应用术中FPP监测选择肝硬化门静脉高压症断分流术式的研究

目的 探讨肝硬化门静脉高压症(PHT)最佳的手术方式.方法 对36例PHT患者依据断流术后门静脉压力(FPP)的变化,选择FPP＜32cm H2O的患者22例只施行断流术(断流组),FPP≥32cm H2O的患者14例加行近端脾肾分流联合术(断分流组),并结合术前、术后门静脉血流动力学、断流及断分流后FPP变化及术后随访等,评价两组不同手术对门静脉血流动力学的影响及近、远期效果.结果 断流组断流前后FPP分别为(38.01±1.57)cm H2O和(27.41±1.90)cm H2O,手术前后差异有统计学意义;断分流组断流前后FPP分别为(37.68±1.98)cm H2O和(35.11±2.67)cm H2O,差异无统计学意义,联合分流后FPP降低为(22.86±3.74)cm H2O,差异有统计学意义.随访再出血率:断流组10.53%,断分流组8.33%.结论 根据手术前、后门静脉血流动力学状况和断流术前后的FPP的变化,可以选择最佳的手术方式;如果断流术后FPP下降不明显,或FPP仍≥32cm H2O,则加做分流手术,通过术中FPP监测选择正确的术式可以达到最佳的临床效果.     

术中门静脉压力动态测定在门静脉高压症术式选择中的作用

目的 分析断流手术和脾切除脾肾静脉分流加断流联合手术后自由门静脉压(FPP)与术后再出血以及肝性脑病的关系,探讨术中FPP动态变化对术式选择的意义.方法 回顾性分析2001年1月至2007年12月接受贲门周围血管离断术和贲门周围血管离断加脾肾静脉分流术(联合组)患者170例的临床资料.断流组患者断流术后FPP值≥22 mm Hg(1 mm Hg=0.133 kPa)为高压组(60例),<22 mm Hg为低压组(43例),联合组共67例.三组患者术前Child-Push评分和FPP之间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).比较三组患者术中不同时间点FPP变化、以及三组患者术后再出血和肝性脑病发生率.结果 高压组、低压组和联合组术后FPP值分别为(27.1±1.9)mm Hg、(20.8±1.8)mm Hg和(21.5±2.2)mm Hg,再出血率分别为%、4.6%和4.5%.再出血率在高压组显著高于低压组和联合组(P<0.05).术后肝性脑病发生率联合组(10.4%)虽然高于低压组(7.0%)和高压组(3.3%),但差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).结论 脾切除断流术后FPP值可以作为选择手术方式的依据,如FPP值≥22mm Hg应加行脾肾静脉分流术.     

TIPS加断流术与脾肾分流加断流术治疗门静脉高压症疗效分析

目的:分析TIPS加断流术与脾肾分流加断流术治疗门静脉高压症的临床疗效.方法:1998年12月至2007年12月,60例门静脉高压症病人经血生化、钡餐或胃镜、多普勒超声及CTA检查后,根据病人的全身和肝功能状况.分为A、B两组.A组(30例)行TIPS加断流术,B组(30例)行脾肾分流加断流术.结果:A组门静脉压力由术前(41.5±5.2)cm H2O降至术后的(32.8±6.08)cm H2O(P＜0.01),门静脉血流速度由术前(17.1±4.5)cm/s升至术后的(38.3±5.3)cm/s(P＜0.01);B组门静脉压力由术前(43.3±6.2)cm H2O降至术后的(34.8±4.3)cm H2O(P＜0.01),术前、术后门静脉血流速度分别为(18.6±7.5)cm/s和(20.6±5.9)cm/s(P＞0.05).A组手术成功率、分流道通畅率、并发症发生率和手术死亡率分别为100%、100%、23.3%和3.3%,B组则分别为86.7%、80.8%、23.3%和3.3%.术后随访,A组分流道阻塞、出血复发、肝性脑病的发生率和5年生存率分别为27.6%、6.9%、24.1%和79.3%,B组则为5.0%、8.0%、8.0%和80.0%.结论:TIPS加断流术与脾肾分流加断流术均能有效地控制食管静脉曲张出血,前者特别适用于急性出血的治疗,后者具持久的分流道通畅率.     

