一例双着丝粒染色体患儿的临床病因分析并文献复习

目的探讨基因拷贝数变异与临床表型的关系,同时探讨微阵列比较基因组杂交技术在细胞分子遗传学诊断中的优越性。方法对一例智力障碍、语言发育障碍的患儿行G显带染色体核型分析和拷贝数变异的检测,同时行家系的相关研究,并对已报道的相关综合征进行文献复习。结果患儿父母的染色体未见明显异常,患儿的染色体核型为:45,XY,psu?dic(9;12)(p24;p13)dn,拷贝数检测结果为:arr9p24.3p23(244,457-10,315,723)×3,12p13.3(191,619-1,429,503)×1。结论该患儿的临床表型与其基因拷贝数的变异相关联,微阵列分析技术能够快速诊断出基因组的微失衡,具有高分辨率和高准确性的优点,是不明原因智力障碍患儿遗传学诊断的重要技术。     

染色体微阵列芯片检测22号染色体微缺失微重复并文献回顾

目的确定B超产前筛查结构异常胎儿的遗传学基础,分析胎儿的分子核型,及病理性基因组不平衡与表型的关系。方法抽取B超提示结构异常胎儿的脐带血及其双亲的外周血,分别进行培养和提取DNA,结合染色体核型及染色体微阵列芯片高分辨扫描,分析胎儿表型相关性基因组变异。结果脐血细胞染色体G显带核型结果显示22号环状染色体,染色体微阵列芯片结果显示22q11.1、22q11.2微重复,22q11.3微缺失,胎儿的异常表型与其基因组变异的临床意义部分吻合。结论与细胞遗传学分析比较,染色体微阵列基因芯片具有高分辨率,高通量分析基因组拷贝数变异的特点,为染色体微缺失、微重复的最佳检测方法。     

微阵列比较基因组杂交检测一例左心发育不良胎儿的基因组拷贝数变异

目的 检测1例左心发育不良胎儿的基因组拷贝数变异(copy number variations,CNVs),寻找可能的遗传学病因,并探讨微阵列比较基因组杂交(array-based comparative genomic hybridization,array-CGH)在分子细胞遗传学诊断方面的优越性.方法 对胎儿羊水细胞及其父母的外周血细胞进行常规G显带核型分析.用array-CGH芯片对胎儿进行高分辨率全基因组扫描分析,并用多重连接探针扩增技术(multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification,MLPA)对新发现的CNVs进行验证.结果 胎儿羊水细胞及其父母的外周血细胞常规G显带核型分析未发现显著异常,Array-CGH结果发现胎儿基因组存在两个亚显微结构的拷贝数变异:del(11)(q24.1-ter)(121951443-134449216,-12.50 Mb),dup(15)(q26.3)(96889082-100215359,-3.33 Mb),MLPA结果验证了这两个基因组拷贝数变异的存在.结论 Del(11)(q24.1-ter)很可能是患儿左心发育不良的病因.array-CGH技术具有高分辨率、准确等优点,是临床遗传学的重要技术手段,有助于基因组异常的检测和临床遗传咨询.     

265例不明原因智力障碍遗传学病因分析研究

目的对265例不明原因智力障碍拷贝数变异高发区16p11.2、16p13.11、15q11.2的四个智障候选基因AL-DOA、TBX6、CYFP1、Nde1进行探索性遗传学分析。方法结合G-显带染色体核型分析与多重连接依赖性探针扩增技术筛出不明原因智力障碍患者,并建立多重PCR对不明原因智障患者进行遗传学病因分析。结果 265例不明原因智力障碍病例中发现1例基因Nde1基因拷贝数缺失。结论本文建立的多重PCR检测基因突变的方法简便、经济,可对不明原因智力障碍患者进行智障高发突变基因进行初步遗传学筛查,为深入研究先天性智力障碍病因机制奠定了基础。     

