经直肠超声造影在前列腺外腺良恶性病变鉴别诊断中的作用

目的探讨经直肠超声造影检查在前列腺外腺低回声良恶性病变诊断和鉴别诊断中的价值。方法对66例超声显示前列腺外腺低回声病灶患者行经直肠超声造影检查,观察病灶造影增强模式,用ACQ软件系统对病灶及其周围外腺组织造影参数进行分析比较。超声造影后对患者行经直肠超声引导外腺低回声病灶穿刺活检及常规6针前列腺穿刺活检。结果穿刺活检病理证实30例患者病灶为前列腺癌,36例病灶为良性。以超声造影表现为无增强、增强强度高于、等于、低于周围实质为标准,良、恶性病灶分别为14、8、4、10例和2、20、3、5例,二者差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。外腺低回声良性病灶以内部无增强或增强强度低于周围实质为主,而恶性病灶以增强强度高于周围实质为主。病灶相对造影增强强度可作为前列腺癌鉴别诊断指标（曲线下面积0.73,95%可信区间：0.57～0.89）。结论经直肠超声造影检查有助于前列腺外腺低回声良恶性病变的鉴别诊断。     

经直肠超声对前列腺外腺低回声结节鉴别诊断

目的探讨经直肠超声（TRUS）对前列腺外腺低回声结节声像特征的鉴别诊断意义。方法选择经病理证实的79例TRUS显示外腺低回声结节良恶性病变声像表现进行比较。结果前列腺癌为61％，良性病变39％，其恶性病变主要声像图表现是外腺对称性消失。低回声边缘模糊，累及前列腺包膜等。结论TRUS检查有助于外腺低回声结节的鉴别诊断，有利于提高前列腺穿刺活检的效率。     

超声造影鉴别前列腺结节良恶性的初步探讨

目的 探讨超声造影在鉴别前列腺结节良恶性中的价值.方法 应用造影剂声诺维(SonoVue)对20例经腹超声发现的前列腺结节患者进行前列腺超声造影,观察并分析结节的超声造影特征.结果 本组20例25个前列腺低回声结节中,结节位于内腺14个,外腺11个.内腺结节均为良性增生结节,外腺结节中3个为良性增生结节,8个为前列腺癌.不同部位不同性质的结节超声造影表现也不相同.内腺低回声增生结节表现为与周围内腺实质同步灌注的均匀增强模式;外腺低回声增生结节表现为与周围外腺实质增强强度相似的灌注模式;外腺低回声恶性结节表现为增强强度高于内腺前列腺组织,明显高于周围外腺前列腺组织.所有结节均经前列腺穿刺活检病理证实.结论 超声造影在鉴别前列腺结节良恶性中有一定的应用价值.     

超声引导穿刺活检确诊无症状性炎性前列腺炎

目的回顾性总结无症状性炎性前列腺炎（asymptomatic inflammatory prostatitis，AIP）的临床和声像图特征。 方法1468例次患者因为怀疑前列腺癌而行经直肠超声引导前列腺穿刺活检，其中84例确诊为AIP。 结果59例血清前列腺特异性抗原增高（〉4ng／ml），占70．2％（59／84），范围为4．3～45．3ng／ml，平均17．3ng／ml；32例声像图显示前列腺外腺有局限性低回声病灶，4例为外腺弥漫性低回声病变，另外48例声像图未发现前列腺外腺病灶。 结论AIP患者可以出现前列腺外腺低回声病变，但大部分患者前列腺外腺无声像图异常，AIP的最终确诊仍然需要前列腺液检查或穿刺活检。     

腔内超声对前列腺增生的诊断价值

为评估经直肠腔内超声诊断前列腺增生的价值。方法：ＴＲＵＳ检查３０３例ＢＰＨ。结果：ＴＲＵＳ可清楚显示前列腺内部结构,内外腺大小及比例。结论前列腺增大,尤其内腺增大,出现增生结节,是诊断ＢＰＨ的重要指征。     