改良脾腔分流联合断流术治疗门静脉高压症的疗效分析

目的 探讨改良近端脾腔静脉分流联合贲门周围血管离断术(分断流联合术)治疗门静脉高压症的疗效及其对门静脉血流动力学和肝储备功能的影响.方法 回顾性分析我院1997-2007年接受分断流联合术治疗的门静脉高压症患者135例和断流术患者120例的临床资料.通过彩色多普勒超声测定门静脉血流量(PVF)及监测术中自由门静脉压(FPP),观察手术前后门静脉系统血流动力学的变化.采用吲哚氰绿排泄实验观察15 min(R_(15))滞留率和肝有效血流量(FHF)的变化.结果 联合组手术死亡率为2.2%,无近期出血病例,远期出血率为5.5%,肝性脑病发生率为6.4%,术后1、3、5、10年生存率分别为96.4%、90.0%、81.3%和62.5%;断流组手术死亡率为4.3%,近期出血率为3.3%,远期出血率为14.1%,肝性脑病发生率为5.4%,1、3、5、10年生存率分别为95.7%、86.7%、75.0%和57.1%.联合组术后FPP、PVF和FHF分别为(32.0 ±1.5)cm H_2O、(880 ±260)ml/min和(430±180)ml/min,较术前均下降(P<0.05).R_(15)为30%±4%,较术前明显增加(P<0.01);断流组术后FPP、PVF和FHF下降(P<0.01),R_(15)增加(P<0.01).与断流组比较,联合组术后FPP下降更为明显(P<0.05),但PVF、FHF和R_(15)之间相比差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05).结论 改良脾腔静脉分流联合断流术的临床疗效满意,血流动力学改变合理,对肝储备功能影响较小,是治疗门静脉高压症的理想术式.     

脾切除联合选择性贲门周围血管离断术治疗门静脉高压症效果分析

目的:探讨选择性贲门周围血管离断术在治疗门静脉高压症中的效果。方法:回顾性分析2013年3月—2016年3月我科收治62例门静脉高压症患者的临床资料,其中行脾切除联合选择性贲门周围血管离断术治疗32例(观察组),传统非选择性贲门血管离断术30例(对照组),术后随访时间为11~46个月,对其治疗效果进行比较、观察总结。结果:观察组重度食管胃底静脉曲张总好转率71.43%,对照组总好转率40.0%(P0.05);观察组术后腹水50.0%得以改善,对照组术后改善不明显,且有2例患者术后腹水加重(P0.05)。观察组术后发生PHG、复发出血率、术后FPP减少量分别为6.25%(2/32)、3.13%(1/32)、(9.8±4.1)cm H_2O,均优于对照组的20.0%(6/30)、13.33%(4/30)、(6.3±4.0)cm H_2O(P0.05)。结论:选择性贲门周围血管离断术保留了机体的自发性分流,兼有分流术和断流术的优点,是治疗门静脉高压症的安全、可靠、有效的方法。其疗效优于传统非选择性断流术。     

