辅助性原位小体积肝移植治疗猪急性肝功能衰竭的近期疗效

目的探讨辅助性部分原位肝移植治疗猪急性肝功能衰竭的近期疗效及其对小体积移植物的保护作用.方法 15只健康雌性家猪经门静脉注射D-Gal(每千克体质量0.5 g)和LPS(每千克体质量1 μg)诱导急性肝功能衰竭,24 h后接受肝移植治疗.动物随机分为60%原位辅助性部分肝移植组(A组,n=5)、30%小体积肝移植组(B组,n=5)和30%小体积原位辅助性部分肝移植组(C组,n=5).各组动物于开腹后即刻、切脾后即刻和再灌注后30 min分别监测门静脉压力,观察术后生化指标变化、病理改变和1周生存率.结果 A、B、C组的1周生存率分别为100%、 20%、 80%,A、C组生存率明显高于B组(P<0.05).术后第2天开始,A、C组血清天冬氨酸转氨酶、总胆红素、血氨、乳酸明显低于B组(P<0.05).再灌注后30 min,B组平均门静脉压明显高于A、C组.再灌注后30 min、3 h,病理观察结果显示,B组出现严重肝窦淤血、片状肝实质细胞空泡变性.结论急性肝功能衰竭时,加用辅助性原位部分肝移植,可以明显提高小体积移植物的近期存活率.该作用可能与门静脉血流的分流和压力下降有关.     

不同体积大鼠原位肝移植的试验研究

目的探讨三种不同体积(100%、50%和30%)大鼠原位肝移植术后生存时间,肝功能变化等情况。评估移植物体积对于大鼠原位肝移植的影响。方法建立100%、50%和30%体积的大鼠原位肝移植模型,观察术后生存时间,术后肝功能改变及肝脏组织病理改变。结果术后14d生存率分别为:85%、70%和10%。术后肝功能变化表明30%肝移植组术后损伤较重。病理显示50%及30%肝移植组术后肝脏损害严重,30%组尤为明显。结论移植物的体积对于术后存活率具有明显影响,但外科技术的改进可能提高小移植物受体的术后存活率。     

大鼠肝移植小移植物模型的研究

目的:建立大鼠肝移植小移植物模型,探讨移植物体积对受体生存的影响。方法:48只雄性SD大鼠随机分为4组:70％肝切除组(A组)、全肝移植组(B组)、中等移植物组(C组)、小移植物组(D组)。观察各组大鼠生存率。于术后不同时间点,采取外周静脉血检测肝功能;行肝组织常规组织学及透射电镜检测。结果:D组第3天生存率为.56％,显著低于A、B、C组(P<0.01);各时间点D组各生化指标均显著高于其他3组(P<0.01);A、C和D组肝脏组织学以肝细胞再生的表现为主,B组以淋巴细胞浸润为主。D组术后第3天光镜下和透射电镜检查可见分裂肝细胞;第21天移植肝体积已达正常水平。结论:大鼠肝移植小移植物模型供肝量应超过全肝重量的45％。影响小移植物成活的主要因素是缺血、再灌注损伤和手术技术。     

小体积肝移植损伤机制的实验观察

目的 探讨小体积移植肝损伤机制.方法 采用肝周骨骼化的去神经解剖、肝切除和原位灌注建立巴马小型猪不同移植量肝移植模型.分为3组(n=5):(1)A组:原位肝移植组;(2)B组:右半肝供肝肝部分移植组;(3)C组:右中叶和尾状叶供肝部分肝移植组.移植后观察动物7 d存活率,动态监测门静脉压(PVP)、门静脉血流量(PBF)以及移植肝组织学病理改变.结果 巴马小型猪不同移植量肝移植7 d存活率分别为:A组100%(5/5);B组100%(5/5)和C组20%(1/5).C组移植肝复流后PVP立即升高,高峰达(28.6±2.07)mm Hg,复流后1 h单位肝组织PBF达(3.56±0.11)ml·min-1·g-1.C组移植肝组织病理改变严重,包括肝窦淤血、出血,肝细胞气球样变或肝细胞坏死,内皮细胞脱落,狄氏间隙增宽或消失以及明显的细胞凋亡.结论 小体积肝移植中门静脉过度灌流和急性门静脉高压是移植肝的主要病因学机制.     