经直肠超声引导下穿刺活检诊断前列腺结核

目的：探讨经直肠超声引导下穿刺活检诊断前列腺结核的临床价值。方法：回顾分析774例疑诊为前列腺癌经直肠超声引导下穿刺活检后病理证实的6例前列腺结核的临床资料。结果：6例前列腺结核病灶中5例位于外腺，1例弥漫分布；5例病灶为低回声，1例为囊实混合回声，难以同前列腺癌或其它炎性病灶鉴别。其中4例病灶在穿刺前未明确诊断，后经直肠超声引导下穿刺活检诊断为前列腺结核。结论：经直肠超声引导下前列腺穿刺活检安全性好、准确性高，是诊断前列腺结核的有效方法之一。     

经直肠超声造影在鉴别诊断前列腺良恶性病灶中的应用价值

目的探讨经直肠超声造影在鉴别诊断前列腺良恶性病灶中的应用价值。 方法回顾性分析2014年1月至2016年12月在第三军医大学西南医院行经直肠超声造影检查的72例前列腺疾病患者共88个病灶。所有患者均经超声引导下经直肠前列腺穿刺活检确诊。采用独立样本t检验比较前列腺癌与前列腺良性疾病患者前列腺体积、前列腺内腺体积。以超声引导下经直肠前列腺穿刺活检病理结果作为诊断"金标准",计算经直肠超声造影诊断前列腺病灶良恶性的敏感度、特异度、准确性。 结果本组72例前列腺疾病患者中,52例为前列腺良性疾病患者共67个病灶,20例为前列腺癌患者共21个病灶。前列腺癌患者与前列腺良性疾病患者前列腺体积、前列腺内腺体积差异均无统计学意义[（58.33±34.99）cm³ vs （57.14±24.42）cm³,t=0.185,P=0.854;（34.98±19.96）cm³ vs （33.89±17.65）cm³,t=0.213,P=0.832]。前列腺癌病灶多位于前列腺外腺区（15/21）,其超声造影特征多为动脉期呈高增强,且造影剂消退较周围正常组织迅速（16/21）;前列腺良性病灶多位于前列腺内腺区（47/67）,其超声造影特征多为动脉期等增强,且静脉期与周围正常组织同时消退（47/67）。以超声引导下经直肠前列腺穿刺活检病理结果作为诊断"金标准",经直肠超声造影诊断前列腺病灶良恶性的敏感度为85.71%,特异度为91.04%,准确性为89.77%。漏诊的3个前列腺癌病灶中,2个位于前列腺内外腺交界区,且Gleason评分均为中高分化。误诊的6个前列腺良性病灶,超声引导下经直肠前列腺穿刺活检病理证实5个为前列腺增生伴慢性炎症,1个为肉芽肿性炎伴凝固性坏死。 结论经直肠超声造影能有效鉴别前列腺良恶性病灶,可为前列腺癌的准确诊断提供可靠信息。     

经直肠超声引导穿刺活检研究前列腺外腺增生

目的 通过经直肠超声(TRUS)引导下的前列腺定点穿刺活检以探讨前列腺外腺是否存在增生。方法 27例患者因临床疑诊前列腺癌而行TRUS引导下前列腺外腺定点穿刺活检，共计47点。同一穿刺点上分别在纵向和横向引导下各穿刺1针；如果外腺有低回声结节，则对该结节穿刺2针。在双盲情况下进行病理诊断。结果 20例患者的前列腺内腺呈对称性增大；9例外腺受压变薄，18例受压征象不明显；3例外腺见低回声结节。47点前列腺穿刺活检均确诊为良性前列腺增生。结论 由于前列腺外腺属于腺性组织，因此，像内腺一样可以出现组织学上的增生。     