5例环状染色体综合征的产前诊断和表型分析

目的通过对5例环状染色体综合征患者进行细胞遗传学分析,探讨高分辨率G显带核型分析和微阵列比较基因组杂交两种方法对环状染色体的诊断优势,并探讨5例环状染色体综合染色体缺失片段和定位于其中的基因与临床表型的关系。方法 2017年就诊于深圳市妇幼保健院的5例环状染色体综合征病例纳入研究。用染色体G带高分辨显带和微阵列比较基因组杂交技术对5例环状染色体进行识别与定位。结果病例1羊水染色体核型结果:45,XN,-18[13]/46,XN,r(18)(p11.2q22.3)[47],羊水微阵列比较基因组杂交结果:arr[GRCH37]18q22.3q23(70,063,358-78,013,728)x1;18p11.32p11.23(136,227-8,002,810)x1;18p11.23p11.22(8,013,797-8,877,061)x3。病例2脐血染色体核型结果:46,XN,rec(21)r(21q)dup(21q)(q11.2-q22.2)?,脐血微阵列比较基因组杂交结果:arr[GRCH37]21q11.2q22.3(15,016,486-47,044,951)x2～4;32MB.21q22.3(47,052,734-48,093,361)x1。病例3脐血染色体核型结果:45,XY,-21[14]/46,XN,r(21)[86],脐血微阵列比较基因组杂交结果:arr[GRCh37]21q11.2q22.3(15016486_47632178)x3[0.47];21q22.3(47632178_48093361)x1。病例4羊水染色体核型结果:46,XX,r(4)(p16q35),羊水微阵列比较基因组杂交结果:arr[GRCH37]4p16.3p16.1(68,345-8,721,580)x1;4q35.2(190,602,426-190,957,460)x1。病例5羊水染色体核型结果:mos45,X[46]/46,x,r(x)(p22.3q21.1)[34],羊水微阵列比较基因组杂交结果:Xq21.1q28(82119329_155233098)x1;Xp22.33p22.32(168551_5677733)x1;Xp22.32q21.1(5677733-82119329)x1[0.4]。结论 (1)环状染色体综合征患儿的临床特征与染色体区带缺失重复部位和大小相关。(2)G显带核型分析和微阵列比较基因组杂交诊断环状染色体各有优势:第一传统的G显带核型分析首先可判断是否存在嵌合的染色体核型;第二即使微阵列比较基因组结果提示染色体仅有长臂或短臂的缺失,也不能排除环状染色体的可能,亦需要传统的G显带染色体核型共同分析;第三微阵列比较基因组杂交能够精确基因组微小缺失和重复,利于基因组拷贝数变异与临床表型分析。因此联合G显带核型分析和微阵列比较基因组杂交对于环状染色体的诊断和遗传咨询具有指导意义。     

一例表现为主动脉瓣狭窄的非典型Williams-Beuren综合征患儿的遗传学诊断及分析

目的对1例主动脉瓣狭窄的患儿进行遗传学诊断,分析其发病机制。方法采用常规G显带染色体分析、微阵列比较基因组杂交(array comparative genomic hybridization,aCGH)及多重连接探针扩增(multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification,MLPA)技术分析患儿及其父母的染色体核型和基因组拷贝数变异。结果患儿及其父母的外周血染色体核型均未见异常。aCGH检测显示患儿7q11.23区存在278 kb杂合缺失,与Williams-Beuren综合征(Williams-Beuren syndrome,WBS)关键区部分重叠,涉及WBS的关键致病基因之一ELN。MLPA检测证实患儿存在上述缺失,患儿父母未发现染色体微重复/微缺失。结论患儿7q11.23区杂合缺失为新发突变。ELN基因单倍剂量不足可能是其发生主动脉瓣狭窄的原因,诊断为非典型WBS。     