两种术式治疗门脉高压症合并出血的平行随机对照

目的观察脾切除脾肾静脉分流加断流的联合术式与断流术治疗门脉高压症(PHT)合并食管胃底静脉曲张破裂出血的血流动力学变化,评价两种术式的治疗效果。方法采用随机、平行、对照设计,将90例PHT病人分为联合组和断流组各45例,联合组采用脾切除脾肾分流加断流的联合术治疗,断流组采用脾切除加断流术治疗,术中测量门脉压力,手术前后彩色多普勒观察门脉系血流动力学变化,随访3~48个月,记录再次出血和死亡情况,Kaplan-Meier用于生存分析。结果①术后联合组和断流组门脉压力(FPP)分别是(23.8±1.8)mm Hg和(26.1±1.9)mm Hg,t=-5.761,P=0.000;②两组术后均见血流呈向肝方向,静脉口径缩小,流量下降,最大流速减慢,与治疗前比较差异有统计学意义,P<0.01;术后联合组门脉(PV)流量和最大流速低于断流组,P<0.05;联合组脾静脉血流方向由术前的向肝变为离肝;③联合组再次出血4例(8.9%),断流组11例(24.4%),χ2=4.026,P=0.045;两组死亡分别是7例和9例,χ2=0.011,P=0.916。结论断流术和联合术均可作为PHT合并消化道出血的治疗方法,联合术在阻断门-奇静脉间侧支降低门脉压力的同时,仍然保持一定的向肝性血流,术后并发再次出血率低,比单纯断流效果更佳,是目前较为理想的PHT治疗手段之一。     

选择性和非选择性断流术治疗门静脉高压症的疗效观察

目的：探讨选择性和非选择性断流术对门静脉高压症的治疗作用。方法：将176例肝硬化门静脉高压上消化道出血病人随机分为选择性断流术组（观察组,91例）和非选择性贲门周围血管离断术组（对照组,85例）。结果：脾脏切除前、后两组间自由门静脉压力（FPP）无差异（P〉0．05）;术毕时对照组FPP为（29．8±5．1）cm H2O,观察组为（26．4±5．2）cm H2O（P〈0．05）。术后6个月观察组的肝功能Child-Pugh评分、腹水、肝动脉血流量、胃底食管下段曲张静脉程度、门静脉高压性胃病及肝源性溃疡的发生率均优于对照组（P〈0．05）。结论：选择性断流术合理地保留了机体的自发性分流．使入肝血量与降低门静脉压力这对矛盾达到动态平衡,是一种较理想的断流术式。     

改良脾腔静脉分流联合断流术治疗食管胃底静脉曲张破裂出血

目的 探讨改良脾腔静脉分流联合贲门周围断流术治疗门静脉高压症食管胃底静脉曲张破裂出血的临床疗效.方法 回顾性分析1997年至2007年陕西省人民医院采用改良脾腔静脉分流联合贲门周围血管断流术(90例,联合组)及贲门周围血管断流术(78例,断流组)治疗门静脉高压症食管胃底静脉曲张破裂出血患者的临床资料,应用彩色多普勒超声、术中门静脉压力监测等观察开腹后和术后门静脉系统血流动力学变化.采用方差分析及配对t检验和x2检验分析相关数据.结果 联合组和断流组患者手术死亡率分别为3%(3/90)和5%(4/78),其差异无统计学意义(x2=0.038,P＞0.05);术后远期出血率分别为6%(5/79)和13%(8/60),其差异有统计学意义(x2=4.824,P<0.05);肝性脑病发生率分别为6%(5/79)和7%(4/60),其差异无统计学意义(x2=0.072,P＞0.05);术后1、3、5、10年生存率分别为97%(77/79)、92%(55/60)、80%(16/20)、60%(3/5)和97%(58/60)、83%(40/48)、73%(22/30)、53%(8/15),其差异无统计学意义(x2=0.731,P＞0.05).联合组开腹后和术后门静脉压力分别为(38.8±4.2)、(33.1±1.5)cm H2O(1 cm H2O=0.098 kPa),其差异有统计学意义(t=8.574,P<0.05);断流组开腹后和术后门静脉压力分别为(38.9±2.5)、(34.6±2.6)cm H2O,其差异有统计学意义(t=6.530,P<0.05);两组患者术后门静脉压力比较差异有统计学意义(t=2.859,P<0.05).联合组开腹后和术后门静脉直径分别为(1.40±0.41)、(1.22±0.15)cm,其差异有统计学意义(t=2.608,P<0.05);血流量分别为(1280±350)、(830±360)ml/min,其差异有统计学意义(t=5.668,P<0.05).断流组开腹后和术后门静脉直径分别为(1.41±0.32)、(1.27±0.32)cm,其差异无统计学意义(t=1.637,P＞0.05);血流量分别为(1350±380)、(980±290)ml/min,其差异有统计学意义(t=4.096,P<0.05).两组患者术后门静脉血流量比较差异无统计学意义(t=1.871,P＞0.05).结论 改良脾腔静脉分流联合断流术止血效果确切、再出血率低,血流动力学变化合理,临床疗效满意,是治疗门静脉高压症食管胃底静脉曲张破裂出血的较佳术式.     