辅助性肝移植门静脉动脉化治疗大鼠急性肝功能衰竭的实验研究

目的 探讨门静脉动脉化异位辅助肝移植对大鼠急性肝功能衰竭的治疗作用和肝动脉血供对移植肝早期功能的影响。方法 将切除85％肝脏的急性肝功能衰竭大鼠随机分为三组：A组（n=20)，异位辅助肝移植门静脉动脉化加肝动脉血供建立；B组（n=20)，异位辅助肝移植门静脉动脉化；C组（n=10)，为对照组。观察肝衰组和移植组大鼠生存情况、肝功能变化、残肝和移植肝病理结构改变以及肝动脉血供对移植肝早期功能影响。结果 A组和B组大鼠2周生存率分别是85．7％和64．3％，C组大鼠48h存活率为0。移植肝再灌注后，A组胆汁分泌率比B组明显增高（P＜0．05），术后2周内，A组血清ALT、GGT、Tbil值显著降低（与B组比较，P＜0．05）。移植术后14天，A组和B组残肝细胞都明显增生，肝功能恢复正常，而移植肝开始萎缩，肝细胞变性，汇管区有淋巴细胞浸润。结论 辅助肝移植门静脉动脉化为急性肝功能衰竭提供了有效的支持作用，使原肝再生，肝功能恢复正常，而移植肝逐渐萎缩丧失功能。在大鼠辅助肝移植中，肝动脉血供有助于改善移植肝早期功能，防止术后胆道并发症的发生。     

稳定大鼠肝移植模型的规范及移植肝灌注方式比较

目的总结建立大鼠原位肝移植稳定模型的规范和提高成功率的措施,比较经门静脉灌注和经腹主动脉灌注对移植肝功能的影响。方法手术显微镜下,用改良的二袖套法进行100例大鼠原位肝移植,并依据灌注方式分组:经门静脉灌注和经腹主动脉灌注组(n=50)。检测术后肝功能,观察组织病理学改变、术后生存率以及手术并发症。结果两组组织病理学表现相同。手术成功率分别为98%(49/50)和96%(48/50),3月存活率分别为93.5%(29/31)和93.3%(28/30),术后肝功能、手术成功率和3月存活率差异无显著性(P>0.05)。结论供肝经门静脉灌注和经腹主动脉灌注均可采用,应根据研究目的选择适当肝移植模型。熟练的显微外科技术、规范细致的手术操作、缩短无肝期时间是提高成功率、减少术后并发症的关键。     

辅助性异位部分肝移植治疗急性肝功能衰竭的实验研究

目的：探讨辅助性异位部分肝移植对肝功能衰竭(肝衰)的治疗作用。方法：用家猪配对开展辅助性异位部分肝移植，分两组。A组：受体肝脏保持原状，其肝动脉结扎、门静脉缩窄；供肝植入受体右肝下，仅建立门静脉血供。B组：供肝动脉和门静脉血供均建立，其它手术内容与A组相同。监测各组受体存活情况、肝功能情况、病理及供肝胆汁分泌情况。结果：B组受体3d以上成活率显著高于A组。B组手术前后胆红素无显著改变，A组术后胆红素显著高于术前，术后第2天A组胆红素显著高于B组。B组供肝胆汁分泌良好，肝细胞存活并有活跃的代偿性增生；A组供肝无或仅有少量胆汁分泌，肝细胞大片坏死。两组受体均有术后白蛋白下降、丙氨酸氨基转移酶增高。结论：辅助性异位部分肝移植足以纠正肝衰，在临床可以用相似的方法治疗急性或暴发性肝衰患者。     

A20在大鼠小体积肝移植早期缺血再灌注损伤中的作用机制

目的 初步研究A20在小移植物损伤中的地位和作用，为临床应用提供理论依据。方法 选取雄性SD大鼠，分为正常对照组、全肝移植组和小体积肝移植组3组，在移植后0．5及3、6、24h的4个时间点分别取材、送检。主要进行肝功能检测及肝组织病理组织学检查；采用原位末端标记法(TUNEL法)检测细胞凋亡情况，逆转录聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)检测A20在肝组织中的表达，Westernblot检测肝组织内蛋白的表达。结果 移植后各时点丙氨酸转氨酶(ALT)、天冬氨酸转氨酶(AST)水平均升高，至术后6h达到高峰，组织病理学检查可见小体积肝移植组移植后6h损伤最重。TUNEL法细胞凋亡检查见小体积肝移植组各时间点细胞凋亡数均显著多于全肝移植组，移植后6h为高峰。Western blot和RT-PCR法在不同水平检测结果提示保护性基因A20在小体积肝移植组的移植物内表达下降，并随再灌注时间的延长迅速下调。结论 大鼠小体积肝移植术后再灌注损伤以肝细胞功能改变及大量肝细胞凋亡为特点。肝组织内保护性基因A20的下调可能是小移植物缺血再灌注损伤发生的重要始动环节之一。     

