哈尔滨市城乡中学生焦虑状况及其影响因素分析

目的 了解哈尔滨市中学生焦虑情绪的流行特征及其相关影响因素,为学校实施有效的干预措施提供依据.方法 采用焦虑自评量表(SAS)、艾森克个性问卷(EPQ)、父母教养方式评价量表(EMBU)、特质焦虑问卷(STAI)和自拟量表,对哈尔滨市城乡初一至高二年级学生5130名进行调查.结果 中学生焦虑状况得分为(43.44±10.75)分,40.3%的学生存在不同程度的焦虑.农村中学生焦虑得分高于城市中学生,差异有统计学意义;男生焦虑得分高于女生,差异有统计学意义;初、高中学生焦虑情绪的差异无统计学意义.逐步回归分析显示,特质焦虑、母亲惩罚严厉(MF4)、神经质、父亲情感温暖(FF1)、学习压力、精神质、父亲偏爱被试(FF4)、父亲过度保护(FF6)、师生关系、父亲拒绝否认(FF5)、母亲情感温暖理解(MF1)以及内-外向对焦虑的作用明显.结论 哈尔滨市城乡中学生的焦虑状况较为严重,农村中学生尤其令人担忧.     

哈尔滨市中学生考试焦虑影响因素研究

目的研究中学生考试焦虑与影响因素之间的关系,为开展考试焦虑的干预提供理论依据。方法在期末考试前2周,采用考试焦虑量表、特质焦虑问卷、父母教养方式评价量表、艾森克个性问卷和自拟量表对初一到高三学生910名进行调查。结果考试焦虑水平较高的学生占32.0%,女生较高考试焦虑的比例(36.1%)高于男生(26.9%);年级间考试焦虑水平差异有显著性,初中毕业班学生考试焦虑水平(21.66±7.03)最高。逐步回归分析显示,自我负面认知、特质焦虑、学校社会压力、神经质、父母压力对考试焦虑的作用明显。结论中学生考试焦虑问题较普遍,学生自我认知因素和特质焦虑、神经质对考试焦虑作用较大。     

哈尔滨市中学生焦虑状况及其影响因素研究

【目的】了解哈尔滨市中学生焦虑情绪的发生状况及其相关影响因素分析。【方法】采用焦虑自评量表(Self-Rating Anxiety Scale,SAS)、特质焦虑问卷(State-Trait Anxiety Inventory,STAI)、父母教养方式评价量表(EgmaMinnen av Bardndosnauppforstran,EMBU)、艾森克个性问卷(Eysenck Personality Questionnaire,EPQ)和自拟量表对4030名(初一、初二、初三及高一、高二年级)中学生进行了调查。【结果】本研究中焦虑状况的平均得分为(41.42±12.78),35.5%的学生存在不同程度的焦虑状况。男女生在焦虑水平上不存在较为明显的性别差异;初中生焦虑水平高于高中生,初三学生的焦虑水平最高(42.29±0.47)。逐步回归显示,特质焦虑、神经质、自尊、师生关系、学习压力、父惩罚严厉(FF2)、父过分干涉(FF3)、父过度保护(FF6)、母惩罚严厉(MF4)和母情感温暖(MF1)对焦虑的作用明显。【结论】哈尔滨市中学生的焦虑水平高于中国正常人常模中的焦虑平均分值,并与多种因素相关。     

城乡中学生焦虑影响因素的通径分析

[目的]探讨城乡中学生焦虑的影响因素及因素间相互作用的方式. [方法]采用焦虑自评量表、特质焦虑问卷、父母教养方式评价量表、艾森克个性问卷和自拟量表,用分层整群抽样的方法,对4 030名(初一～初三及高一、高二年级)中学生进行了问卷调查.并应用通径分析方法探讨各影响因素对中学生焦虑的影响路径. [结果]特质焦虑、学习压力、父母温暖理解以及负面教养方式对城乡中学生焦虑均有直接作用;而自尊和学习成绩则通过学习压力或特质焦虑间接影响中学生焦虑;引起城市学生焦虑的直接因素还包括神经质、精神质和内外向等人格因素,而农村学生的人格因素中的精神质和神经质则足通过学习压力间接对学生焦虑起作用. [结论]减小学习压力、改善不良的父母教养方式可能是降低中学生焦虑水平的根本途径.应用通经分析推断焦虑影响因素之间的路径关系,计算各因素对中学生焦虑直接和/或间接作用的大小,可以为中学牛焦虑的干预提供理论依据.     

