Television viewing and abdominal obesity in young adults: is the association mediated by food and beverage consumption during viewing time or reduced leisure-time physical activity?

BACKGROUND: The behavioral pathways through which television (TV) viewing leads to increased adiposity in adults are unclear. OBJECTIVE: We wanted to determine whether the association between TV viewing and abdominal obesity in young adults is mediated by food and beverage consumption during TV viewing time or by a reduction in overall leisure-time physical activity (LTPA). DESIGN: This study involved a cross-sectional analysis of data from 2001 Australian adults aged 26-36 y. Waist circumference (WC) was measured at study clinics, and TV viewing time, frequency of food and beverage consumption during TV viewing, LTPA, and demographic characteristics were self-reported. RESULTS: Women watching TV > 3 h/d had a higher prevalence of severe abdominal obesity (WC: > or = 88 cm) compared with women watching < or = 1 h/d [prevalence ratio (PR): 1.89; 95% CI: 1.32, 2.71]. Moderate abdominal obesity (WC: 94-101.9 cm) was more prevalent in men watching TV > 3 h/d than in men watching < or = 1 h/d (PR: 2.16; 95% CI: 1.37, 3.41). Adjustment for LTPA made little difference, but adjustment for food and beverage consumption during TV viewing attenuated the associations (PR: 1.48; 95% CI: 1.01, 2.17 for women; PR: 1.73; 95% CI: 1.06, 2.83 for men). CONCLUSIONS: The association between TV viewing and WC in young adults may be partially explained by food and beverage consumption during TV viewing but was not explained by a reduction in overall LTPA. Other behaviors likely contribute to the association between TV viewing and obesity.     

髓过氧化物酶与超敏C反应蛋白在预警急性冠脉综合征中的价值比较（英文）

Background:High-sensitivity C-reactive protein(hs-CRP)is a major factor for predicting acute coronary syndrome(ACS).Myeloperoxidase(MPO)also plays an important role in atherosclerosis initiation and development.In the present work,a detail comparison between MPO and hs-CRP for early warning ACS is discussed.Objective:To compare the values between MPO and hs-CRP for early warning ACS and predicting major adverse cardiovascular events(MACEs)in CHD patients.Methods:MPO,hs-CRP and ACS-related risk factors from 201 ACS and 210 non-ACS patients were tested,and data were analyzed with SPSS software.Major adverse cardiovascular events(MACEs)were investigated during the 4-year period follow-up in 285 coronary heart disease(CHD)patients.Results:The areas under receiver operating characteristic(ROC)curve for diagnosing ACS were 0.888(95%CI 0.843-0.933)for MPO,and 0.862(95%CI 0.815-0.910)for hs-CRP,respectively.Compared to hs-CRP,MPO had more correlations strongly with ACS-related risk factors of TG,HDL-C and LDL-C in ACS patients(p0.05).Prospective study demonstrated that the incidences of MACEs associated significantly with elevated MPO baseline level(yes vs no,OR 7.383,95%CI 4.095-13.309)and high hs-CRP baseline level(yes vs no,OR 4.186,95%CI 2.469-7.097).Conclusions:MPO as inflammatory marker for early warning ACS has some advantages compared to hsCRP.Elevated baseline MPO and hs-CRP levels are both valuable predictors of MACEs in CHD patients.     

