环球要刊巡览

<正>缩小高血压年轻与老年患者血压控制的差距:NHANES 1988-2010年从1984年到2013年,联合国家委员会(JNC)推荐所有成年人高血压目标血压值140/90mmHg或更低。≥60岁(老年)患者主要表现为单纯收缩期高血压(ISH),多数临床试验收缩压目标150mmHg,而不是140mmHg。本研究主要目的是评估年轻人(60岁)和老年人血压均控制140/90与老年人150/90的变化。调查对象为国家健康和营养检测调查(NHANES)1988-1994年,1999-2004年,2005-2010年3个阶段中≥18岁的成年人。从1988-1994年到2005-2010年,血压140/90的达标率在老年人(31.6%-53.1%,P     

难治性高血压的诊治

难治性高血压,亦称有抵抗的高血压,或顽固性高血压(refratory hypertension,RH)。是指经充分合理的联合三种以上药物包括利尿剂治疗1个月以上血压仍未降为目标血压,其标准过去定为140～150/90～100 mmHg。根据1999年WHO/ISH关于高血压治疗指南目标血压为140/90 mmHg以下,或单纯收缩期高血压SBP不能降至140 mmHg以下。充     

降压疗效的J形曲线

高血压患者降压治疗可带来明确获益。中国高血压防治指南2010推荐,普通高血压患者的目标血压应<140/90mmHg(1mmHg=0.133kPa);伴有合并症及其他风险因素的高血压患者如2型糖尿病、冠状动脉性心脏病(冠心病)或靶器官损害等,其目标血压应控制在130/80mmHg以下,脑卒中后的高血压患     

老年人高血压的临床特点

老年人通过3次非同日血压测量,收缩压≥140mmHg(186kPa)和/或舒张压≥90mmHg(120kPa),称为老年人高血压。若收缩压≥140mmHg,而舒张压<90mmHg,称单纯收缩期高血压(isolatedsystolichypertension,ISH),多在老年期发病;收缩压和舒张压均升高,称混合型高血压,多由中年高血压延续而来。老年人高血压患病率之高、危害之大,属于严重威胁老年人健康的常见病。由于增龄性改变参与了老年高血压的形成,因而在其发病学、临床表现及诊断治疗等方面都有与非老年人不同之处。了解这些特点,有助于提高老年人高血压的诊疗水平。流行病学特点一、患病…     

顽固性高血压治疗进展

<正>在现代抗高血压药物治疗下,大多数高血压患者的血压能有效地控制在目标水平以下。HOT研究证实,经过平均3.8年的降压治疗,92％患者的舒张压降到90mmHg以下。然而,在小部分高血压患者血压依然难以获得控制。 所谓顽固性高血压或难治性高血压(refractory or resistant hypertension),就是指尽管使用了三种以上合适剂量降压药联合治疗,其中包括利尿剂,血压仍未能达到目标水平(140/90mmHg以下),或者在老年单纯性收缩期高血     

老年患者的血压管理

老年高血压患者快速增多,他们临床上有收缩压高、波动大、昼夜节律异常、白大衣高血压与假性高血压多等特点。老年患者一般血压150/90 mmHg以上开始降压并须降到该血压值以下,如耐受可降至140/90 mmHg以下,但高龄患者一般情况下不宜低于130/60 mmHg。治疗方法包括非药物治疗与药物治疗,常用药物也是指南推荐的五大类。单纯收缩期高血压、清晨高血压及多病共存状态是老年高血压患者常见类型,而且难治性高血压多见,临床上需要注意合并有体位性血压变异、餐后低血压等老年高血压的特殊问题。     

老年人顽固性高血压

根据JNCVI(1997)的诊断标准，高血压患者经联合3种足量降压药物治疗(其中包括利尿剂)血压仍不能降到140／90mmHg以下，或者老年人单纯收缩期高血压不能使收缩压降低至160mmHg以下者，诊断为顽固性高血压(resistant hypertension，RH)。文献报道顽固性高血压的患病率在治疗的高血压人群中约占3％～29％，在专科就诊的患者中可能高达25％～30％。     

老年高血压治疗原则与经验

老年高血压目前系指60岁以上的高血压病患者,其诊断标准与老年前高血压病诊断标准相同,即血压≥21.33/12.66kPa(160/95mmHg)为老年高血压,血压在18.66/12kPa～21.33/12.66kPa(140/90～     

难治性高血压135例分析

难治性高血压(refratory hypertension,RH)是指经充分合理的联合三种以上药物包括利尿剂治疗1个月以上血压仍未降为目标血压.其标准为140/90mmHg以下或单纯收缩压不能降至140mmHg以下[1].我们对临床遇到的长期血压控制效果欠佳的135例高血压患者的难治性原因进行分析,报告如下.     

