尿液标本中大肠埃希菌产超广谱β-内酰胺酶的检测

目的：分析尿液标本中大肠埃希菌的耐药性及其产超广谱β-内酰胺酶（ESBLs）情况，指导临床用药。方法：对124例泌尿系感染患者尿液标本中的大肠埃希菌用纸片扩散法进行抗生素敏感试验，纸片扩散法表型确证试验检测ESBLs。结果：有58株大肠埃希菌产ESBLs，占46．8％．引起泌尿系感染的大肠埃希菌对亚胺培南的耐药率〈1．7％，对呋喃妥因的耐药率〈12％．可作为治疗泌尿系感染的首选与次选药物。产ESBLs菌株对头孢西丁、头孢哌酮／舒巴坦、环丙沙星、氧氟沙星、左旋氧氟沙星和阿米卡星的耐药率比非产ESBLs菌株明显升高（P〈0．01）。男性患者产ESBLs菌株的检出率明显高于女性患者（P〈0．01）。结论：尿路感染应检测ESBLs并根据抗生素敏感试验选择敏感药物进行合理用药。     

老年人下呼吸道感染的细菌分布特点及耐药性分析

目的：了解老年人下呼吸道感染的病原菌分布情况及耐药性。方法：用VTTEK60(Bio merieux，法国)微生物全自动分析系统鉴定，对从痰培养中分离的910株细菌进行鉴定和药敏试验。结果：医院内老年人下呼吸道感染以革兰阴性杆菌为主，占86．0％(782株)，革兰阳性球菌占6．0％(55株)，真菌占8．0％(73株)。革兰阴性杆菌中肺炎克雷伯菌、铜绿假单胞菌、大肠埃希菌和不动杆菌占优势，分别为28．0％(255株)、13．3％(121株)、12．2％(111株)、7．9％(72株)，革兰阳性球菌中金黄色葡萄球菌占3．2％(29株)，真菌以白色念珠菌为优势5．6％(51株)。药敏结果显示肺炎克雷伯菌和大肠埃希菌对三代头孢菌素除头孢他啶外，其余的耐药率在30．6％以上，二代头孢菌素耐药率为47．0％～61．7％，一代头孢菌素耐药率高达53．8％～63．3％，大肠埃希菌对环丙沙星、氧氟沙星、氨苄西林、复方新诺明耐药率高达73．6％以上。亚胺培南、头孢他啶、头孢吡肟、头孢哌酮／舒巴坦对肺炎克雷伯菌和大肠埃希菌具有良好的抗菌活性。不动杆菌对头孢哌酮、头孢呋辛钠耐药率达49．3％～58．6％，对头孢唑啉、头孢克洛、头孢西丁、氨曲南、氨苄西林耐药率高达70．5％以上。亚胺培南、头孢他啶、头孢吡肟、阿米卡星、头孢哌酮／舒巴坦对铜绿假单胞菌抗菌活性较强，其余抗生素耐药率达38．8％～97．7％。结论：老年人下呼吸道感染的主要病原菌前5位是肺炎克雷伯菌、铜绿假单胞菌、大肠埃希菌、不动杆菌和白色念珠菌。亚胺培南、头孢他啶、头孢吡肟、阿米卡星、头孢哌酮／舒巴坦对革兰阴性杆菌保持较强的抗菌活性。     

下呼吸道感染大肠埃希菌产ESBLs情况和耐药性监测

目的：观察下呼吸道感染大肠埃希菌产ESBLs情况及耐药性。方法：应用MicroScan AutoSCAN-4专用NC21鉴定板筛选大肠埃希菌产ESBLs，用表型确证试验验证，并研究大肠埃希菌对体外抗生素的耐药性。结果：大肠埃希菌对亚胺培南、哌拉西林／三唑巴坦、头孢他啶、阿米卡星的敏感性大于70％；51株大肠埃希菌产ESBLs52．9％，产ESBLs大肠埃希菌对头孢菌素类、青霉素类、氨基糖苷类、复方新诺明等抗生素呈现多重耐药，仅亚胺培南、哌拉西林／三唑巴坦的耐药率在14．8％以下；非ESBLs大肠埃希菌耐药率大于70％的有氨苄西林、哌拉西林。结论：本地区下呼吸道感染大肠埃希菌耐药严重，具有较高的产ESBLs流行率，对于产ESBLs大肠埃希菌应以亚胺培南、哌拉西林／三唑巴坦为首选药物。     