The health effects of emigration on those who remain at home

BACKGROUND: The health effects of emigration on relatives staying behind has received little attention in the recent literature. Our aim was to assess the association of spouse and offspring emigration with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) in Albania, a country which is undergoing a particularly rapid socio-economic transition accompanied by intensive emigration. METHODS: A population-based case-control study, conducted in Tirana, Albania, in 2003-06, included 467 non-fatal consecutive ACS patients (370 men, 97 women; 88% response) and 737 population-representative controls (469 men, 268 women; 69% response) aged 35-74 years. Information on emigration of family members and financial support, socio-demographic characteristics and conventional coronary risk factors was obtained by a structured questionnaire and examination. Associations of emigrational variables with ACS were assessed by logistic regression. RESULTS: Forty five percent of female and 25% of male patients, and 17 and 15% of controls, respectively, reported emigration of a close family member. These were younger and of lower education, income and social status than controls without emigrants. Forty nine percent of patient emigrants vs 76% of control emigrants remitted funds. Excess risk of ACS was confined to individuals whose emigrant relatives did not remit monies home [multivariable-adjusted odds ratio (OR) = 10.8, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 2.6-44.8 in women, and OR = 2.0, 95% CI = 0.9-4.3 in men; P for sex-interaction = 0.03] and was attributable largely to spouse emigration. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings, which require confirmation, suggest that emigration of close family, but especially of spouses, coupled with non-remittance of financial support is associated with marked health effects in the spouse or parent left behind, and that women are more vulnerable than men.     

中国老年人群阿尔茨海默病发病危险因素的Meta分析

目的 通过Meta分析探讨我国老年人群阿尔茨海默病发病危险因素。方法 利用Meta分析对国内外公开发表的有关中国老年人群发表危险因素的32篇研究进行定量综合分析。结果 影响阿尔茨海默病发病危险因素包括:年龄OR = 1.38 (95%CI:1.05～1.82)、受教育程度低OR = 2.17 (95%CI:1.68～2.81)、痴呆家族史OR = 3.37 (95%CI:1.90～5.96)、精神病家族史OR = 4.86 (95%CI:2.58～9.18)、负性生活事件OR = 2.13 (95%CI:1.37～3.33)、高血压OR = 1.46 (95%CI:1.14～1.87)、糖尿病OR = 2.20 (95%CI:1.36～3.56)、心血管病史OR = 2.05 (95%CI:1.49～2.80)、脑外伤OR = 2.79 (95%CI:1.66～4.69)和血脂异常OR = 1.71 (95%CI:1.44～2.03)和不参加体育锻炼OR = 1.99 (95%CI:1.58～2.52)。结论 阿尔茨海默病发病受多种危险因素影响,其早期预防应采取有针对性的预防措施,如积极控制相关疾病病情、加强体育锻炼等。     

Obstructive sleep apnea, detected by the Berlin Questionnaire: an associated risk factor for coronary artery disease

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), a risk factor for coronary artery disease, remains under diagnosed. We investigated if OSA identified by the Berlin Questionnaire (BQ) is associated with the risk of coronary artery disease. Cases were patients referred for elective coronariography. The cases were classified with significant coronary lesions (stenosis > 50% in an epicardial coronary) or without significant coronary lesions. Controls were selected from a population-based sample. Positive BQ results were identified in 135 (41.2%) of 328 cases, in contrast with 151 (34.4%) of 439 control subjects (p = 0.03). In a multinomial logistic analysis, the risk for OSA identified by the BQ was independently associated with coronary artery disease in cases with lesions of at least 50% (OR = 1.53; 95%CI: 1.02-2.30; p = 0.04). The risk from OSA identified by the BQ was higher in younger subjects (40-59 years) (OR = 1.76; 95%CI: 1.05-2.97; p = 0.03) and in women (OR = 3.56; 95%CI: 1.64-7.72; p = 0.001). In conclusion, OSA identified by the BQ greatly increases the risks of coronary artery disease in patients having significant coronary artery lesions indicated by anangiogram, particularly in younger individuals and in women.     

Gender inequalities in the management of angina pectoris: cross-sectional survey in primary care