高血压诊断评估

1 高血压诊断的确立中国高血压防治指南2011版(以下简称新指南)规定:在未使用降压药物的情况下,非同日3次测量血压,收缩压≥140 mmHg和(或)舒张压≥90 mmHg,可诊断为高血压.患者既往有高血压史,目前正在使用降压药物,血压即使＜140/90mmHg,也诊断为高血压.     

Hypertension management and control among English adults aged 65 years and older in 2000 and 2001

OBJECTIVE: To describe blood pressures, and hypertension and its management among older people. DESIGN: Two combined annual cross-sectional surveys. SETTING: England 2000 and 2001. PARTICIPANTS: Nationally-representative sample of 3513 non-institutionalized people aged more than 64 years (elderly). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: (1). Use of antihypertensive agents, and hypertension according to two definitions: receiving blood pressure decreasing treatment, or either: systolic blood pressure > or= 160 mmHg or diastolic blood pressure > or= 90 mmHg (old); or systolic blood pressure > or= 140 mmHg or diastolic blood pressure > or=90 mmHg (new). (2). Rates of treatment and control (old: < 160/90 mmHg; new: < 140/85 mmHg). (3). Isolated systolic hypertension stage 1 (systolic blood pressure > or= 140-159 mmHg and diastolic blood pressure < 90 mmHg), or stage 2 (systolic blood pressure > or= 160 mmHg and diastolic blood pressure < 90 mmHg). RESULTS: In 2000/2001, 62 and 81% of elderly adults were hypertensive according to the old and new definitions, respectively. Among those with hypertension (new definition) treatment and control rates were 56 and 19% (control rates among those treated were 36% in men and 30% in women). Of those treated, 54% were receiving one drug, 35% were receiving two, and 10% were receiving three or more drugs. Among untreated hypertensive individuals, 23% had increased systolic and diastolic pressures, 76% had isolated systolic hypertension and 1% had isolated diastolic hypertension. CONCLUSIONS: These data suggest that, according to current guidelines more than 67% of older English adults should receive antihypertensive medication. To pre-empt this situation, population-based strategies to reduce the current rate of increase in blood pressure throughout adult life should be urgently implemented. Only then will the current epidemic of hypertension among the elderly, with the huge cost associated with its management and adverse cardiovascular sequelae, be averted.     

Twenty-four hour ambulatory blood pressure in a population of elderly men

OBJECTIVES: The principal aim was to study ambulatory and office blood pressure in a population of elderly men. We also wanted to describe the prevalence of hypertension and investigate the blood pressure control in treated elderly hypertensives. DESIGN: A cross-sectional study of a population of elderly men, conducted between 1991 and 1995. SUBJECTS: Seventy-year-old men (n = 1060), participants of a cohort study that began in 1970. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Office and 24 h ambulatory blood pressure. RESULTS: Average 24 h blood pressure in the population was 133 +/- 16/75 +/- 8 mmHg, and daytime blood pressure 140 +/- 16/80 +/- 9 mmHg. Corresponding values in untreated subjects (n = 685) were 131 +/- 16/74 +/- 7 and 139 +/- 16/79 +/- 8, respectively. An office recording of 140/90 mmHg corresponded to an ambulatory pressure of 130/78 (24 h) and 137/83 mmHg (daytime) in untreated subjects. In subjects identified as normotensives according to office blood pressure (n = 270), the 95th percentiles of average 24 h and daytime blood pressures were 142/80 and 153/85 mmHg, respectively. The prevalence of hypertension, defined as office blood pressure greater than or = 140/90 mmHg, was 66%. Despite treatment, treated hypertensives (n = 285) showed higher office (157/89 vs. 127/76 mmHg) and 24 h ambulatory (138/78 vs. 122/71 mmHg) pressures than normotensives (P < 0.05). Fourteen per cent of the treated hypertensives had an office blood pressure < 140/90 mmHg. CONCLUSIONS: Our results provide a basis for 24 h ambulatory blood pressure reference values in elderly men. The study confirms previous findings of a high prevalence of hypertension at older age. It also indicates that blood pressure is inadequately controlled in elderly treated hypertensives.     