小型猪小体积肝移植后血清ET-1和NO水平变化研究

目的　探讨小体积肝移植损伤分子学机制。方法　用广西巴马小型猪建立全肝供肝原位肝移植对照组(A 组)、右半肝供肝部分肝移植组(B组)和右中叶联合尾状叶供肝部分肝移植组(C组)不同移植量活体部分肝移植模型,动 态检测血清ET- 1和NO水平。结果　A、B组动物7d生存率为100%,C组仅20%。移植肝复流后各组血清ET -1水平显 著上升,1h即达高峰值,随后逐渐下降,术后第7天基本恢复至基础水平。C组除存活1例在第7天外,各时相点均显著 高于A、B组;C组动物在复流后1h血清NO水平显著升高,达到最高峰值,C组水平显著高于A组,随后迅速下降。比较 血清中ET- 1和NO比值变化趋势,可见C组除1例存活动物在第7天水平外,术后各时相点与A组存在显著差异,而B组 各时相点与A组比较无统计学差异。结论　小体积移植肝损伤机制尚未完全阐明,血清ET- 1、NO水平失衡是导致小体积 移植肝微循环损害的重要因素。     

原位辅助性部分肝移植治疗门静脉高压症的实验研究

目的在建立猪原位辅助性部分肝移植动物模型基础上,观察该手术对猪肝硬化门静脉高压症的初步治疗效果,为临床开展原位辅助性部分肝移植治疗肝硬化门静脉高压症提供理论及实验依据。方法采用结扎胆总管的方法复制猪胆汁性肝硬化动物模型,建模时间为8周,建模成功6只。另取健康良种幼猪6只作为供体组,参照有关文献进行麻醉、供体手术及供肝修整。术前、术后当天及第7天观察门静脉压力、血胆红素和肝功能,同时用彩色B超检查门静脉最大流速及流量。结果肝移植术后5只受体猪存活。术后第7天彩超观察存活猪两肝门静脉血流动力学情况,发现移植肝门静脉血流比宿主肝门静脉血流增多,移植肝功能良好,移植肝回流通畅。BIL、ALT及AST等指标明显好转,术后第7天开腹测量门静脉压力与术前相比显著降低;术前(20.76±2.43)cmH2O,术中关腹前(17.6±2.33)cmH2O,术后第7天(14.7±2.25)cmH2O。结论原位辅助性部分肝移植术能降低门静脉压力和提供一定肝功能支持,是一种较有希望的治疗肝硬化门静脉高压症的新方法。     

Value of D-Dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection

Objective: To evaluatel the value of D-dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection (AAD). Methods: This study consisted of 16 patients with AAD and 27 non-AAD patients. Serum D-dimets were measured by Sta-Liatest D-DI immunoturbidimetric assay. Results: D-dimer level was higher (P ＜ 0.001) in patients with AAD(7.91 ± 5.52 μg/ml) than that in non- AAD group(1.57±1.24 μg/ml). D-dimer was positive (＞0.4 μg/ml) in all patients with AAD and in 10 control group patients (37%). Among patients with acute AAD, D-dimers tended to be higher in Stanford A than in Stanford B (8.67 ± 4.31 μg/ml vs. 3.24±1.27 μg/ml, P ＜0.01). D-dimer values tended to be higher in more extended disease(3.84 ± 1.65 μg/ml, 8.57 ± 3.58 μg/ml and 11.87 ± 5.69 μg/ml in thoracic aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta and iliacal arteries, respectively, P ＜ 0.05 for both 8.57 ± 3.58 and 11.87 ± 5.69 vs. 3.84 ± 1.65 ). Including the control group into the analysis, we found a sensitivity of 100%, a negative predictive value of 100%, and a specificity of 66% and a positive predictive value of 64% for D-dimer in diagnosis of AAD in our patients with suspected AAD. Conclusion: D-dimer was elevated in patients with AAD. A negative D-dimer test result could be useful in excluding AAD.     