超声引导经直肠前列腺穿刺活检的诊断

目的；探讨二维及彩色多普勒超声并穿刺活检对前列腺增生合并前列腺癌的术前诊断。方法：对87例临床诊断为前列腺增生的患者经直肠前列腺超声检查并行穿刺活检，结果：穿刺病理证实为前列腺癌14例，良性病变73例，恶性组低回声结节9例（64．28％），结节边缘不清楚11例（78．57％），内外腺分界不清12例（85．71％），均高于良性组，但良、恶性组声图像上均无特征性表现，结论：经直肠前列腺穿刺活检是术前诊断前列腺癌的好方法。     

超声造影诊断前列腺良恶性病变的价值

目的 探讨经直肠超声造影在诊断前列腺良恶性病变中的价值.方法 对60例血清前列腺特异性抗原增高并疑有前列腺疾病患者行经直肠超声榆查,采用SonoVue造影剂结合CPS造影成像技术行超声造影,并观察造影增强方式及增强强度,造影结束同时对患者行经直肠超声引导穿刺活检.对其中38例良、恶性结节患者用ACQ软件绘制时间-强度曲线(TIC),分析造影参数,比较良、恶性间的差异.结果 60例前列腺疾病患者均得到病理证实.良性病变37例,其中结节性病变15例共20个结节,前列腺增生22例.恶性病变23例,结节病灶18例18个,弥漫性病变5例.内腺良性结节超声造影增强方式以均匀增强为主,结节边界清晰;恶性结节以早于正常外腺组织增强为主.恶性结节达峰时间及加速时间均短于良性结节(P<0.05),峰值强度低于良性结节(P<0.05),到达时间良、恶性间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).超声造影对前列腺病变的良恶性鉴别诊断符合率要高于常规经直肠超声(P<0.05).超声造影诊断的敏感度、特异度和正确率均高于常规经直肠超声,而误诊率、漏诊率均小于常规经直肠超声.结论 经直肠超声造影对前列腺癌的早期发现及对良恶性病变的鉴别诊断均具有一定的临床应用价值.     

Peripheral zone hypoechoic lesions of the prostate: evaluation with contrast-enhanced gray scale transrectal ultrasonography.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of contrast-enhanced gray scale transrectal ultrasonography (TRUS) for detection of prostate cancer in peripheral zone hypoechoic lesions of the prostate. METHODS: The study involved 66 patients with peripheral zone hypoechoic lesions detected by TRUS. The lesions were evaluated with contrast-enhanced TRUS to differentiate prostate cancer from benign lesions, and the results were compared with color Doppler ultrasonographic findings. RESULTS: Transrectal ultrasonographically guided biopsy of the hypoechoic lesions revealed prostate cancer in 30 patients and benign prostatic diseases in 36. Flow signals within the lesions were classified as no, increased, equal, and decreased flow compared with surrounding peripheral zone tissue as follows: 1, 16, 12, and 1, respectively, in the prostate cancer group and 10, 12, 10, and 4 in the benign disease group. If we considered an increased flow signal within a peripheral hypoechoic lesion as a sign of prostate cancer, color Doppler ultrasonography had low sensitivity and specificity (55.2% and 53.8%, respectively). The enhancement intensity within the lesions was classified as no, increased, equal, and decreased enhancement compared with surrounding peripheral zone tissue as follows: 2, 20, 3, and 5 in the prostate cancer group and 14, 8, 4, and 10 in the benign disease group. The difference was statistically significant (P<.05). Thus, the peak enhancement intensity would be the optimal parameter for discriminatory performance (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve, 0.74; 95% confidence interval, 0.60-0.88). CONCLUSIONS: Contrast-enhanced TRUS could reveal the presence of vasculature within peripheral zone hypoechoic lesions more objectively than color Doppler ultrasonography and could be promising in guidance of prostate biopsy.     

