儿童暴发性心肌炎12例临床分析

目的 探讨儿童暴发性心肌炎的临床特点及诊治策略.方法 对2007年1月至2011年12月在本院住院治疗的12例暴发性心肌炎病例进行回顾性分析.结果 男3例,女9例.年龄1个月～14岁,其中1个月～1岁5例,6岁以上5例.发病季节5月～9月8例.首发症状以精神反应差、呕吐、气促、面色苍白或发绀、发热多见.8例患儿初诊时被误诊.所有患儿CK-MB、肌钙蛋白升高,伴有心电图异常,表现为ST-T改变及低电压(9例)、传导阻滞(7例)、心律失常(8例).12例心脏彩超见左室收缩和舒张功能减低.7例X线胸片见心影增大.确诊后给予抗病毒、营养心肌、抗心力衰竭、抗休克、纠正心律失常、早期静脉滴注甲泼尼龙和大剂量丙种球蛋白,并给予镇静、吸氧等对症支持治疗.10例呼吸机辅助通气.7例安装心脏临时起搏器.经治疗,7例治愈或好转出院,目前随访一般情况良好,无活动受限的表现.病死率41.7％.结论 暴发性心肌炎起病急,进展迅速,病死率高,表现缺乏特异性,部分患儿以心外表现起病,易误诊,若能尽早诊断和及时抢救,预后相对较好.     

暴发性心肌炎14例

目的 探讨小儿暴发性心肌炎的临床特点及诊治策略.方法　对2008年1月-2010年5月在本院住院治疗的14例暴发性心肌炎病例进行回顾性分析.其中男8例,女6例;年龄4个月8 d～11岁,平均4.9岁.患儿均符合暴发性心肌炎的诊断标准,伴不同程度心功能不全、心源性休克、心律失常等,并除外先天性心脏病、风湿性心脏病等其他心脏疾病.确诊后给予卧床休息、吸氧、镇静,应用大剂量丙种球蛋白、肾上腺皮质激素、磷酸肌酸,并予抗病毒、纠正心律失常等治疗.结果　14例暴发性心肌炎患儿中,9例初诊时误诊,误诊率为64.29%(9/14例).经治疗11例治愈或好转,1例于发病4个月转为扩张型心肌病,1例放弃治疗,1例死亡(发病2周转为扩张型心肌病).患儿均存在心电图改变,包括Ⅲ度房室传导阻滞3例,Ⅰ度房室传导阻滞及不完全性右束支传导阻滞各2例,频发室性期前收缩及窦性心动过速各2例,左束支传导阻滞1例,广泛ST-T改变及低电压各1例.7例患儿CK-MB和肌钙蛋白I均升高,1例仅有肌钙蛋白I升高.结论　暴发性心肌炎临床表现缺乏特异性,易误诊,但若能及时诊断、及时抢救,预后相对较好.其心电图的改变要早于心肌酶谱的升高.     

小儿手足口病并暴发性心肌炎4例报告

２０００年本市发生一起累及数千人的小儿手足口病暴发大流行。首例发生于５月１０日 ,末例于８月２８日 ,７月份达高峰。本院就诊者１６９８例 ,男１０２５例 ,女６７３例 ;年龄５月～１４岁 ,２岁以下１２４５例 ,年龄越小越呈高热趋势。并发病毒性脑膜炎１４例 ,病毒性心肌炎 (１９９９年昆明会议小儿病毒性心肌炎诊断标准 )１２例 ,其中暴发性心肌炎４例 ,均为农村小儿 ,短时间内死亡。４例中１岁２例 ,２岁１例 ,２岁半１例 ;男女各２例。均有手足、口、臀部疱疹及高热史２～３天 ,疱疹如米粒大小 ,圆形或椭圆形 ,周围绕以红晕。２例入…     