革兰阴性杆菌267株耐药性分析

目的：了解医院常见革兰阴性杆菌的分布和耐药情况。方法：对本院2008—01／2008—12革兰阴性杆菌培养和药敏试验的结果进行回顾性分析和统计。结果：267株菌中大肠埃希菌占27％,肺炎克雷伯菌占16．9％,阴沟肠杆菌占7．9％,铜绿假单胞菌占6．7％,鲍曼氏不动杆菌占6．4％,嗜麦芽寡养单胞菌占5．2％,药敏试验结果显示,丁胺卡那,亚胺培南,哌拉西林／他唑巴坦,头孢哌酮／舒巴坦敏感度高。产ESBLs者大肠埃希菌占20．8％,肺炎克雷伯菌占22．2％。结论：分离菌株对多种抗菌药物存在高耐药率,临床应高度重视微生物学检查,重视耐药性监测,合理使用抗生素。     

我院2010年临床分离大肠埃希菌与肺炎克雷伯菌耐药性分析

目的 总结分析2010年分离大肠埃希菌与肺炎克雷伯菌耐药情况,为临床用药提供依据.方法 API系统鉴定细菌.K-B法进行药敏试验.结果 大肠埃希菌与肺炎克雷伯菌为临床常见菌,检出大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌超广谱β-内酰胺酶产生率为52.7％和45.9％.对多种抗菌药物具有高度耐药性,对亚胺培南和头孢哌酮/舒巴坦保持较低耐药率.结论 我院分离大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌耐药性较强,出现多种耐药菌株,应加强抗菌药物的合理使用.     

安徽淮北地区肠杆菌科细菌耐药性检测

目的 了解本地区肠杆菌科细菌的耐药现状，为临床医生合理使用抗生素提供依据。方法 收集本地区三家医院所分离的326株肠杆菌，分析其菌种分布、耐药性。细菌分离、培养按常规方法，菌种鉴定采用MicroScan WalkAWay-40、Vitek-32全自动微生物分析仪，药敏试验采用微量液体稀释法，超广谱β-内酰胺酶（ESBLs）检测采用1999年NCCLS推荐的纸片确证试验。结果 在326株肠杆菌科细菌中，分离出大肠埃希菌216株，肺炎克雷伯菌37菌，臭鼻克雷伯菌18株，聚团多源菌19株，产气肠杆菌18株，阴沟肠杆菌18株。ESBLs检出率：大肠埃希菌42．1％、克雷伯菌56．7％；大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌等对亚胺培南的耐药率最低，分别为1．4％和2．8％；其次为哌拉西林／他唑巴坦和头孢哌酮／舒巴坦。另外，对庆大霉素和丁胺卡那耐药率也较低。结论淮北地区革兰阴性杆菌菌种分布以大肠埃希菌占首位。亚胺培南是治疗革兰阴性杆菌最有效的药物之一，对于产ESBLs的菌株，头孢哌酮／舒巴坦、哌拉西林／他唑巴坦可以作为优先选用的药物。     

2643株临床分离革兰阴性杆菌耐药性分析

目的对临床分离的革兰阴性杆菌的分布及耐药性进行分析,为临床合理应用抗生素提供依据。方法用Walkaway40型全自动细菌鉴定仪,对临床分离革兰阴性杆菌进行来源监测及耐药试验以及统计学分析。结果2643株革兰阴性杆菌中分离率居前五位的依次为大肠埃希菌（28．5％）、铜绿假单胞菌（17．3％）、肺炎克雷伯菌（14．7％）、阴沟肠杆菌（9．4％）、鲍曼不动杆菌（7．5％）。不同来源的标本病原菌分布不同：呼吸道标本以铜绿假单胞菌为主,其余标本以大肠埃希菌为主。药敏结果显示,肠杆菌科对头孢哌酮／舒巴坦和亚胺培南耐药率低于10．5％,对氨苄西林、美洛西林、复方新诺明、庆大霉素、头孢曲松、头孢噻肟耐药率达49．4％～97．4％。铜绿假单胞菌和鲍曼不动杆菌对头孢哌酮／舒巴坦和亚胺培南耐药率低于12．7％,对氨苄西林、美洛西林、复方新诺明、庆大霉素、头孢噻肟、头孢曲松、丁胺卡那、头孢他啶耐药率达50．2％～90．2％。结论大肠埃希菌、铜绿假单胞菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、阴沟肠杆菌、鲍曼不动杆菌是临床分离的主要革兰阴性杆菌,而且耐药情况严重,应加强耐药性监测,合理使用抗生素,以减少耐药菌株的传播流行。     