Research of combined liver-kidney transplantation model in rats

Objective： To set up a simple and reliable rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation. Methods： SD rats served as both donors and recipients. 4℃ sodium lactate Ringer＇s was infused from portal veins to donated livers,and from abdominal aorta to donated kidneys, respectively. Anastomosis of the portal vein and the inferior vena cava （IVC） inferior to the right kidney between the graft and the recipient was performed by a double cuff method, then the superior hepatic vena cava with suture. A patch of donated renal artery was anastomosed to the recipient abdominal aorta. The urethra and bile duct were reconstructed with a simple inside bracket. Results： Among 65 cases of combined liver-kidney transplantation, the success rate in the late 40 cases was 77.5%. The function of the grafted liver and kidney remained normal. Conclusion： This rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation can be established in common laboratory conditions with high success rate and meet the needs of renal transplantation experiment.     

BLOOD PRESSURE CHANGE WITH AGE IN SALT-SENSITIVE TEENAGERS

Objective To observe blood pressure change with age in salt-sensitive teenagers whose salt sensitivity were determined by repeated testing.Methods Salt sensitivity was determined through intravenous infusion of normal saline combined with volume-depletion by oral diuretic furosemide in 55 teenagers. After five years, salt sensitivity was re-examined and subject blood pressure was followed up. Blood pressure changes in salt-sensitive teenagers were compared to that of non-salt sensitive teenagers over five years.Results After 5 years, the repetition rate of salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading is 92.7%. In teenagers with salt sensitivity on the baseline, both the systolic blood pressure increments and increment rates were much higher than non-salt sensitive teenagers (12.7±12.1 mmHg vs. 2.8±5.2 mmHg, P＜ 0.01; 12.2%± 12.0% vs. 2.5% ±4.4%, P＜ 0.001,respectively). There was a similar trend for diastolic blood pressure (8.4 ± 6.4 mmHg vs. 3.7 ± 6.4 mmHg, P = 0.052; 13.2% ±10.6 % vs. 6.8%± 10.1%, P = 0.053, respectively).Conclusions Salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading showed good reproducibility. Blood pressure increments with age were much higher in salt-sensitive teenagers than non-salt sensitive teenagers, especially in terms of systolic blood pressure.     

安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术后生活质量影响的研究

目的：评价使用安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术（PPCI）术后生活质量的影响.方法：将160例接受PPCI的急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者随机分为安心颗粒组（术前顿服安心颗粒8.8g,术后安心颗粒4.4 g/次,每日2次）和对照组（仅接受基础药物治疗）.所有患者均服用阿司匹林、氯吡格雷和阿托伐他汀.分别在入院时、出院前1d、出院后180 d时,应用心肌梗死多维度量表（MIDAS）、中文版SF-36评价量表对患者生活质量评分.并观察术后30 d以内的出血并发症、血小板减少症发生情况.结果：入院时和出院前1d,两组患者的心肌梗死MIDAS、SF-36量表评分比较无差异（P＞0.05）;出院后180 d时,与对照组比较,安心颗粒组MIDAS、SF-36评分明显减低（P＜0.05）;组内与入院时比较,两组出院前1d、出院后180 d时,MIDAS、SF-36评分均降低（P＜0.05）.两组患者在随访期间均无大量出血、少量出血、重度和极重度血小板减少症发生,安心颗粒组有4例、对照组有7例发生不明显出血（P＞0.05）.两组发生轻度血小板减少症的患者数比较无差异（P＞0.05）.结论：PPCI使用安心颗粒,能改善急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者的生活质量,且不增加出血风险.     

The comparative studies of the influences of Urapidil and Nicardipine on sino-atrial node function, atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics

Objective:To investigate the influences of urapidil and nicardipine on rabbit sinus function,atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics.Methods:Thirty-two Angora's rabbits were selected and randomly divided into four groups.U1 group:urapidil 0.25 mg/kg;U2 group:urapidil 0.5 mg/kg;N1 group:nicardipine 10 μg/kg;N2 group:nicardipine 20 μg/kg.All these medicine were administrated within 30 seconds.Measurements were taken before and after the administration of urapidil or nicardipine for the following data:mean blood pressure(MAP),heart rate(HR),sino-atrial conduction time(SACT),maximal sinoatrial recovery time(SNRTmax)corrected sinus node recovery time(CSNRT),index of sinus node recovery time(SNRTI),Wenckebach A-V conduction frequency (WB),and P-R interval.Results:Significant MAP and HR changes were identified in all of the four groups before and after administration of both urapidil and nicardipine.No significant changes could be found in the rest of the parameters.Intergroup analysis showed that SACT and CSNRT of N1 and N2 groups were shorter than those of the U2 group(P＜0.01);the MAP decreased(P＜0.01)and the HR increased drastically(P＜0.01).Conclusions:Neither urapidil(0.25 mg/kg,0.5 mg/kg)nor nicardipine(10μg/kg,20μg/kg)has any significant influence on rabbit sinus function or rabbit atrio-ventricular node function.Nicardipine could be a better choice than urapidil for parafunctional sinus node patients.     