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: To determine the extent of gender differences in the routine clinical care of patients with angina pectoris in primary care. METHODS: A cross-sectional survey of general practitioner (GP) medical records undertaken by trained data managers in 6 GP practices. 925 adults (489 men) with a clinical diagnosis of angina (prevalence = 2.4%, 95%CI 2.3-2.6). Data extracted included: level of care; risk factor recording; prescribed medication; exercise ECG and coronary revascularisation. Adjusted male-to-female odds ratios (AOR) adjusted for age, angina duration, and previous myocardial infarction, (MI). RESULTS: Women with angina were older than men (71 v 65 years) with a lower prevalence of MI (30% v 45%), but a longer duration of angina (5 v 4 years). Men were more likely to receive once daily aspirin (AOR = 2.07, 95%CI 1.56-2.74) and be prescribed triple anti-anginal therapy (1.58, 95%CI 1.03-2.42). Men were also significantly more likely to undergo exercise ECG (1.56, 95%CI 1.14-2.15) and surgical revascularisation (1.71, 95%CI 1.03-2.85). Women tended to receive GP care alone (AOR =0.64, 95%CI 0.46-0.89), whilst men received specialist cardiac care (1.47, 95%CI 1.09-2.00). Beta-blocker use following MI was similar (0.99, 95%CI 0.59-1.69). CONCLUSION: Differences in the management of men and women are unaccountedfor by differences in age, previous MI or duration of angina. Gender differences in management of CHD reported from secondary care may also exist in primary care.     

Energy Balance and Rectal Cancer: An Evaluation of Energy Intake,Energy Expenditure,and Body Mass Index

Lack of energy balance, or greater energy intake than expenditure as indicated by a large body mass index (BMI), has been associated with colon cancer, although less is known about its association with rectal cancer. In this study, we examined the association between BMI, energy intake, and energy expenditure and their combined effect on rectal cancer risk. A population-based case-control study was conducted in Utah and Northern California. Incident cases (n = 952) of rectal cancer and population-based controls (n = 1205) were interviewed between 1997 and 2002 to obtain detailed information on body size, dietary intake, and physical activity patterns. BMI (kg/m2) was not associated with rectal cancer in either men or women. Participation in vigorous leisure-time physical activity over the past 20 yr was associated with a significant 40% reduction in rectal cancer risk. Energy intake was associated significantly with increased risk of rectal cancer, especially among people whose diagnosis was prior to age 60 yr (odds ratio [OR] = 3.9; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.7-9.1 for men; OR = 2.8; 95% CI = 1.1-7.2 for women). There was a significant interaction between energy intake and energy expenditure, although not between BMI and either energy intake or energy expenditure. These data suggest that large BMI, an indicator of lack of energy balance, is not an important component of the etiology of rectal cancer. However, both physical activity and energy intake were significantly associated with rectal cancer risk. These data suggest that energy expenditure and energy intake alter rectal cancer risk through mechanisms other than energy balance.     

郑州市社区老年冠心病患者衰弱现状及影响因素分析

目的 了解郑州市社区老年冠心病患者衰弱现状及主要影响因素。方法 采用一般资料调查表、Tilburg衰弱量表等工具,对郑州市2个社区821例老年冠心病患者衰弱现状进行调查,采用多因素logistic回归分析筛查影响因素。结果 老年冠心病患者衰弱发生率为24.0%;logistic回归分析显示,年龄(60～69)岁(OR = 0.348, 95%CI: 0.159～0.764)、不服药(OR = 0.247, 95%CI:0.134～0.456)、认知正常(OR = 0.511,95%CI:0.283～0.923)、不抑郁(OR = 0.177,95%CI:0.096～0.327)、高握力(OR = 0.686,95%CI:0.634～0.742)、高BMI(OR = 0.830,95%CI:0.765～0.900)是社区老年冠心病患者衰弱的保护因素(P＜0.05),缺乏运动(OR = 3.392,95%CI: 1.948～5.904)、空腹血糖(OR = 2.293,95%CI:1.745～3.015)、心率(OR = 1.035,95%CI: 1.012～1.060)、甘油三酯(OR = 1.418, 95%CI:1.096～1.834)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(OR = 3.447,95%CI:2.268～5.238)是社区老年冠心病患者衰弱的危险因素(P＜0.05)。结论 郑州市社区老年冠心病患者衰弱发生率高,并且受多种可控因素的影响,应予以重视。     

Energy balance and rectal cancer: an evaluation of energy intake, energy expenditure, and body mass index