联合术治疗门静脉高压症22例

为观察断流加分流联合术治疗门静脉高压症的效果 ,总结采用联合断流加脾肾静脉分流术(即联合术 )治疗 2 2例门静脉高压症的经验。均行择期手术 ,无手术死亡。术后随访 18例 ,再出血 1例 ,肝性脑病 1例。术前自由门静脉压 (FPP)为 ( 3.96± 0 .39)kPa ,脾肾分流术后FPP为 ( 2 .2 8± 0 .35)kPa ,断流术后FPP为 ( 2 .71± 0 .38)kPa。断流加分流术既保留了断流术的优点 ,又降低了门静脉压力 ,同时还有利于门静脉向肝的血流灌注     

门体静脉分流术的术式选择

以血流动力学的变化为主要依据选择合理的术式是提高肝硬化门静脉高压症手术效果的关键.门静脉已成为流出道或门静脉入肝血量大量减少者,可行全门体静脉分流术;门静脉入肝血流量中等量减少,则几乎可施行各种分流手术和断流手术;门静脉入肝血流少量减少者可用脾切除断流术治疗.脾切除断流术后自由门静脉压力(FPP)值可以作为选择手术方式的依据.脾动脉结扎后FPP的变化最大.根据FPP下降的绝对值和幅度基本上能判断是行断流术或分流术,如下降不明显,表明肝内阻力高.需行分流或分流加断流术;如下降明显,FPP<22mmHg(1mmHg=0.133kPa)时,可行断流术.脾肾静脉分流加断流的联合手术有诸多优点.应作为治疗肝硬化PHT的首选术式.     

CT门静脉成像的临床解剖学分析

目的 进行CT门静脉成像(computed tomography portal venography,CTPV)的临床解剖学分析,探讨其临床应用价值.方法 选取手术组(实验组)40例门静脉高压症合并上消化道出血患者和20例正常对照组进行CTPV临床读片与影像学测量,包括门静脉主干及其主要侧支血管.对胃左静脉的注入方式进行分类总结.应用直线拟合数学模型处理测量数据.结果 60例均成功进行CTPV摄片.实验组和对照组门静脉主干直径分别为(16.62±4.80) mm、(10.84±2.14) mm,肠系膜上静脉直径分别为(12.36±2.67) mm、(8.79±1.44) mm,脾静脉直径分别为(14.29±4.24) mm、(8.32±1.78) mm.实验组胃左静脉大部分注入脾-门交角和脾静脉.直线拟合11/18=X/30数学公式计算显示,阈值压力下门静脉主干X值=18.33 mm.胃左静脉食管支的显影率为52.38％、胃左静脉胃支显影率66.67％、胃左静脉食管支及胃支同时显影率23.81％,仍有相当一部分门脉高压患者胃左静脉的胃支和食管支显影不良甚至不显影.腹膜后静脉的显影率为25％.结论 应用CTPV在术前对食管胃底周围曲张的门静脉进行形态和功能的详尽评估,指导术者进行区域性断流(regional devascularization,RDV)具有实用价值及临床意义.CTPV显示胃左静脉注入脾-门交角和脾静脉的患者临床上出血的风险大.门静脉主干直径≥18 mm时可能出血,初步定义为CTPV阈值压力.CTPV在胃左静脉胃支/食管支的精细结构显示上仍然具有一定的局限性.CTPV中提高腹膜后静脉显影率应予关注.     