致泌尿系统感染的大肠埃希氏菌的耐药分析

探讨大肠埃希氏菌在泌尿系统感染中的耐药情况。方法：鉴定使用法国梅里埃公司API系统，药敏试验采用K—B法，超广谱β-内酰胺酶（ESBLa）按1999年NCCLS推荐的纸片扩散确证法测定EsBk指南进行。结果：207株大肠埃希菌对耐药率最低，亚胺培南（0．48％）；其次是哌拉西林／他唑巴坦及头孢哌酮／舒巴坦，分别为3．86％、5．31％，氨苄西林、环沙星耐药率最高，分别为95．16％、86．47％，哌拉西林也有85．02％的耐药率。结论：致泌尿系统感染的大肠埃希氏菌对亚胺培南的耐药率最低，哌拉西林／他巴唑、头孢哌酮／舒巴坦次之。对氨苄西林及环丙沙星的耐药率最高，根据本地区的耐敏结果，优选抗生素治疗大肠肝菌引起的泌尿系统感染是十分重要的。     

2019年本院下呼吸道感染病原菌分布特征及耐药性分析

目的：分析2019年清城区人民医院下呼吸道感染（LRTI）患者病原菌分布特征及耐药性。方法：收集医院2019年1~12月收治的635例LRTI患者痰液样本，进行细菌培养及药敏试验，分析病原菌分布情况及耐药性。结果：635份LRTI痰液样本中，共检出723株病原菌，其中革兰氏阴性菌共521株，占比72.06%，当中数量较多的为大肠埃希菌217株（30.01%）、铜绿假单胞菌123株（17.01%）、肺炎克雷伯菌52株（7.19%）；革兰氏阳性菌202株，占比27.94%，以金黄色葡萄球菌（96株，13.28%）、凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌（59株，8.16%）为主。革兰氏阴性菌中，大肠埃希菌对头孢哌酮/舒巴坦、头孢他啶、亚胺培南及美洛培南耐药率均低于25%，对哌拉西林、头孢呋辛耐药率高于60%；铜绿假单胞菌对头孢哌酮/舒巴坦、头孢他啶、亚胺培南、阿米卡星、环丙沙星耐药率低于25%，但对头孢噻肟、头孢曲松、头孢呋辛耐药率高达100%；肺炎克雷伯菌对头孢哌酮/舒巴坦、头孢他啶、亚胺培南、美洛培南耐药率低于20%；革兰氏阳性菌中，金黄色葡萄球菌对多西环素、环丙沙星耐药率低于15%，凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌对试验药物均表现出较高耐药率，粪肠球菌则对头孢哌酮、亚培安南、复方新诺明耐药率为0%。结论：清城区人民医院LRTI病原菌以革兰氏阴性菌为主，且对多数常用抗生素耐药性较高，临床治疗应注意合理用药。     

宿州市大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌ESBLs的检测及基因型分布

目的探讨安徽省宿州市临床分离菌中大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌ESBLs的检出率、耐药性及基因型分布。方法采用2005年CLSI推荐方法对收集菌株进行ESBLs确证试验;平皿琼脂对倍稀释法测定产ESBLs大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌对13种抗菌药物的耐药性;用PCR法对产ESBLs菌株使用8对引物进行B内酰胺酶基因的扩增,扩增产物回收纯化后测序。结果宿州市临床分离大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌中产ESBLs株的检出率分别为64．7％和60．5％。ESBLs产生株对三代头孢菌素头孢曲松、头孢塞肟、头孢他啶的耐药率为41．9％～86．3%,对环丙沙星、左氧沙星的耐药率为48．4％～85．5％,对哌拉西林／他唑巴坦、头孢哌酮／舒巴坦的耐药率为4．2％～25．8％,对亚胺培南和美洛培南100．0％敏感。PCR及测序结果显示产ESBLs菌株中,β内酰胺酶基因型以TEM和CTX—M13型为主,分别为61株和55株;亚胺培南和美洛培南是治疗产ESBLs大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌感染的首选药物。结论宿州市临床分离大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌中产ESBLs株的检出率和对头孢菌素类及喹诺酮类的耐药率均达到很高水平,应加强对产ESBLs株的临床监测。     