Lack of energy balance, or greater energy intake than expenditure as indicated by a large body mass index (BMI), has been associated with colon cancer, although less is known about its association with rectal cancer. In this study, we examined the association between BMI, energy intake, and energy expenditure and their combined effect on rectal cancer risk. A population-based case-control study was conducted in Utah and Northern California. Incident cases (n = 952) of rectal cancer and population-based controls (n = 1205) were interviewed between 1997 and 2002 to obtain detailed information on body size, dietary intake, and physical activity patterns. BMI (kg/m(2)) was not associated with rectal cancer in either men or women. Participation in vigorous leisure-time physical activity over the past 20 yr was associated with a significant 40% reduction in rectal cancer risk. Energy intake was associated significantly with increased risk of rectal cancer, especially among people whose diagnosis was prior to age 60 yr (odds ratio [OR] = 3.9; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.7-9.1 for men; OR = 2.8; 95% CI = 1.1-7.2 for women). There was a significant interaction between energy intake and energy expenditure, although not between BMI and either energy intake or energy expenditure. These data suggest that large BMI, an indicator of lack of energy balance, is not an important component of the etiology of rectal cancer. However, both physical activity and energy intake were significantly associated with rectal cancer risk. These data suggest that energy expenditure and energy intake alter rectal cancer risk through mechanisms other than energy balance.     

贵阳市高校教师颈椎慢性疼痛现状及影响因素分析

目的 了解贵阳市高校教师颈椎慢性疼痛情况,为高校教师颈椎慢性疼痛方面的医疗卫生服务提供参考依据。 方法 采取单纯随机抽样方法抽出7所公办本科高校,再整群随机抽取部分学院的教师,采用问卷对抽中的教师进行面对面调查。 结果 共调查963名高校教师,检出颈椎慢性疼痛患者360例,颈椎慢性疼痛患病率37.4%。男性患病率为29.9%,女性患病率为42.9%,女性患病率高于男性（〖XC五号.EPSP〗=16.927,P<0.001）。高校教师颈椎慢性疼痛患者的平均疼痛时间3年,女性较男性疼痛时间要长（Z=-2.936,P=0.003）;疼痛最主要类型为酸、胀痛。颈椎疼痛对80%以上的高校教师的日常、睡眠、心情都有轻度以上的影响。多因素分析结果显示,伏案时间（OR=1.247,95%CI:1.035~1.502）和每周运动天数较少:<1天（OR=2.808,95%CI:1.859~4.243）、1~2天（OR=1.750,95%CI:1.207~2.537）、3~4天（OR=1.636,95%CI:1.133~2.363）是高校教师患颈椎慢性疼痛的独立危险因素。 结论 贵阳市高校教师群体颈椎慢性疼痛患病率较高、呈年轻化趋势,疼痛病史较长,女性较男性严重;颈椎慢性疼痛影响患者的睡眠和心情。应关注高校教师颈椎慢性疼痛的防控。     

潍坊市成人居民主要慢性病患病现状及其影响因素分析

目的 了解潍坊市成人居民慢性病患病现状及其影响因素,为慢性病预防与控制提供理论依据。方法 采用分层随机抽样方法在潍坊市抽取5 156名≥18岁成人居民进行问卷调查,利用logistic回归分析主要慢性病患病影响因素。结果 潍坊市成人居民高血压、血脂异常及糖尿病患病率分别为35.16%、34.60%、9.39%;对其影响因素进行logistic回归分析,多因素结果显示男性（OR = 1.391,95%CI:1.164～1.661）、年龄大（OR = 13.568,95%CI:8.215～22.408）、饮酒（OR = 1.270,95%CI:1.060～1.520）、肥胖（OR = 9.644,95%CI:5.203～17.878）、高盐（OR = 1.020,95%CI:1.000～1.041）、自评健康状况差（OR = 3.006,95%CI:1.694～5.335）、锻炼（OR = 0.834,95%CI: 0.725～0.959）是高血压的影响因素;男性（OR = 1.268,95%CI:1.032～1.558）、年龄大（OR = 6.049,95%CI:2.420～15.117）、肥胖（OR = 18.227,95%CI:2.471～134.480）、自评健康状况差（OR = 3.664,95%CI:1.093～12.277）、锻炼（OR = 0.719,95%CI:0.587～0.880）是糖尿病的影响因素;年龄大（OR = 2.209,95%CI:1.522～3.206）、自评健康状况好（OR = 0.859,95%CI:0.743～0.993）、已婚（OR = 0.599,95%CI:0.402～0.893）、肥胖（OR = 6.239,95%CI:3.868～10.062）、吸烟（OR = 1.281,95%CI:1.076～1.526）、高盐（OR = 1.024,95%CI:1.006～1.043）、高油（OR = 1.208,95%CI:1.007～1.014）是血脂异常的影响因素。结论 高血压、血脂异常和糖尿病是潍坊市成人居民的主要健康问题,其患病率随年龄呈上升趋势,应加强对老年人、超重和肥胖居民的健康管理,同时大力倡导低盐饮食,戒烟限酒,适度锻炼,提高居民生存质量。     