Expression of OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the patients of hip fracture due to osteoporosis

Objective：To investigate the gene expression of osteoprotegerin（OPG） and osteoclast differentiation factor（ODF） in the bone tissue of patients with hip fracture due to osteoporosis. Methods：OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the bone tissue in 50 cases of osteoporosis sufferers（over 50 years old） with hip fracture（Observer Group） and 30 cases of hip facture sufferers with no osteoporosis（Control group） were analyzed with the Semi-Quantitative RT-PCR method. Results：The mRNA expressed of ODF, OPG were both high in the patients with hip fracture. In the control group, the expression of OPG mRNA was observed, while the expression of ODF mRNA was very slight. Conclusion：Aged patients contained all signals including OPG, ODF that are essential for inducing osteoclastogenesis and promoting bone resorption.     

Dynamic Changes in Serum Estradiol and Progesterone levels in Patients of Premenstrual Syndrome with Adverse Flow of Liver-qi

Objective:To probe into the influence of changes of ovarian hormones on the pathogenesis of the specific sub-type premenstrual syndrome(PMS)and reveal partial microcosmic mechanisms of adverse flow of liver-qi.Methods:Estradiol(E2)and progesterone(P)levels in serum were determined at different phases of menstrual cycle by radioimmunoassay.Results:In the group of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.the secretive peak value Of E2 and P at the follicular phase significantly decreased,and the secretive peak value at the luteal phase did not come into being.Conclusions:Low E2 and P secretive peak at the follicular phase and absence of secretive peak at the luteal phase is one of the microcosmic mechanisms of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.One of the pathophysiologic mechanisms of specific sub-type PMS is probably the continuous low level of E2and P.     

Real-time Three-dimensional Echocardiography in Assessment of Left Ventricular and Right Ventricular Volumes

Real-time three-dimensional echocardiography (RT3DE)is a new ultrasound technique that enables dynamic threedimensional visualization and quantification of the heart in real time. Investigation of feasibility and methodology of RT3DE in determining left ventricular (LV) and right ventricular (RV) volumes, RT3DE was performed in 35 normal adults using Philips SONOS 7500 system with a 2-4 MHz matrix array transducer. The 60°×60° "pyramid" volume database was obtained and analyzed on a TomTec echo workstation. Both LV and RV volumes were calculated with four 3DE methods (i.e. apical 2, 4, 8, and 16-plane) through manually tracing ventricular endocardial borders in end diastole and end systole. Stroke volumes were then calculated. LV volume was also measured by 2DE Simpson's rule using GE VIVID 7 ultrasound machine.     

SCREENING FOR A 21-CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITY IN PREIMPLANTED EMBRYOS OF ELDERLY WOMEN

Increasing maternal age is the only etiological factor unequivocally linked to Down's syndrome in humans. The occurrence rate of newborns with Down's syndrome is about 1/220 in women over 35 years old. However, the occurrence rate in embryos fertilized in vitro, of the elder woman is unclear. Using FISH we screened the number of chromosome 21 in preimplanted embryos of 5 elderly women (average age, 38.4 years) to study the feasibility and necessity of screening trisomy 21 in embryos in patients over 35 years old at the in vitro fertilization (IVF) center.     

Scientific principles and rigorous processes should be followed in developing clinical guidelines for therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine

A clinical guideline for the therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine may be defined as a written document which states a series of recommendations on therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine for a special disease or condition. The guideline may provide assistance to medical professionals in making clinical decisions aimed at improving the clinical outcome of patients and reducing the costs of medical care（~＇4~. Recommendations issued by a guideline should be based on the best available evidence in both Western and Chinese medicine. For fulfilling this purpose, the development of clinical guidelines for therapeutic interventions in the field of integrative medicine should follow scientific principles and undergo a rigorous processes.