Portal-to-right portal vein bypass for extrahepatic portal vein obstruction

Objective

Rex shunt (mesenteric-to-left portal vein bypass) is considered a more physiologically rational treatment for EHPVO than other portosystemic systemic shunts in children. However, about 13.6% of children with EHPVO do not have usable left portal veins and up to 28.1%. Rex operations in children are not successful. Hence, a Rex shunt in these children was impossible. This study reports a novel approach by portal-to-right portal vein bypass for treatment of children with failed Rex shunts.

Serial measurement of portal hemodynamics after partial portal decompression

In a serial analysis of splanchnic hemodynamics, we compared partial with total portal decompression in 16 alcoholic cirrhotic patients who underwent portacaval shunts for variceal hemorrhage. Partial decompression was achieved with 8 or 10 mm polytetrafluorethylene portacaval H grafts and aggressive collateral ligation. Total decompression was achieved with larger diameter H grafts (12 or 14 mm). Early and follow-up (mean interval, 18 months) postoperative studies of portal hemodynamics included: direct measurement of shunt gradients, scintigraphic quantitation of portal and mesenteric flow distribution to the liver, and a portal and splenic collateral scoring system developed from standardized splenic venography. Partial portal decompression reduced portal pressure by 43% +/- 8% compared with 81% +/- 5% after total decompression (p less than 0.01). Scintigraphy demonstrated that partial decompression provided a greater fraction of portal flow to the liver than did total decompression (57% +/- 9% versus 2% +/- 1% intrahepatic radioactivity) and mesenteric flow distribution (14.5% +/- 5.4% versus 1.2% +/- 0.7%). Only one patient with partial decompression had a significant loss of portal perfusion during the interval studies. Significantly more residual collaterals were visualized in patients with partial decompression than in those with total decompression, and interval studies showed no significant changes from early studies. We conclude that partial decompression maintains higher portal pressures, more residual collaterals, and a greater fraction of portal and mesenteric flow to the liver than does total decompression. A modest but uniform reduction of portal pressure minimizes stimulus for new collateral formation and further shunting of portal flow.     

搏动性门静脉血泵治疗门静脉高压症的实验研究

目的　为解决门静脉高压症向肝血流减少、肝代谢功能下降及侧支循环压力过高、静脉曲张等问题 ,我们研制了搏动性门静脉血泵 ,对丝线栓塞性门静脉高压模型犬进行门静脉外动力泵血的研究。观察入肝血量、肝代谢变化及侧支压力等一系列指标。方法　对杂种犬进行门静脉左右支丝线栓塞术制备门静脉高压动物模型 ;应用高弹力硅胶球囊连接单流向硅胶瓣“T”型管 ,制作搏动性门静脉血泵 ;应用强磁场磁极片及低频振荡交流线圈体外提供动力。将血泵“T”管安置于门静脉主干前壁侧支平面以上 ,测定血泵工作前后的入肝血流量、侧支静脉压力及吲哚氰绿排泄的变化。结果　模型犬血泵平面以上的门静脉压力在泵工作后由 30 3± 4 2cmH2 O升至 49 0± 7 1cmH2 O ;入肝血流量由 2 70± 2 8ml/min升至 396± 2 5ml/min ;血泵平面以下门静脉压由 31 4± 3 1cmH2 O降至18 0± 4 3cmH2 O ;脾静脉压由 36 2± 4 0cmH2 O降至 2 0 5± 3 4cmH2 O ;胃底静脉压由 35 3± 3 3cmH2 O降至 19 3± 4 7cmH2 O ;吲哚氰绿排泄率由 0 0 92± 0 0 0 9升至 0 15 1± 0 0 13 ;15min滞留率由 19 0 3± 8 5 0降至 9 0 4± 2 5 0。结论　搏动性门静脉血泵对增加门静脉入肝血流 ,改善肝代谢功能状态及降低侧支压力具有显著作用。血泵结构     

Preduodenal portal vein

Passage of the portal vein anterior to the duodenum is a rare vascular anomaly that is a result of a variation in the normal developmental pattern of the right and left vitelline veins and their three anastomotic channels. In operations on the duodenum or biliary tract in patients with this condition, there is marked danger of inadvertent tearing, division, ligation, or excessive handling causing thrombosis. One case is added to the twenty-five previously reported in the literature.     