Leisure-time exercise and overall physical activity in older women caregivers and non-caregivers from the Caregiver-SOF Study

BACKGROUND: Elderly caregivers report less leisure-time physical activity than same-aged non-caregivers. However, through caregiving tasks, caregivers may be as physically active as non-caregivers. This study compared leisure-time exercise and overall physical activity in elderly women caregivers and non-caregivers. METHODS: The sample included 179 caregivers (153 cared for spouses and 26 for other relatives or friends) and 670 non-caregivers who were participants in the Study of Osteoporotic Fractures. Leisure-time exercise was based on respondents' report of walking for exercise or other regular exercise at least once a week. High overall physical activity included leisure-time exercise or being in the top quartile of walking and climbing stairs during one's daily routine. RESULTS: Leisure-time exercise was lower in spouse caregivers (adjusted odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.64, 0.41-1.00) and non-spouse caregivers (OR = 0.39, 95% CI = 0.16-0.95) than married non-caregivers. Differences in overall physical activity between caregivers and married non-caregivers were smaller and not statistically significant. Caregivers who climbed stairs at least 15 min/day during caregiving tasks reported more overall physical activity than non-caregivers (OR = 4.06, 95% CI = 1.23-13.36). CONCLUSIONS: Studies comparing physical activity in caregivers and non-caregivers should assess activities performed during routine caregiving tasks.     

Cardiovascular risk factors and educational attainment in Southern Spain: A study of a random sample of 3091 adults

Study objective: To analyze the associations between educational attainment and major cardiovascular disease risk factors in the Murcia Region (Southern Spain). Design: During 1992 we conducted a survey by interview, with multi-stage random sampling, representative of the general adult population. We calculated odds ratios (OR) and trends by logistic regression as a measure of the association between educational levels and cardiovascular risk factors, taking the university level as the reference category. Participants: A total of 1514 men and 1577 women aged between 18 and 65 years was included in the study. Rate of response to the questionnaire was 61%. Seventy-eight percent of the respondents provided a blood sample. A telephone survey on a representative sample of non-respondents (n=347), showed no statistical differences in the level of studies. Measurements: We asked for educational level (highest schooling qualification completed), and according to the WHO MONICA protocol we measured: blood pressure, cigarette smoking, height, weight and total cholesterol, tryglicerides and HDL-cholesterol. We also obtained the leisure-time physical activity by a validated questionnaire. Main results: In a context of a low level of schooling, mainly among the older age groups, the prevalence of risk factors – except smoking in women – is higher in the lower educational levels. Systolic blood pressure tends slightly to increase as schooling level decreases (both genders, p < 0.02). Conversely, serum total cholesterol and triglycerides decrease with higher level of schooling in men. The high levels of HDL- cholesterol observed in all educational groups show no trend in both genders. Arterial hypertension in men and women and overweight in women tend to decrease with higher educational attainment. Moreover, higher level of education is associated with vigorous physical exercise in both genders and cigarette smoking in women. We observed the strongest significant magnitude association in non-schooling with hypertension in men (OR:1.82; 95% CI: 1.15, 2.89), in women (OR:2.39; 95% CI: 1.05, 5.44), and with overweight in women (OR: 3.22; 95% CI: 1.97, 5.27), meaning that compared to people at the university level, people without schooling showed two to three times higher prevalence of hypertension and overweight (only women). Also non-schooling obtained the lowest significant association with protective physical exercise for coronary heart disease in men (OR: 0.32; 95% CI: 0.18, 0.56) and in women (OR: 0.31; 95% CI: 0.15, 0.62) pointing out that people at the university level of education had three times the prevalence of vigorous physical activity than their non schoolarized counterparts. Conclusions: After adjusting for environmental factors, in our adult general population, educational attainment is inversely associated with arterial hypertension in both genders and with overweight in women, and directly associated with cigarette smoking in women and with leisure-time physical activity in both genders.     