Prevalence of masked uncontrolled and treated white-coat hypertension defined according to the average of morning and evening home blood pressure value: from the Japan Home versus Office Measurement Evaluation Study

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the prevalence of masked uncontrolled and treated white-coat hypertension defined according to the average of morning and evening home blood pressure values. METHODS: The study population consisted of 3303 essential hypertensive outpatients receiving antihypertensive treatment in Japan. Information on the characteristics of the patients was collected by a physician's self-administrated questionnaire. The office blood pressure value was calculated as the average of the four readings in two visits. All patients were asked to measure their blood pressure once every morning and once every evening. In the study, we included patients with at least three measurements in the morning and in the evening, respectively. The average of all home blood pressure values was taken as the home blood pressure value. RESULTS: The mean value of home systolic/diastolic blood pressure was 136.8/79.3 mmHg, and the mean value of office systolic/diastolic blood pressure was 142.8/80.6 mmHg. Of the 3303 patients, 758 (23.0%) had controlled hypertension (home <135/85 mmHg and office <140/90 mmHg), 628 (19.0%) had masked uncontrolled hypertension (home > or =135/85 mmHg and office <140/90 mmHg), 640 (19.4%) had treated white-coat hypertension (home <135/85 mmHg and office > or =140/90 mmHg), and 1277 (38.7%) had uncontrolled hypertension (home > or =135/85 mmHg and office > or =140/90 mmHg). CONCLUSIONS: Treated white-coat hypertension and masked uncontrolled hypertension were often observed in clinical settings. Physicians need to understand the prevalence of such patients to prevent inadequate diagnosis and treatment in them.     

Self-Reported Sleep Duration and Hypertension in Older Spanish Adults

OBJECTIVES: To examine the association between self-reported sleep duration, prevalent and incident hypertension, and control of high blood pressure in older adults.
DESIGN: Logistic regression models were used to investigate the associations of interest in a prospective cohort study conducted from 2001 to 2003.
SETTING: Cohort representative of the noninstitutionalized Spanish population.
PARTICIPANTS: Three thousand six hundred eighty-six persons aged 60 and older.
MEASUREMENTS: Sleep duration was reported in 2001 by asking the participants "How many hours do you usually sleep per day (day and night)" and classified into categories (4–5, 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10–15 h/d. The outcome variables were prevalent hypertension (systolic blood pressure ≥140 mmHg, diastolic pressure ≥90 mmHg, or antihypertensive treatment in 2001), control of blood pressure (systolic blood pressure <140 mmHg and diastolic pressure <90 mmHg in subjects receiving antihypertensive treatment in 2001), and incident hypertension (diagnosis of hypertension during 2001–2003 in individuals with normal pressure in 2001).
RESULTS: Compared with sleeping 7 hours, sleeping more or fewer hours was not significantly associated with prevalent hypertension (odds ratios (ORs) ranged from 0.82 (95% confidence interval (CI)=0.64–1.05) to 1.10 (95% CI 0.83–1.46)), control of blood pressure (ORs ranged from 0.70 (95% CI 0.46–1.08) to 0.97 (95% CI 0.60–1.56)), or incident hypertension (OR ranged from 0.54 (95% CI 0.29–1.01) to 0.83 (95% CI 0.43–1.60)). The results were similar in both sexes.
CONCLUSION: Self-reported sleep duration is not associated with hypertension in older adults.     

Prevalence and prognostic significance of hypertension in the elderly

Understanding the problem of hypertension in the elderly calls not only for an understanding of the physiologic phenomenon involved, but of the statistics currently available pertaining to this widespread disorder. In the age group 60 to 69 years, more than 25% of the population screened by the Hypertension Detection and Follow-Up Program (HDFP) had isolated systolic hypertension; ie, a systolic blood pressure greater than or equal to 140 mmHg with a diastolic blood pressure less than 90 mmHg. Setting the criterion for definition at a systolic blood pressure greater than or equal to 160 mmHg, the prevalence in this age group was almost 10%. Prevalence of diastolic hypertension, ie, diastolic blood pressure greater than or equal to 90 mmHg in this age group was more than 40%. Data from that same study show also that elevated systolic blood pressure in the face of a normal diastolic blood pressure was associated significantly with increased mortality. In the HDFP, stepped-care treatment reduced the five-year incidence of fatal and nonfatal stroke in these individuals by more than 50%. These results were achieved with minimum side effects. Reports of this kind surely will overcome the popular tendency to consider elevated blood pressure in the elderly as a natural phenomenon of aging and, hence, acceptable. There is nothing natural about hypertension in the elderly, nor should it be acceptable. Because it is important to control hypertension before it can cause end-organ damage, physicians are urged not to postpone treatment of hypertension in the elderly, but to initiate it promptly, keeping in mind the whole physiologic and psychosocial state of the elderly patient with hypertension.     