儿童暴发性心肌炎早期症状识别

目的 回顾性分析心肌炎患儿的首发临床症状、实验室检查等临床资料,探讨暴发性心肌炎的早期危险因素,为临床诊治提供指导.方法 收集23例临床诊断为暴发性心肌炎患儿的临床资料,并收集同期于本院诊断为普通心肌炎的30例患儿的临床资料,对两组患儿入院时首发临床症状、心电图、心脏超声及血清生化检查等各项指标进行回顾性分析,并进行多因素Logistic回归分析,筛选暴发性心肌炎的独立危险因素.结果 53例患儿中,死亡8例,均为暴发性心肌炎患儿;暴发性心肌炎组与普通心肌炎组首发临床症状差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);暴发性心肌炎组心脏超声收缩功能、左室射血分数、室壁运动障碍显著低于普通心肌炎组(P<0.05);暴发性心肌炎组 NT-proBNP、cTnⅠ、CK-MB显著高于普通心肌炎组(P<0.05);左室射血分数降低(OR=0.878,95%CI 0.797-0.967,P<0.05)、NT-proBNP升高(OR=1.120,95%CI 1.000-1.254,P<0.05)是暴发性心肌炎的独立危险因素.结论 暴发性心肌炎的临床表现多以心外症状起病,左室射血分数降低、NT-proBNP升高是暴发性心肌炎的独立危险因素.     

儿童急性暴发性心肌炎诊治进展

急性暴发性心肌炎(acute fulminant myocarditis,AFM)起病急骤,可在短期内进展为心力衰竭与心源性休克而致死.儿童AFM早期诊断困难,临床首发以心外消化道与呼吸系统症状多见,主要表现为腹痛、呕吐、咳嗽、气促等,易误诊与漏诊.新型的心肌损伤标志物和心肌磁共振成像技术在早期诊断AFM有一定的临床价值.紧急床旁临时心脏起搏、体外膜肺氧合和床旁连续血液净化等生命支持技术的发展降低了儿童AFM的病死率.     

儿童暴发性心肌炎诊治进展

儿童暴发性心肌炎是儿童心肌炎中最严重的类型,进展迅速,可表现为心力衰竭、心源性休克以及严重心律失常,危及患儿生命。一旦怀疑本病,需要高度重视、迅速诊断、多专业合作、全力救治。在中华医学会儿科学分会心血管学组心肌炎协作组的推动下,2018年我国已经更新了儿童心肌炎诊断的专家建议,随后多次组织全国儿童心血管病专家对暴发性心肌炎诊疗开展研讨及宣讲。各医疗中心对儿童暴发性心肌炎的诊治认识不断提高,也积累了丰富的经验。文章就目前儿童暴发性心肌炎的诊治进展进行综述。     

急性心肌梗死样心电图改变的儿童暴发性心肌炎临床分析

目的 报告3例酷似心肌梗死样心电图改变的暴发性心肌炎患儿诊治经过,以提高对儿童暴发性心肌炎的认识和临床诊疗水平.方法 根据患儿的症状、体征、心电图、心肌酶谱及心脏超声检查结果进行诊断,并结合文献资料进行分析.结果 3例患儿经积极救治,2例死亡,1例痊愈.结论 心电图酷似心肌梗死样改变的儿童暴发性心肌炎病情危重,可迅速进展导致死亡,临床应早期识别、积极救治,并进行深入研究.血清肌钙蛋白Ⅰ升高可能是早期识别病情及判断预后的重要指标之一.     

儿童暴发性心肌炎的早期诊断及治疗进展

暴发性心肌炎是一种以急性血流动力学障碍为主要表现的心肌炎,临床表现多样且病死率极高。暴发性心肌炎早期诊断需依靠血清学指标、心电图、超声心动图等进行综合分析,心脏磁共振成像检查在心肌炎诊断中也具有很好的应用价值。传统的暴发性心肌炎治疗,包括对症支持、抗病毒及免疫疗法等,但对危重患儿往往难以奏效。体外膜肺氧合技术(ECMO)的开展,大大提高了儿童暴发性心肌炎的抢救成功率,成为救治儿童暴发性心肌炎的可靠手段。文章综述目前儿童暴发性心肌炎的诊断及最新治疗进展。     

急性心肌梗死样心电图改变的儿童暴发性心肌炎临床分析

目的 报告3例酷似心肌梗死样心电图改变的暴发性心肌炎患儿诊治经过,以提高对儿童暴发性心肌炎的认识和临床诊疗水平.方法 根据患儿的症状、体征、心电图、心肌酶谱及心脏超声检查结果进行诊断,并结合文献资料进行分析.结果 3例患儿经积极救治,2例死亡,1例痊愈.结论 心电图酷似心肌梗死样改变的儿童暴发性心肌炎病情危重,可迅速进展导致死亡,临床应早期识别、积极救治,并进行深入研究.血清肌钙蛋白Ⅰ升高可能是早期识别病情及判断预后的重要指标之一.     

