     

Diagnosis and management of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD): An indian perspective

Need and Purpose

The scarcity of literature and lack of published guidelines on gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) from India, have necessitated this review.

Methods

A literature search in PubMed was conducted with regard to epidemiology, clinical features, investigation and management of GERD in children. English language studies published full over the last 20 years were considered and relevant information was extracted.

Results

Nearly half of all healthy babies regurgitate at least once a day by 4 months of age and this subsides in 90% of them by 1 year. In contrast, GERD prevalence increases with age and by adolescence it is similar to adults (20%). While regurgitation in infancy does not need investigation or therapy, ‘empirical’ proton pump inhibitor (PPI) for 4 weeks is justified in older children with classical GERD symptoms. There is no gold-standard investigation for GERD. A pH study with or without impedance is useful in extraesophageal manifestations and endoscopy in esophagitis. Proton pump inhibitors (PPI) play a pivotal role in the management of GERD and its long-term use has been shown to be safe in children. Antireflux surgery plays a minor role due to, its associated morbidity and high failure rate, especially in the high risk group who needs it most.

Conclusions

Regurgitation in infancy need not be investigated unless there are warning features. Empirical PPI therapy is justified in older children and adolescents with typical reflux symptoms. pH study in extraesophageal manifestations and endoscopy for esophagitis are the investigations of choice. PPI is the mainstay of therapy in GERD.