Improvement in hypertension management in England: results from the Health Survey for England 2003

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the mean levels of blood pressure and hypertension (> or = 140 mmHg systolic or > or = 90 mmHg diastolic pressure or on treatment for hypertension) in the adult English population, and to evaluate any changes in the efficacy of hypertension management between 1994 and 2003. DESIGN/METHODS: Cross-sectional surveys. England, 2003. A nationally representative sample of 8834 non-institutionalized adults (aged > or = 16 years). Rates of awareness, treatment and control of hypertension. RESULTS: Since 1994, mean systolic blood pressure has fallen by 1.6 and 4.3 mmHg in male and female adults, respectively. The rates of awareness and treatment have increased, and control rates (< 140 mmHg systolic and < 90 mmHg diastolic) among hypertensive men and women have approximately doubled to 21.5 and 22.8%, respectively. Of those on treatment for hypertension, the majority (56%) are on two or more agents compared with 40% in 1994 and 1998. CONCLUSION: Hypertension management has improved greatly since 1994, with more awareness, treatment and control. Nevertheless, in 2003 the majority of hypertensive adults in England had blood pressure levels above the currently recommended targets.     

Drug treatment for hypertensive patients in special situations: diabetes and hypertension.

Diabetes mellitus and hypertension is often associated, but with a different type of development in type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Type 1 diabetes, renal disease, starting with microalbuminuria, is associated with increasing blood pressure or hypertension, whereas the patient without renal disease is most often normotensive. Poor metabolic control is a predictor of microalbuminuria or incipient nephropathy, but with microalbuminuria hypertension is an important risk factor for progression along with poor glycemic control. The same is the case for overt renal disease, and metabolic control is important in all stages of renal disease in type 1 diabetes. It has also been shown that good metabolic control as well as antihypertensive treatment, especially with ACE-inhibitors, often combined with other agents is quite effective in preventing progression in renal disease in all its stages. In type 2 diabetes, blood pressure elevation is often found as early as at the actual diagnosis, and blood pressure significantly increases according to the degree of albuminuria, normo-microalbuminuria and clinical proteinuria (macroalbuminuria). Elevated blood pressure is an important risk for renal disease but more importantly so also for cardiovascular disease. Several studies document that antihypertensive treatment in particular with ACE-inhibitors is important in preventing microalbuminuria, in treating microalbuminuria and thus preventing progression, also in overt renal disease. Near-normalization of blood pressure is vital. Regarding cardiovascular disease, a series of studies now document that antihypertensive treatment with various antihypertensive agents is able to significantly reduce a number of major cardiovascular complications in diabetes, such as cardiac disease, stroke, and also microvacular disease, including retinopathy. Several studies show that antihypertensive treatment should be started at a level higher than 140-150/90. The blood pressure to be achieved during treatment is probably around 140/85 mmHg or even 130/80 mmHg as a pragmatic goal. However, there is no sign of a J-shaped curve in any of the studies, and therefore even lower blood pressure could be advantageous. Even mortality, at least from diabetes-related causes can be effected by antihypertensive treatment. With more advanced renal disease, normalization of blood pressure is increasingly difficult, especially systolic blood pressure, and therefore it is recommendable to screen patients much earlier on with focus on blood pressure recordings and measurements of albuminuria, including microalbuminuria, and to treat early.     

Hypertension magnitude and management in the elderly population of Spain

OBJECTIVE: The present study assessed the prevalence, awareness, treatment and control of hypertension among the elderly population of Spain. DESIGN: Based on a nationally representative sample of 4009 individuals aged 60 years, two sets of six blood pressure measurements were obtained by trained observers at each subject's home, using standardized methods. In each set, three mercury-based measurements were alternated with three automated measurements. RESULTS: The mean systolic blood pressure (SBP)/diastolic blood pressure (DBP) was 143/79 mmHg, and the pulse pressure was 64 mmHg. The prevalence rate of hypertension (SBP 140 mmHg, DBP 90 mmHg, or current drug treatment) was 68.3%. No result obtained was sensitive to a particular measurement device. Of the hypertensives, 65% were aware of their condition, 55.3% were treated and 16.3% were controlled. Among treated hypertensives, SBP control (32.2%) was much lower than DBP control (82.3%). Control was lower in men than in women, in older than in younger subjects, and in those with lowest than in those with higher educational levels. About 57% of uncontrolled treated hypertensives were on monotherapy. Weight loss was among the least heeded items of advice (39% among overweight hypertensives). CONCLUSIONS: Hypertension is a major public health problem in elderly Spaniards. Most hypertensives had their hypertension uncontrolled. Greater emphasis should be laid on the most disadvantaged (the older, men, and those with lowest education) in terms of hypertension management, and on reinforcing weight loss and combining drugs for enhanced hypertension control.     