儿童暴发性心肌炎诊断与救治的几个问题

儿童暴发性心肌炎起病急、病情严重、进展迅速,常有严重心律失常、心源性休克或心力衰竭等发生,容易导致急性期死亡.部分患儿以呼吸急促、发绀等呼吸道症状或呕吐、腹痛等消化道症状起病,容易延误诊断.发病早期及时识别并给予恰当治疗可降低病死率.该文同时介绍暴发性心肌炎血流动力学监测、体外膜肺、临时心脏起搏器等在救治中应用近况.     

ECMO Support in a Child with Acute Fulminant Myocarditis

An 11-yr-old boy with acute fulminant myocarditis was treated with routine medical therapy (antibiotics, inotropic and vasosactive agents, etc.) for 5 days, but exacerbated. Venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VA-ECMO) was initiated 39 h after admission to the intensive care unit (ICU). Twenty-four hrs after ECMO, urine volume and blood pressure (BP) improved significantly. After treatment with ECMO for 140 h, the patient’s ejection fraction (EF) increased to 45%, BP because normal and urine volume maintained at about 100 ml/h. So, the patient was weaned from the ECMO. The patient was discharged from the hospital on 23rd day post admission, when EF improved to 72% and with normal chest radiograph, echocardiography results and hemodynamics.     

Short-Term Outcomes of Acute Fulminant Myocarditis in Children

Data on the clinical profile, echocardiographic findings, and outcome of acute fulminant myocarditis (AFM) in children from resource limited countries are limited. To study the clinical profile and short-term outcomes of children aged 2 months to 17 years with AFM managed with only supportive care. We enrolled all children admitted with AFM in our hospital from January 2009 to October 2010. Although the information on patients admitted from January 2009 to March 2010 were retrieved from the case records, data of children admitted from April 2010 were recorded prospectively. AFM was diagnosed based on clinical and echocardiographic criteria. We collected information regarding clinical course, treatment details, and echocardiography findings using a structured performa. All of the children, including those for whom baseline information was collected from the records, were followed-up prospectively to determine short-term outcomes. A total of 10 children, of whom 6 were male, presented with AFM. Their median age was 7.5 (interquartile range [IQR] 2 to13) years, and the mean left-ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) was 26% (SD 11.5). Of the 10 children, 9 were discharged, and 1 child died. At discharge, all children showed improvement in the symptoms, but only 4 had improvement in LV function on echocardiography. Factors associated with poor recovery of LV function at discharge were anasarca, low LVEF, and increased serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase levels at admission. One child had died at 2-month follow-up, and another child developed dilated cardiomyopathy at 15 months after discharge. Children with AFM had good immediate- and short-term outcomes even without the use of mechanical assist devices. Decreased LVEF at admission was found to be one of the most important determinants of poor immediate outcomes in these children.     

Ventricular Tachycardia in Acute Fulminant Myocarditis: Medical Management and Follow-up

The combination of ventricular tachycardia (VT) and severe left ventricular dysfunction presents a serious challenge in management of acute fulminant myocarditis (AFM). We report a case of a 17-month-old girl with AFM, presented with hypotension and VT, successfully treated with respiratory and inotropic support, high-dose intravenous immunoglobulin, and amiodarone. The myocardial function improved significantly within 2 weeks of treatment. The clinical course was complicated by significant amiodarone-induced hepatotoxicity, disseminated intravascular coagulation, and deep-vein thrombosis. She was later diagnosed with congenital dysfibrinogenemia and treated with chronic Lovenox therapy.     

A Cluster of Fulminant Myocarditis Cases in Children,Baltimore, Maryland, 1997

The true incidence of myocarditis in children is difficult to estimate because many mild cases go undetected. This study describes an unusual cluster of myocarditis cases that occurred in young children living in the greater Baltimore area between May and October 1997. A search of multiple comprehensive databases and interviews with area pediatric cardiologists were conducted to identify unreported cases and determine the background rate of myocarditis in the area. Seven cases of myocarditis were found as well as two with a similar clinical picture and myocardial fibrosis on tissue examination. Six case patients with active myocarditis and one child with fibrosis died. The case children were predominantly black (eight of nine) and male (seven of nine), with no identifiable risk factors. The disease was characterized by a fulminant course with malignant arrhythmias. The greatest number of pediatric myocarditis deaths reported in 1 year prior to 1997 was three. Myocardial tissues were examined using immunohistochemistry, in situ hybridization, and polymerase chain reaction but no etiologic agent was identified. This outbreak is unusual because of both the number of cases and the fulminant course of the disease in this group of children.     