Factors associated with physical activity in the Portuguese population

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the association between demographic, social and behavior characteristics and different types of physical activity. METHODS: A total of 37.692 subjects of a representative sample of the Portuguese population were studied as part of the National Health Survey in 1998 and 1999. Most were females (53.1%) aged>or=20 years. Daily physical activity was self-reported based on a questionnaire and discriminated in different types: total physical activity, leisure-time and exercise. Each type of physical activity was dichotomized into low (light/moderate) and high intensity (heavy/very heavy). Odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals were estimated using unconditional logistic regression. RESULTS: In both men and women, a significant inverse association between age and different types of physical activity and between obesity and leisure time physical activity and exercise was seen. A positive association was found between education (or=12 years) and leisure-time PA (OR 1; 1.58; 2.39 in females and 1; 1.44; 2.08 in males) and exercise (OR 1; 3.50; 9.77 in females and 1; 3.42; 7.61 in males) and an inverse association with total physical activity (OR 1; 0.65; 0.20 in females and 1; 0.47; 0.09 in males) was found. Regardless of age, single subjects were frequently more active. Alcohol consumption in both men and women and tobacco consumption in males were negatively associated with leisure-time physical activity. CONCLUSIONS: Youngest, normal weighted, single, non-drinkers subjects and non-smokers males were more likely to be physically active. In both men and women, there was a clear effect of education on the type of physical activity.     

云南省基本公共卫生服务管理的高血压患者合并症现状分析

目的 了解云南省基本公共卫生服务管理的高血压患者合并症现状及其影响因素,为后续针对性干预措施提供科学依据。方法 于2021年采用分层多阶段随机抽样,抽取云南8个县区接受基本公共卫生服务管理的1 181例35岁及以上高血压患者作为研究对象。通过问卷调查、体格检查和实验室检测,收集糖尿病、脑卒中、冠脉疾病、慢性肾脏病、心力衰竭等高血压合并症信息,分析高血压合并症在性别和居住地中的分布,采用多因素logistic回归的分析方法对高血压合并症的影响因素进行分析。结果 1 181例高血压患者中合并症282例（23.9%）;其中糖尿病占72.6%。单因素结果显示:汉族患合并症的风险高于其他民族（χ2=14.536,P＜0.001）、每天平均静态时间≥6 h高于＜6 h（χ2=5.323,P=0.021）。服用降压药（χ2=11.386,P=0.003）、体力活动不足（χ2=5.339,P=0.021）、腹型肥胖（χ2=19.682,P＜0.001）及血脂异常者（χ2=27.539,P＜0.001）患合并症风险更高。多因素logistic回归分析结果发现:与男性相比,女性是患合并症的保护因素（OR=0.725, 95%CI:0.539～0.976）,年龄≥65岁（OR=2.045, 95%CI:1.014～4.126）、汉族（OR=1.648, 95%CI:1.184～2.294）、血脂异常（OR=1.882, 95%CI:1.415～2.502）、用1种（OR=1.379, 95%CI:1.003～1.897）和≥2种降压药（OR=1.637, 95%CI:1.075～2.494）、腹型肥胖（OR=1.904, 95%CI:1.402～2.586）、平均静态时间≥6 h（OR=1.524, 95%CI:1.075～2.160）是患合并症的危险因素。结论 本研究高血压患者合并症检出率为23.9%,需要继续完善基本公共卫生服务的管理及相关合并症防控。     

辽宁省农村地区40岁及以上人群颈动脉粥样硬化流行病学特征现状分析

目的 探讨辽宁省农村地区动脉粥样硬化患病率及影响因素,为进一步干预及降低心血管疾病负担提供理论依据.方法 本横断面研究于2017年9月-2018年5月在朝阳县和凌源市进行,采用问卷调查、体格检查及实验室检查的方式对5 838名≥40岁的常住居民进行研究,分析动脉粥样硬化的患病率和影响因素.结果 辽宁省农村地区动脉粥样硬...     