医学生社交焦虑状况及影响因素的研究

目的了解某医学院校公共卫生专业学生社交焦虑现状以及相关影响因素,为今后开展综合干预提供依据。方法采用社交回避及苦恼量表、状态-特质焦虑量表、父母教养方式评价量表、艾森克个性问卷和自拟量表对公共卫生专业552名本科生进行问卷调查。结果(1)被试医学生的社交焦虑总体水平8.95±5.58,不同生长地、每月不同生活费、父亲不同文化程度组别间焦虑水平差异有统计学意义。(2)社交焦虑与状态、特质焦虑,个性中的精神质、神经质和内外向,父母教养方式中的母亲拒绝、否认和惩罚、严厉,自拟量表中的害怕否定评价、学校压力正相关;与父母教养方式中的父、母情感温暖、理解,自拟量表中应付方式、家庭亲密程度、社交情绪反应、社会适应能力、社会资源与支持和对未来的期望值的负相关。(3)逐步回归显示,特质焦虑、社会资源与支持和害怕否定评价对社交焦虑的作用明显。结论医学生社交焦虑问题较普遍。学生特质焦虑、害怕否定评价和社会资源与支持对于社交焦虑作用较大。     

父母教养方式对中学生焦虑的影响

目的 探讨父母教养方式对中学生焦虑的影响.方法 以沈阳市两所高中和两所初中的一、二年级学生为调查对象,每个年级各抽取4个班.采用父母养育方式评价量表(EMBU)测定研究对象的父母教养方式,采用特质焦虑问卷对研究对象焦虑状况进行调查.结果 不同性别学生焦虑水平差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05);低焦虑组与高焦虑组的父母教养方式不同,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01);父亲的情感温暖、过分干涉和过度保护是影响中学生焦虑水平的主要因素.结论 父母教养方式是中学生焦虑的影响因素.     

大学生体育运动量与焦虑关系的研究

[目的]了解大学生体育运动和焦虑状况并探索两者之间的关系.[方法]采取整群抽样方法,使用<状态-特质焦虑问卷>和自编的<运动量等级问卷>对231名大学生进行调查.[结果]①大学生运动量(44.58±13.85)及状态焦虑(40.75±9.53)和特质焦虑(42.16±8.31)值均较低;②男女生的状态焦虑水平差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);③体育与非体育专业在统计学意义上不存在状态与特质焦虑水平差异(P＞0.05);④中等强度的运动量最有利于降低焦虑水平;⑤男生参与体育运动对降低焦虑水平的效果比女生好(P＜0.05),女生不适合参加高强度的体育运动.[结论]适量的运动有助于降低焦虑,大学生应要有适量的运动.     

哈尔滨市城乡中学生考试焦虑情况及家庭影响因素研究

【目的】研究中学生考试焦虑与家庭相关因素之间的关系,为开展考试焦虑的干预提供理论依据。【方法】在期末考试前2周,采用考试焦虑量表、状态特质焦虑问卷、家庭环境量表中文版、艾森克个性问卷对哈尔滨市城乡初高中学校的1 096名学生及家长进行了问卷调查。【结果】被试中学生考试焦虑的总体水平为16.94±6.406,其中重度考试焦虑约占1/3;女童考试焦虑平均水平略高于男童(17.61±6.435,16.02±6.256;t=4.115,P0.001);农村中学生的考试焦虑均分(17.45±5.921)明显高于城市(16.54±6.738)(P0.05);初中和高中学生考试焦虑分值差异无统计学意义。经逐步回归分析显示,父母个性中的神经质和家庭环境中的亲密度和娱乐性对考试焦虑的作用明显。【结论】中学生考试焦虑问题较普遍,家庭相关因素是考试焦虑重要的影响因素,应引起社会和家长的广泛认识。     

大学生自信心与家庭教养方式的关系研究

目的了解大学生的自信心状况及其与家庭教养方式的关系。方法采用随机抽样的方法,于2012年5月对菏泽学院250名大学生进行个人评价问卷(PEI)和家庭教养方式问卷(EMBU)的施测,使用SPSS 17.0软件对数据进行独立样本t检验和皮尔逊积差相关分析。结果回收问卷240份,回收率为96%,有效被试223名,有效率为89.2%。其中90.01%的大学生自信心处于一般水平;不同性别大学生自信心水平差异有统计学意义(t=-3.498,P0.01),女生自信心水平高于男生(女生:131.177±12.813,男生:124.546±12.813);男女生在父亲惩罚严厉、过度保护因子上差异有统计学意义(P0.05),男生(20.419±8.335)体会到的父亲惩罚严厉、过度保护高于女生(17.816±6.458)。大学生自信心总分与父亲的过度保护,与父母亲的惩罚严厉、拒绝否认均存在显著正相关关系;与父母亲的情感温暖理解、偏爱均存在显著负相关关系。结论良好的家庭教养方式有利于提高大学生的自信水平。     

334名大学生择业焦虑与人格特征的相关研究

目的探讨大学生择业焦虑与人格特征的相关性,为心理健康教育提供依据。方法采用择业焦虑量表和艾森克个性问卷(EPQ),对四川省南充市380名大学生采用无记名方式问卷调查。结果大学男生的择业焦虑程度明显高于女生,男生与女生在人格各因子得分上差异无统计学意义;理科生择业焦虑程度略高于文科生;大学生的择业焦虑与内外向、神经质、精神质、掩饰等人格因子差异有统计学意义。结论大学生择业焦虑与个体人格特征具有相关性。人格差异是大学生择业焦虑产生的重要内部因素。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.