微阵列比较基因组杂交技术在染色体异常细胞遗传学分析中的应用

目的分析染色体G显带核型异常患者基因拷贝数变异(CNVs)情况,探讨微阵列比较基因组杂交(array CGH)技术在染色体异常细胞遗传学分析中的作用。方法收集受试者外周血标本,array CGH技术分析染色体易位、标记染色体以及性染色体异常患者CNVs情况及其临床意义。结果 array CGH分析发现染色体核型为45,XY,t(18;21)(18p11;21p11),15ps+的易位患者染色体18p11.3存在缺失,17q21.31存在扩增,18号染色体与21号染色体为非平衡易位,未检测到染色体15ps+相关CNVs;核型为47,XX,15ps-,+mar患者存在Y染色体相关CNVs,其标记染色体可能来源于Y染色体;核型为45,X/46,XY的性染色体异常患者染色体15q11.2存在缺失、15q13.3和22q11.23存在扩增,未检测到性染色体数目异常相关CNVs。结论 array CGH技术在临床细胞遗传学分析中具有重要的价值,该技术应用于CNVs分析有利于筛查病理性CNVs,明确染色体易位类型,辅助了解标记染色体的来源,但可能不适用于嵌合体以及染色体随体异常的检测。     

微阵列比较基因组杂交分析一例足月小样儿的染色体畸变

目的 分析一例足月小样儿的染色体畸变,探讨患儿低出生体重的原因.方法 采集临床已确诊的足月小样儿外周血并抽提基因组DNA,进行微阵列比较基因组杂交,分析患儿基因组拷贝数的改变.培养患儿及其父母外周血淋巴细胞,进行染色体核型分析并确定患儿染色体畸变的来源.结果 微阵列比较基因组杂交显示患儿在10q125.2→qter区域存在长22 Mb片段的重复,同时在15q26.2→qter区域存在长5 Mb片段的缺失.核型分析显示患儿核型为46,XY,-15,+der(15)t(10;15)(q25;q26)pat.结论 患儿在10q25.2→qter区域存在部分三体,而在15q26.2→qter区域存在部分单体,这两种染色体畸变可能均是导致患儿表现为足月小样儿的病因之一.     

应用单核苷酸多态性-微阵列比较基因组杂交技术检测胎儿标记染色体

目的 探讨单核苷酸多态性-微阵列比较基因组杂交技术(single nucleotide polymorphism arraybased comparative genomic hybridization,SNP-array CGH)检测胎儿标记染色体及其在产前遗传学诊断中的应用.方法 应用SNP-array CGH技术对羊水G显带诊断出的两例携带标记染色体的胎儿(其中胎儿1核型为嵌合体47,XX,+mar[23]/46,XX[16]、胎儿2核型为47,XX,+mar),进行全基因组高分辨率扫描分析,确定标记染色体来源与片段大小;并用染色体末端探针多重连接依赖探针扩增技术(multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification,MLPA)对胎儿2基因组不平衡进行验证.两例胎儿超声均无明显结构异常;两例胎儿的双亲核型均正常.结果 SNP-array CGH结果显示胎儿1标记染色体来源于9p21.1-p21.3(长度为8.3 Mb),显示嵌合型,根据文献推测此区带的重复携带者可以是表型正常(或有轻微异常)的个体.胎儿2标记染色体来源于15q11.2-q13.3(长度为10.8 Mb),染色体末端探针MLPA检测结果也证实了该重复的存在,此区域基因重复主要引起神经行为方面的异常.告知孕妇及家属风险,均选择终止妊娠.结论 SNP-array CGH技术能比其他技术更精确的确定标记染色体来源,可明确标记染色体的基因型,而且能检测出嵌合型的标记染色体,适用于产前遗传学诊断,并可为产前遗传咨询提供帮助.     

应用多重连接依赖探针扩增和微阵列比较基因组杂交技术检测不明原因智力障碍患儿

目的应用多重连接依赖探针扩增(MLPA)技术和微阵列比较基因组杂交(aCGH)技术检测不明原因智力障碍患儿。方法针对临床上经过常规检查、遗传代谢病氨基酸和酰基肉碱谱分析、外周血染色体核型等未见明显异常的精神发育迟缓(智力评分70分)患儿,通过MLPA技术及aCGH技术对患儿进行检测。结果经过SALSA MLPA P245 Kit染色体微缺失检测试剂盒检测,提示MECP2/Xq28复制。对患儿的基因组DNA进行aCGH检测,提示CNV重复。经过两种技术,患儿诊断为智力障碍,病因为MECP2基因复制引起。结论应用MLPA技术联合aCGH技术可诊断不明原因智力障碍患儿。     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.