1904株革兰阴性杆菌耐药性检测

目的 :了解临床分离的革兰阴性杆菌耐药状况及耐药性变迁。方法 :1997年 1月至 2 0 0 3年 12月临床分离革兰阴性杆菌 190 4株 ,排除同一患者的重复菌株 ,按统一方案用Kirby Bauer法进行药敏试验 ,按美国国家临床实验室标准委员会2 0 0 0年版标准判读结果。结果 :多数年份革兰阴性杆菌对氨苄西林耐药率高达 80 %以上。大肠埃希菌对哌拉西林、喹诺酮类耐药率为 5 0 %左右 ,对第三代头孢菌素、阿米卡星耐药率逐步上升 ,1997、2 0 0 0、2 0 0 3各年相比 ,P <0 .0 5 ,差异有显著性 ,未见亚胺培南耐药株。克雷伯菌属对哌拉西林、第三代头孢菌素、喹诺酮类耐药率增加迅速 ,1997、2 0 0 0、2 0 0 3各年相比 ,P <0 .0 5。铜绿假单胞菌对哌拉西林、头孢哌酮耐药率上升明显 ,在 2 0 0 3年对头孢哌酮、头孢他啶耐药率为 2 6 .2 %、16 .4 %。对亚胺培南耐药率为 6 %。不动杆菌属对第三代头孢菌素的耐药率为 70 % ,对亚胺培南耐药率为 10 .3%。嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌对氨苄西林、头孢曲松、氨曲南、亚胺培南、庆大霉素和阿米卡星耐药率极高 ,仅对环丙沙星和复方磺胺甲唑耐药率较低。结论 :近年来革兰阴性杆菌的耐药性呈上升趋势 ,特别是对第三代头孢菌素耐药性上升最快 ,亚胺培南仍是目前对革兰阴性杆菌最有效的药物。     

下呼吸道感染革兰阴性杆菌的分布及耐药分析

目的:调查下呼吸道感染革兰阴性杆菌的分布、耐药性及其产超广谱β-内酰胺酶情况,指导临床用药。方法:痰培养分离的病原菌用全自动微生物分析系统鉴定,纸片扩散法进行抗生素敏感试验,双纸片协同筛选试验和纸片扩散法表型确证试验检测产超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)。结果:克雷伯菌属和大肠埃希菌仍是下呼吸道感染的主要病原菌;引起下呼吸道感染的革兰阴性杆菌对氨苄西林、头孢噻吩、头孢唑啉、头孢呋辛、阿莫西林/棒酸、庆大霉素、环丙沙星的耐药率均超过40%。对亚胺培南、头孢他啶、头孢哌酮/舒巴坦、阿米卡星、头孢噻肟、妥布霉素呈现良好的敏感性,耐药率均小于36%。产ESBLs菌株对头孢他啶、头孢噻肟、头孢噻吩、头孢唑啉、头孢呋新、庆大霉素、环丙沙星的耐药率比非产ESBLs菌株耐药明显升高,经卡方检验示有显著差异(P<0.001),对阿米卡星、头孢哌酮/舒巴坦和阿莫西林/棒酸的耐药率与非产ESBLs菌株无显著差异(P>0.05)。细菌的多重耐药性与产ESBLs有关。结论:下呼吸道感染应根据抗生素敏感试验选择敏感药物治疗,并检测ESBLs。     

High incidence of Klebsiella pneumoniae clinical isolates to extended-spectrum B-lactam drugs in intensive care units

A prospective study conducted among Jordanian ICU patients in 1997 using Etest identified resistance rates among isolates of E. coli (25%-44%), Enterobacter spp. (54%-62%), and Klebsiella spp. (30%-80%) to extended-spectrum B-lactams (ESBLs): ceftazidime, cefotaxime, ceftriaxone, and aztreonam. All these isolates were susceptible to imipenem and showed low resistance rate to ciprofloxacin (5%-19%) and amikacin (13%-18%). Higher and significant resistance rates of Klebsiella isolates to ceftazidime (80%) and aztreonam (65%) were observed in 1997 compared with a previous study performed in 1994. The majority of Klebsiella pneumoniae (70%) express different ESBL phenotypes that were almost resistant to aztreonam and ceftazidime but susceptible or resistant to cefotaxime and/or ceftriaxone. This prospective study strongly suggests that ESBL production of Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates have been highly disseminated among ICU patients during 1997.     