特发性肺含铁血黄素沉着症误诊21例

目的 探讨儿童特发性肺含铁血黄素沉着症(IPH)的误诊情况及其临床特点.方法 回顾性分析本院1993年6月-2007年5月收治的曾误诊的21例IPH的临床资料.男9例,女12例;发病年龄1-14岁;病程1～6个月.所有患儿均通过胸部X线片、胸部CT、骨髓穿刺检查、痰、胃液或支气管肺泡灌洗液检查发现含铁血黄素巨噬细胞而确诊,分析IPH患儿的治疗情况及预后.结果 21例患儿有程度不同的贫血,咳嗽11例(52.38%),发热9例(42.86%),纳差、乏力6例(28.50%),咯血4例(19.05%).X线胸片及CT呈点网状、斑片状改变.行骨髓常规检查18例,均显示增生性骨髓像.其中4例(22.2%)伴缺铁性贫血改变;痰、胃液或支气管灌洗液检查找到含铁血黄素巨噬细胞19例(90.50%).21例均被误诊,误诊为支气管肺炎并轻度贫血8例,肺结核并贫血5例,缺铁性贫血4例,溶血性贫血3例,骨髓增生异常综合征1例.确诊IPH后行肾上腺皮质激素治疗,均有效.其中4例联合使用大剂量人血丙种球蛋白治疗,3例联合使用长春新碱治疗.随访18例,其中3例痊愈并停止治疗2a以上,11例患儿临床持续缓解,4例病情反复有恶化趋势.结论 儿童IPH易误诊,早期诊断、长期正规治疗对尽早控制急性发作、减少复发次数、改善预后有重要的作用.     

Rescue of a Child with Fulminant Myocarditis Using Percutaneous Cardiopulmonary Support

This report describes a 14-year-old girl with fulminant myocarditis who was successfully treated with a percutaneous cardiopulmonary support (PCPS). She developed progressive cardiac failure after a 3-week history of progressive fatigue, fever, tachypnea, and dyspnea requiring inotropic support, mechanical ventilation, and intra-aortic balloon pumping. Her condition continued to deteriorate, and she was cannulated for PCPS using a right femoral artery/femoral vein approach, which resulted in rapid improvement and hemodynamic stabilization. This case documents that circulatory support with PCPS is effective for treating children with fulminant myocarditis.     

Favorable Outcome of Pediatric Fulminant Myocarditis Supported by Extracorporeal Membranous Oxygenation

Myocarditis among pediatric patients varies in severity from mild disease to a fulminant course with overwhelming refractory shock and a high risk of death. Because the disease is potentially reversible, it is reasonable to deploy extracorporeal membranous oxygenation (ECMO) to bridge patients until recovery or transplantation. This study aimed to review the course and outcome of children with acute fulminant myocarditis diagnosed by clinical and echocardiographic data only who were managed by ECMO because of refractory circulatory collapse. A chart review of a single center identified 12 children hospitalized over an 8-year period who met the study criteria. Data were collected on demographics, diagnosis, disease course, and outcome. The patients ranged in age from 20 days to 8 years (25.5 ± 29.6 months). Echocardiography showed a severe global biventricular decrease in myocardial function, with a shortening fraction of 12% or less. Ten children (83.3%) were weaned off extracorporeal support after 100–408 h (mean, 209.9 ± 82.4 h) and discharged home. Two patients died: one due to multiorgan failure and one due to sustained refractory heart failure. During a long-term follow-up period, all survivors showed normal function in daily activities and normal myocardial function. The study showed that ECMO can be safely and successfully used for children with acute fulminant myocarditis diagnosed solely on clinical and radiographic grounds who need mechanical support. These patients usually have a favorable outcome, regaining normal or near normal heart function without a need for heart transplantation.     

Fatal Cephalosporin-Induced Acute Hypersensitivity Myocarditis

A frequently fatal, although rare, side effect of cephalosporin antibiotics is noninfectious myocarditis. We report two cases of hypersensitivity myocarditis secondary to administration of cephalosporin antibiotics. In both cases, acute hypersensitivity myocarditis was not suspected clinically, and the diagnosis was made postmortem. Histology revealed intense eosinophilic infiltration of the endomyocardium with eosinophil degranulation and myocyte damage, Clinically, death in both cases was due to cardiac failure. When suspected early, appropriate management may be lifesaving.