Endoscopic ultrasound-guided portal pressure gradient measurement in managing portal hypertension

Portal hypertension (PH) is still a challenging clinical condition due to its silent manifestations in the early stage and needs to be measured accurately for early detection. Hepatic vein pressure gradient measurement has been considered as the gold standard measurement for PH; however, it needs special skill, experience, and high expertise. Recently, there has been an innovative development in using endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) for the diagnosis and management of liver diseases, including portal pressure measurement, which is commonly known as EUS-guided portal pressure gradient (EUS-PPG) measurement. EUS-PPG measurement can be performed concomitantly with EUS evaluation for deep esophageal varices, EUS-guided liver biopsy, and EUS-guided cyanoacrylate injection. However, there are still major issues, such as different etiologies of liver disease, procedural training, expertise, availability, and cost-effectiveness in several situations with regard to the standard management.     

Mesenterico left portal bypass for variceal bleeding owing to extrahepatic portal hypertension caused by portal vein thrombosis

Background/Purpose

Portosystemic shunt operations are indicated in patients with extrahepatic portal hypertension owing to portal vein thrombosis (EPH-PVT) suffering from recurrent variceal bleeding despite endoscopic sclerotherapy. Mesenterico left portal bypass procedure (MLPB) is an alternative procedure to the portosystemic shunt operations in patients with EPH-PVT. MLPB operation reestablishes hepatopetal portal blood flow. We herein present our experience with MLPB in children with EPH-PVT.

Methods

Six patients were treated for EPH-PVT with recurrent bleeding despite endoscopic sclerotherapy (2 boys and 4 girls) in our unit. All patients were evaluated preoperatively with complete blood count, portal duplex system Doppler ultrasonography, magnetic resonance angiography, and upper gastrointestinal (GI) endoscopy. MLPB operation was performed as described by de Ville de Goyet. During the postoperative period, patients were evaluated with complete blood count, portal duplex system Doppler ultrasonography, upper GI endoscopy, and magnetic resonance angiography.

Results

Six patients were assessed to be candidates for MLPB procedure and were operated to perform the MLPB procedure. Left portal veins were found to be patent during the operation in 4 patients, and the MLPB procedure was performed. Internal jugular vein was used in 3 patients and enlarged inferior mesenteric vein in 1 patient. Left portal veins of the remaining 2 patients were found to be obliterated; therefore, mesocaval shunt was performed. The postoperative course of the patients was uneventful except for 1 patient. During the following period, the leukocyte and the platelet counts were significantly increased in 3 of the 4 patients after the MLPB procedure. Upper GI bleeding occurred in the early postoperative period in 1 patient with MLPB procedure because of prepyloric ulcer that was successfully treated by endoscopic sclerotherapy. Internal jugular vein graft thrombosis was detected on the 10th postoperative day. This patient underwent a second laparotomy, the distal half of the graft was found to be sclerosed and narrowed that the graft was revised with a synthetic allograft.

Conclusions

Based on a review of the literature, the MLPB functions well in patients with portal hypertension caused by portal vein thrombosis and appears to have a physiologic advance over shunts that decompress but do not return blood directly to the liver. Because intra-abdominal veins appear to function well as a conduit in this operation, it may be favored by eliminating additional incision and increased risk in such patients.     

Bilharzial portal fibrosis: an important cause of portal hypertension

Thirty consecutive cases of portal hypertension seen in a surgical unit in Lusaka, Zambia, are reported. Of these cases 70% were due to portal fibrosis caused by Schistosoma mansoni infestation. Portacaval shunting was undertaken in most cases. Patients with portal fibrosis responded more favourably to portal decompression than did patients with cirrhosis. It is probable that the condition is more common than is generally reconigzed in areas where S. mansoni infestation is endemic.