ICU内超广谱β-内酰胺酶肺炎克雷伯菌和大肠埃希菌的检测及耐药性分析

目的 了解重症监护病房(ICU)超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)肺炎克雷伯菌和大肠埃希菌的检出率及耐药情况,为临床抗感染治疗提供依据.方法 对我院ICU 2008年1月至2010年12月住院患者分离出的肺炎克雷伯菌和大肠埃希菌,采用NCCLs推荐的纸片扩散表型确证试验进行ESBLs细菌的检测,药敏试验采用琼脂扩散(K.B)法.结果 90株肺炎克雷伯菌和大肠埃希菌中检出产ESBLs菌49株,总检出率为54.4%(49/90);其中肺炎克雷伯菌产ESBLs检出率为52.5%(31/59);大肠埃希菌产ESBLs检出率为58.1%(18/31);以呼吸道标本的检出率最高,占75.5%(37/49).产ESBLs菌对青霉素类和头孢菌素类抗菌药物均高度耐药,对氨基糖苷类、喹诺酮类等呈多重耐药,对哌拉西林/他唑巴坦、头孢哌酮/舒巴坦、头孢西丁、阿米卡星的耐药率均较低;对亚胺培南全部敏感.产ESBLs菌株对抗菌药物的耐药率明显高于非产ESBLs菌株.结论 ICU内产ESBLs肺炎克雷伯菌和大肠埃希检出率较高,对大多数抗菌药物耐药且呈多重耐药性,亚胺培南是治疗产ESBLs菌感染的首选药物.及时检测ICU内产ESBLs菌及其耐药情况对指导临床用药至关重要.

Abstract：

Objective To analyse the detection rates and antibiotic resistance of extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs) producing Klebsiella pneumonia and Escherichia coli in Intensive Care Unit (ICU) and to guide the clinical administration of treatment Methods Klebsiella pneumonia and Escherichia coli collected from clinical samples from January 2008 to December 2010 were tested by Phenotypic Confirmatory Test and confirmed by the method advised by NCCLs and drug-sensitivity was tested with K-B. Results Among the isolated 90 samples,49 strains were considered ESBLs-producing bacteria (54.4%) .with 52. 5% (31/59)of Klebsiella pneumonia and 58. 1% (18/31) of Escherichia coli respectively; with the specimens of respiratory system having the highest rate of 75. 5% (37/49). ESBLs producing bacteria were highly resistant to penicillins and cephalosporins, multi drug resistant to aminoglycosides and quinolones; low to piperacillin/tazobactam,cefoperazone/sulbactam,cefoxitin and amikacin; and all sensitive to imipenem. When compared to non-ESBLs producing strains, the rates of antibiotic resistance of the producing ESBLs strains were significantly higher. Conclusion The test results showed that the isolation rates of ESBLs-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli in ICU were high,which had high resistance to most antimicrobial agents,and the resistance was multiple. Imipenem could be the best choice to control the infection due to ESBLs-producing organisms. Timely detection of ESBLs producing bacteria and drug resistance is essential to guide clinical antibiotic using in ICU.     

Serum bactericidal activity of ceftazidime and cefoperazone alone or in combination with amikacin against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella pneumoniae.

Sera of volunteers receiving ceftazidime (2 g) or amikacin (500 mg), alone or in combination, or cefoperazone (2, 4, or 6 g) or cefoperazone (2 g) with amikacin (500 mg) were evaluated for bactericidal activity against Klebsiella pneumoniae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Serum bactericidal activities were similar for ceftazidime and ceftazidime plus amikacin, but were definitely lower for amikacin alone. Against P. aeruginosa, a 6-g dose of cefoperazone resulted in a higher frequency of peak serum bactericidal activities greater than or equal to 1:8 than a 2-g dose of cefoperazone plus amikacin. Killing studies, performed in 1:8 diluted serum, demonstrated a higher killing rate for cefoperazone plus amikacin than for a 6-g dose of cefoperazone, the more resistant P. aeruginosa excepted. Emergence of resistance was found with a 2-g dose of cefoperazone for K. pneumoniae and with a 6-g dose of cefoperazone for P. aeruginosa, but not with cefoperazone plus amikacin.     