经直肠超声引导前列腺穿刺活检对前列腺特异抗原小于4 ng/ml前列腺癌的诊断

目的探讨经直肠超声引导下前列腺穿刺活检对前列腺特异抗原(PSA)<4ng/ml前列腺癌诊断的临床价值。方法59例PSA<4ng/ml疑为前列腺癌的患者行经直肠超声引导下前列腺多点穿刺活检,观察前列腺内结节声像图特点,并病理分级,对照分析活检术式的检出情况。结果59例患者中经病理证实前列腺癌16例,检出率为27%,其中12例声像图显示前列腺结节性病变,均分布于外腺,且血流增加较良性病变及癌前病变高。结节区域定点穿刺的检出率较六点系统穿刺活检术高(P<0.05);活检阳性点数占所有活检点数比率为51.2%,病理分级中分化程度占56.25%,低分化程度占31.25%。结论结合经直肠超声声像图和前列腺多点穿刺活检可提高PSA<4ng/ml的前列腺癌检出率,对前列腺癌的早期诊断非常必要。     

Seminal vesicle masses detected incidentally during transrectal sonographic examination of the prostate

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to review the incidence and type of seminal vesicle (SV) masses discovered during transrectal sonography (TRUS) of the prostate. METHODS: Patients were a consecutive series of men referred for TRUS of the prostate because of lower urinary tract symptoms or elevated prostate-specific antigen levels, who were found on TRUS to have SV masses. Patients with prostate cancer involving the SVs were excluded. Cystic lesions were sampled by fine-needle aspiration and solid lesions by core biopsy, all under sonographic guidance. RESULTS: Of the 450 patients who underwent TRUS between January 1997 and December 2001, 10 (2%) were found to have SV masses; 5 masses were cystic and 5 were solid. Cytologic evaluation of aspirated specimens revealed benign findings in all 5 cysts. Four of the 5 patients with solid SV masses had chronic schistosomiasis, and the mass in the fifth patient was a metastatic deposit from a renal cell carcinoma. CONCLUSIONS: SV masses may be responsible for lower urinary tract symptoms in a small fraction of cases. A cystic mass is presumptively benign, whereas a solid lesion has a small probability of being malignant, especially if the patient has a primary neoplasm elsewhere. Schistosomiasis should always be considered when making a differential diagnosis in patients who live in areas where infestation is endemic.     

前列腺癌经直肠超声声像特征

本文分析了172例可疑前列腺癌者经腔内超声及其引导下穿刺活检确诊的49例前列腺癌的声像学特征。认为前列腺癌除了主要表现为低回声型特点外,尚可出现其它回声类型改变及一些间接征象。前列腺介入性超声及其指引下的穿刺活检是前列腺癌诊断及疗效随访的主要方法。     

Should ultrasound criteria of the prostate be redefined to better evaluate when and where to biopsy

During the past 10 years, it has been suggested, and accepted by some, that transrectal ultrasound (TRUS) of the prostate should be used to identify a hypoechoic lesion or, if needed, guide biopsy into nonspecific areas. Retrospectively, the authors attempted to evaluate the need to identify areas that were on pathologic analysis, prostate cancer, but were not hypoechoic, but would require random/systematic biopsy to exclude prostate cancer. Six-hundred fifteen consecutive men were referred to the authors because of a concern found on digital rectal examination or because of increase in prostate-specific antigen. All patients underwent TRUS-guided biopsy of the prostate using either the four-quadrant or sextant biopsy technique. Each area undergoing biopsy was characterized as: 1) normal-appearing; 2) hypoechoic; 3) mixed echogenic (containing both hypoechoic and hyperechoic elements); 4) subtly hyperechoic (containing no calculi); or 5) isoechoic (lesion was seen because of distortion of the normal architecture). A diagnosis of carcinoma was made in 197 patients (32%). Of these, 99 (50.2%) patients had a hypoechoic lesion as the primary site, corresponding to their highest Gleason grade. Twenty-five (12.7%) had mixed echogenicity, nine (4.6%) had hyperechoic foci, and 23 (11.7%) had isoechoic biopsy-proven foci of prostate cancer. Forty-one (20.8%) patients with adenocarcinoma had normal ultrasound findings. The median Gleason grade for cancer in visible mixed echogenic and hyperechoic areas were generally higher than that for cancer in hypoechoic sites. Hypoechoic cancer sites had a Gleason grade range of 2 to 10 (median 5); mixed echogenic foci had a Gleason range of 2 to 10 (median 6); hyperechogenic cancers had a Gleason range of 2 to 8 (median 6); isoechoic cancers had a Gleason range of 2 to 7 (median 5); normal foci had a Gleason range of 2 to 8 (median 5). Results of this study suggest that 50% of clinically significant prostate cancers are not purely hypoechoic, and 37% of all diagnosed cancers contain no hypoechoic elements.     