Risk factors associated with onset of urinary incontinence in a community-dwelling elderly population: a 4-year follow-up study

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the risk factors associated with onset of urinary incontinence in a rural community-dwelling elderly population. METHODS: The study area, village N in Akita Prefecture, is a rural community in which a baseline survey of TMIG-LISA (Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Longitudinal and Interdisciplinary Study on Aging) was undertaken in 1996. Among the baseline subjects, 760 (314 males and 446 females) community-dwelling elderly people aged over 65, who did not suffer from urinary incontinence at entry of the survey were selected. This cohort has been followed for four years by multi-dimensional medical examination including interviews and physical performance tests, conducted on a yearly basis using similar methods to these for the baseline survey. RESULTS: After the 4-year follow-up, the incidence of urinary incontinence was 7.0% (22/314) in men and 12.3% (55/446) in women. The urinary incontinence group (UIG) had a significantly higher age and lower level of functional fitness at baseline for both sexes. In the UIG, the men but not the women had significantly lower serum levels of albumin and total cholesterol. By the logistic model, age (per 1-year increase: OR = 1.23, 95%CI: 1.11-1.38), and serum albumin (per 0.1 g/dl increase: OR = 0.70, 95%CI: 0.54-0.88) in men; and grip strength (per 1-kg increase: OR = 0.92, 95%CI: 0.86-0.98), social role (per 1-point decrease: OR = 1.81, 95%CI: 1.19-2.73), BMI (per 1-kg/m2 increase: OR = 1.10, 95%CI: 1.01-1.20) and smoking status (never smoker = 1.00, 3 = current smoker: OR = 7.53, 95%CI: 1.36-41.63) in women were independent variables significantly associated with onset of urinary incontinence. CONCLUSIONS: Lifestyle and functional fitness are significantly associated with onset of urinary incontinence in this population. Our findings suggest that intervention programs are needed to improve pelvic floor muscle and to provide social support for the elderly.     

河南省新乡县农村居民脑卒中流行现况及影响因素分析

目的 了解河南省新乡县农村地区成年常住居民脑卒中流行现况及其影响因素。方法 于2017年4月—2017年6月采用整群抽样方法,随机抽取河南省新乡县朗公庙、七里营2个乡镇17个农村村落的成年常住居民(≥18岁)10 691人进行脑卒中及相关因素的问卷调查、体格检查与实验室检测。结果 本次调查共纳入资料完整对象10 455人进行分析,河南省新乡县农村地区脑卒中粗患病率为6.60%,年龄标准化患病率为5.05%;其中40岁以上人群脑卒中粗患病率为6.58%,标准化患病率为2.89%;男性、女性的性别粗患病率分别为8.39%和5.35%,标准化患病率分别为3.63%和2.39%。在脑卒中常见慢性共患病中,高血压共病率最高,为55.94%,糖尿病共病率最低,为14.64%。多因素logistic回归分析显示,年龄≥50岁(50～59岁:OR = 3.968, 95%CI: 2.654～5.933; 60～69岁:OR = 8.694, 95%CI: 5.906～12.798; ≥70岁:OR = 8.854, 95%CI: 5.855～13.390)、职业为农民(OR = 1.821, 95%CI:1.174～2.824)、高血压(OR = 2.151, 95%CI: 1.816～2.547)、血脂异常(OR = 2.434, 95%CI: 1.950～3.038)、糖尿病(OR = 1.393, 95%CI: 1.091～1.778)、冠心病(OR = 1.385, 95%CI: 1.117～1.718)可能是脑卒中患病的危险因素(P＜0.05);女性(OR = 0.542, 95%CI: 0.455～0.646)、有适度(OR = 0.668, 95%CI: 0.544～0.819)/剧烈运动(OR = 0.696, 95%CI: 0.571～0.849)可能是脑卒中患病的保护因素(P＜0.05)。结论 河南省新乡县农村地区成年常住居民脑卒中患病率较高,男性、≥50岁、农民、无适度/剧烈运动者、合并高血压、血脂异常、冠心病和糖尿病者仍是脑卒中防治的重点人群。     