Drug Treatment for Hypertensive Patients in Special Situations: Diabetes and Hypertension

Diabetes mellitus and hypertension is often associated, but with a different type of development in type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Type 1 diabetes, renal disease, starting with microalbuminuria, is associated with increasing blood pressure or hypertension, whereas the patient without renal disease is most often normotensive. Poor metabolic control is a predictor of microalbuminuria or incipient nephropathy, but with microalbuminuria hypertension is an important risk factor for progression along with poor glycemic control. The same is the case for overt renal disease, and metabolic control is important in all stages of renal disease in type 1 diabetes. It has also been shown that good metabolic control as well as antihypertensive treatment, especially with ACE-inhibitors, often combined with other agents is quite effective in preventing progression in renal disease in all its stages.

In type 2 diabetes, blood pressure elevation is often found as early as at the actual diagnosis, and blood pressure significantly increases according to the degree of albuminuria, normo-microalbuminuria and clinical proteinuria (macroalbuminuria). Elevated blood pressure is an important risk for renal disease but more importantly so also for cardiovascular disease. Several studies document that antihypertensive treatment in particular with ACE-inhibitors is important in preventing microalbuminuria, in treating microalbuminuria and thus preventing progression, also in overt renal disease. Near-normalization of blood pressure is vital. Regarding cardiovascular disease, a series of studies now document that antihypertensive treatment with various antihypertensive agents is able to significantly reduce a number of major cardiovascular complications in diabetes, such as cardiac disease, stroke, and also microvacular disease, including retinopathy. Several studies show that antihypertensive treatment should be started at a level higher than 140–150/90. The blood pressure to be achieved during treatment is probably around 140/85 mmHg or even 130180 mmHg as a pragmatic goal. However, there is no sign of a J-shaped curve in any of the studies, and therefore even lower blood pressure could be advantageous. Even mortality, at least fiom diabetes-related causes can be effected by antihypertensive treatment. With more advanced renal disease, normalization of blood pressure is increasingly difficult, especially systolic blood pressure, and therefore it is recommendable to screen patients much earlier on with focus on blood pressure recordings and measurements of albuminuria, including microalbuminuria, and to treat early.     

Factors predicting blood pressure normalization in hypertensive patients treated with a fixed-dose combination of bisoprolol 2.5 mg/hydrochlorothiazide/6.25 mg

It is not clear which duration of treatment is needed to achieve complete efficacy with fixed low dose antihypertensive therapy. The aim of this study was to compare blood pressure control rate in patients treated with bisoprolol 2.5 mg/HCTZ 6.25 mg, not controlled after 4 weeks, but treated at the same dosage for one more month to patients not controlled after 4 weeks, and uptitrated to bisoprolol 5 mg/HCTZ 6.25 mg for one month. The 641 patients who entered the study had a mean age of 58 +/- 12 with SBP/DBP at baseline of 165 +/- 12/96 +/- 7 mmHg. After 4 weeks, 252 (39%) where normalized (< 140/90) with SBP/DBP reductions of -27/-15 mmHg. In uncontrolled patients, 19% of those randomized to B 2.5 mg/H 6.25 mg and 33% of those treated with B 5 mg/H 6.25 mg where normalized at the end of the study (p < 0.001). Multivariate analysis indicates determinants of blood pressure normalisation after 4 weeks with B2.5 mg/HCTZ 6.25 mg as female gender, initial BP < 175/105 mmHg, previously untreated hypertension, age < 50 years. In conclusion, when the initial therapy with bisoprolol 2.5 mg/HCTZ 6.25 mg is not sufficient to control blood pressure, continuation with the same dosage 4 weeks longer increases the rate of blood pressure control. However, up-titration to bisoprolol 5 mg/6.25 mg is more efficacious to increase the number of patients with a final blood pressure < 140/90 mmHg.