Nonspecific granulomatous prostatitis

Nonspecific granulomatous prostatitis (NSGP) is a relatively uncommon type of chronic inflammation of the prostate, frequently mistaken for carcinoma on digital rectal examination, trans-rectal ultrasound (TRUS) and serum PSA test. It is presently the most frequent variety of granulomatous prostatitis observed at histological examination. The present study reviews the trans-rectal US results and serum PSA levels of 20 patients with biopsy-proven NSGP. Physical findings, laboratory data and US indicated malignancy in all cases. Sonographically (TRUS), the lesions appeared as single or multiple hypoechoic nodules, mainly localised in the peripheral zone of the gland, mimicking carcinoma. Mean serum PSA values were 13.3 ng/ml (range from 3.5 to 34 ng/ml), and only one patient had a value lower than 4 ng/ml. A sufficiently long period of follow-up (mean 19 months; range from 7 to 48 months) with TRUS and PSA was only possible in 11/20 patients. In 8/11 cases, serum PSA returned within normal range, and in 5/11 patients the US features slowly resolved, the hypoechoic nodules disappearing. Final diagnosis can only be obtained by prostatic biopsy. Several questions remain unanswered regarding the relationship between chronic prostatitis and prostatic carcinoma, natural history, the need for specific therapy and also the follow-up of this disease.     

The utility of transrectal real-time elastography in the diagnosis of prostate cancer

The aim of this study is to evaluate the diagnostic performance of transrectal real-time elastography (TRTE) to differentiate benign from malignant prostatic lesions, with pathologic diagnosis obtained by prostatic needle biopsy. Conventional gray scale transrectal ultrasonography (TRUS) and power Doppler ultrasonography (PDUS) were performed in 107 men who had elevated serum prostate-specific antigen level >4 ng/mL or abnormal findings on digital rectal examination. For baseline TRUS and PDUS imaging, the suspicion of carcinoma was scored using previously proposed five-point subjective scale. For TRTE imaging, we used newly adopted five-point subjective scale based on the degree and distribution of strain in relation to hypoechoic area, which simultaneously displayed on B-mode image. All patients underwent transperineal systematic 8-cores biopsies, as well as up to four cores of targeted biopsy from suspicious area by TRUS, PDUS and/or TRTE. The samples were diagnosed pathologically and compared with the findings of TRUS, PDUS and TRTE. Prostate cancer was detected in 40 (37%) of 107 patients. When a cutoff point of 3 (displaying focal asymmetric lesion without strain not related to hypoechoic lesion) was used, TRTE had 68% sensitivity, 81% specificity and 76% accuracy. TRTE was comparable with PDUS (70% sensitivity, 75% specificity and 73% accuracy) and had significantly higher sensitivity than TRUS (68% vs. 50%, p = 0.027). Combination of TRTE with PDUS increased sensitivity to 78%. The detection rate of directed biopsy from suspicious area in either TRTE or PDUS (TRTE+PDUS-directed biopsy) was 29% (31/107) by patient and was comparable with systematic biopsy (31%, 33/107, p = 0.86), whereas the detection rate of TRTE+PDUS-directed biopsy by core (55/111, 50%) was significantly higher than systematic biopsy (132/856, 15%, p < 0.0001). For assessing prostatic lesions, TRTE with B-mode image-based scoring had almost the same diagnostic performance as PDUS. Although TRTE+PDUS-directed biopsy detected comparable number of cancers with systematic biopsy, both techniques should be used supplementarily for minimizing the number of missing cancers.