山东省40岁及以上居民慢性阻塞性肺疾病患病情况及危险因素分析

目的 了解山东省≥40岁居民慢性阻塞性肺疾病患病率及危险因素,为制定防控策略提供依据。方法 2015年7月—2016年2月,采用分层整群随机抽样的方法在山东省抽取3 600名≥40岁居民进行问卷调查、体格检查及肺功能检查。采用复杂抽样加权估算慢阻肺的患病率,并应用多因素logistic回归模型分析患病的危险因素。结果 本次调查项目全部完成且质控合格的共3 317人,慢阻肺患病471人,经复杂加权后山东省≥40岁居民慢阻肺患病率为13.391%,男性患病率为20.200%,女性为6.632%,男性高于女性（χ2 = 95.359,P＜0.001）,40～49岁、50～59岁、60～69岁、≥70岁年龄组的患病率分别为6.549%、10.837%、19.991%、23.632%,随年龄的增长患病率增高（χ2 = -12.018,P＜0.001）;多因素logistic回归分析显示,性别（OR = 2.416,95%CI = 1.639～3.561）、年龄（OR = 3.749,95%CI = 1.883～7.467）、有慢性支气管炎（简称慢支）等慢性呼吸系统疾病家族史（OR = 1.444,95%CI = 1.127～1.849）、儿童时期严重肺部感染史（OR = 3.183,95%CI = 1.414～7.168）、吸烟（OR = 2.207,95%CI = 1.805～2.698）、做饭时不通风（OR = 1.361,95%CI = 1.021～1.814）等是慢阻肺患病的危险因素。结论 山东省≥40岁居民慢阻肺患病率较高,应从各项危险因素入手,特别是男性、高龄、有慢性呼吸系统疾病家族史、吸烟、儿童时期严重肺部感染史、室内空气污染等方面,加强对慢阻肺的防控。     

遵义地区脑卒中患者生活方式和饮食习惯现状调查及危险因素分析

目的 调查遵义地区脑卒中患者的生活方式和饮食习惯现状,探讨该地区脑卒中的危险因素。方法 采用病例对照研究方法,以在遵义市第一人民医院住院的患者为研究对象,于2017年1月- 2019年1月期间收集280对病例对照,研究遵义地区脑卒中患病的危险因素。结果 遵义地区脑卒中患病的危险因素有超重或肥胖（OR = 2.782,95%CI = 1.742～4.442）、高血压（OR = 3.124,95%CI = 1.689～5.778）、吸烟（OR = 2.456,95%CI = 1.543～3.912）、饮酒（OR = 2.324,95%CI = 1.288～4.191）、缺乏运动（OR = 1.873,95%CI = 1.108～3.168）、高盐（OR = 3.074,95%CI = 2.069～4.568）、高脂（OR = 2.421,95%CI = 1.381～4.242）、尿酸（OR = 2.547,95%CI = 1.582～4.100）、空腹血糖（OR = 2.032,95%CI = 1.300～3.177）、TG（OR = 1.928,95%CI = 1.340～2.770）和LDL - C（OR = 1.903,95%CI = 1.202～3.010）（P＜0.05）,保护因素为摄入充足的蔬菜（OR = 0.438,95%CI = 0.221～0.866）（P＜0.05）。结论 遵义地区脑卒中患病的危险因素众多,应根据上述危险因素对该地区的高危人群提出有针对性地干预措施,以达到有效预防脑卒中发生的目的。