Evaluation of antimicrobial susceptibility for β-lactams against clinical isolates from 51 medical centers in Japan (2008)

This antimicrobial resistance surveillance study was performed in 51 medical centers in Japan over an 11-year period. The susceptibilities of 4228 strains including Escherichia coli (491 strains), Klebsiella spp. (462 strains), Enterobacter spp. (459 strains), Citrobacter freundii (358 strains), indole-positive Proteus spp. (386 strains), Serratia spp. (443 strains), Acinetobacter spp. (327 strains), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (473 strains), oxacillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (481 strains), and coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS; 348 strains) were tested with 7 β-lactams (cefepime, cefpirome, ceftazidime, cefoperazone/sulbactam, imipenem, and piperacillin for gram-negative bacteria, or oxacillin for gram-positive bacteria). No resistance to these β-lactams (with the exception of ceftazidime) was found in oxacillin-susceptible S. aureus and CoNS. Of the E. coli clinical isolates, 24.6% were resistant to piperacillin, whereas 3.5% or less (cefpirome = 4.5%) were resistant to other β-lactam agents. Klebsiella spp. isolates were more susceptible to imipenem (99.6%), cefepime (98.7%), ceftazidime (98.5%), cefpirome (97.6%), and cefoperazone/sulbactam (97.6%). Isolates of Enterobacter spp., C. freundii, and Serratia spp. were susceptible to imipenem, cefepime, and cefpirome as well. The sensitivities of these organisms against cefepime and cefoperazone/sulbactam were 100%. Acinetobacter spp. isolates were less resistant to cefoperazone/sulbactam (0.6% resistance), imipenem (0.9%), and ceftazidime (2.8%) compared with other β-lactam antibiotics tested. Isolates of P. aeruginosa were more susceptible to piperacillin (9.1% resistance), cefoperazone/sulbactam (9.5%), and cefepime (6.6%) compared with ceftazidime (10.8%), cefpirome (16.3%), and imipenem (23.5%). The proportion of strains resistant to β-lactam antimicrobials has decreased compared with data from 2006 (Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 60:177-183), reflecting the reduced consumption of β-lactams in Japan.     

产超广谱β-内酰胺酶肺炎克雷伯菌和大肠埃希菌药敏分析

目的 了解产超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)肺炎克雷伯菌和大肠埃希菌的分离率及其耐药情况,为临床治疗提供依据.方法 收集2007年1月至2009年12月临床送检患者标本分离出的肺炎克雷伯菌和大肠埃希菌,采用常规生化方法和梅里埃API20E系统鉴定、纸片扩散确证试验检测ESBLs,药敏试验采用纸片扩散法.结果 281株大肠埃希菌和174株肺炎克雷伯菌确证试验产ESBLs阳性率分别为36.2%和40.9%,产ESBLs菌对β-内酰胺类抗菌药高度耐药,对阿米卡星、头孢西丁、头孢哌酮/舒巴坦、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦、阿莫西林/克拉维酸、替卡西林/克拉维酸耐药性在5.4%～25.6%,对环丙沙星、复方新诺明和庆大霉素耐药率较高,为65.1%～88.9%,未发现耐亚胺培南产超广谱β-内酰胺酶肺炎克雷伯菌和大肠埃希菌.结论 产ESBLs菌的问题日益严重,临床及时了解它们的耐药特点和变化趋势,对合理应用抗菌药物、延缓细菌耐药性的产生,控制播散菌株的流行具有十分重要的意义.     

重症监护病房革兰阴性菌耐药现状调查

目的：了解我院重症监护病房(ICU)分离的革兰阴性菌菌株对常用抗菌药物的耐药现状。方法：采用浓度梯度法测定从我院ICU分离的541株革兰阴性杆菌的最低抑菌浓度(MIC)，并采用抑制剂增强的纸片扩散法测定大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌超广谱β内酰胺酶(ESBLs)。结果：大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌中ESBLs阳性率为39％和45％。肠杆菌属、产ESBLs的大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌对头孢噻肟、头孢他啶、庆大霉素和亚胺培南敏感率分别为3．7％～28．2％、35．9％～74．1％、20．4％～33．3％和89．7％～100％；铜绿假单胞菌对各种抗菌药物均有一定的耐药性。亚胺培南和头孢哌酮-舒巴坦对不动杆菌属敏感率分别为100％、89．7％。结论：加强耐药性监测，合理使用抗生素十分重要。     

某医院常见革兰阴性杆菌的分布与药敏分析

目的 了解珠海市人民医院2009~2010年住院患者常见的菌群分布及其耐药性,为细菌性感染的诊治提供参考依据.方法 用生物梅里埃公司的ATB鉴定系统进行菌种鉴定和药敏试验,用ATBPLUS VER3.0软件统计分析结果.结果 2009~2010年共分离出革兰阴性杆菌3 032株,其中铜绿假单胞菌占29.55%,肺炎克雷伯菌占33.44%,大肠埃希菌占27.51%,阴沟肠杆菌占5.80%,其他革兰阴性杆菌占3.70%.铜绿假单胞菌耐药率高于60%的抗菌药物有头孢噻吩、头孢噻肟、头孢西丁.肺炎克雷伯菌对美罗培南、亚胺培南、头孢吡肟、阿米卡星菌、妥布霉素、哌拉西林/三唑巴坦敏感.大肠埃希菌对第三代头孢菌素、氟喹诺酮类的耐药率增高,对亚胺培南、美罗培南、阿米卡星敏感,对哌拉西林/三唑巴坦、头孢他啶及奈替米星较敏感.阴沟肠杆菌呈多重耐药.结论 该地区常见革兰阴性杆菌的构成比及耐药率和国内其他地区有一定的差异,且细菌多重耐药情况更为严重.     

Evaluation of antimicrobial susceptibility for beta-lactams using the Etest method against clinical isolates from 100 medical centers in Japan (2006)

This antimicrobial resistance surveillance study was performed in 100 medical centers. Susceptibility testing (Etest; AB BIODISK, Solna, Sweden) of 9152 strains including Escherichia coli (991 strains), Klebsiella spp. (1000 strains), Enterobacter spp. (971 strains), Citrobacter spp. (803 strains), indole-positive Proteae spp. (834 strains), Serratia spp. (902 strains), Acinetobacter spp. (874 strains), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (992 strains), oxacillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (984 strains), and coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS; 801 strains) was performed with 7 beta-lactams (cefepime, cefpirome, ceftazidime, cefoperazone/sulbactam, imipenem and piperacillin for Gram-negative bacteria, or oxacillin for Gram-positive bacteria). No strain resistance to these beta-lactams (except for ceftazidime) was found in oxacillin-susceptible S. aureus and CoNS. Of the E. coli clinical isolates, 17.1% were resistant to piperacillin, whereas 2.9% or less (cefpirome = 2.9%) were resistant to other beta-lactam agents. Klebsiella spp. strains were more susceptible to imipenem (99.9%), cefepime (99.2%), ceftazidime (98.6%), and cefpirome (98.3%). Isolates of Enterobacter spp., Citrobacter spp., indole-positive Proteae, and Serratia spp. were susceptible to imipenem, cefepime, and cefpirome as well. Acinetobacter spp. strains were least resistant to cefoperazone/sulbactam (0.7% resistance), imipenem (2.6%), cefepime (6.6%), and ceftazidime (7.7%) compared with other beta-lactam antibiotics tested. Isolates of P. aeruginosa were more susceptible to ceftazidime (8.7% resistance), cefoperazone/sulbactam (9.8%), and cefepime (8.9%) than piperacillin (11.9%), cefpirome (16.2%), and imipenem (12.4%). The percentage of imipenem-resistant P. aeruginosa was approximately 13% in clinical isolates in Japan. The proportion of strains resistant to beta-lactam antimicrobials has been decreasing compared with data from 2004, suggesting that reduced consumption of beta-lactams has reflected the decreased rates of resistant bacterial isolates in Japan.