外固定架在地震致重度胫腓骨开放性骨折早期处理中的应用

目的 评估外固定架应用于地震伤致重度胫腓骨开放性骨折的早期治疗效果.方法 2008年5月12至17日收治83例(116侧)地震伤致胫腓骨开放性骨折伤员(均为Gustilo Ⅲ度开放性骨折),均采用积极清创结合外固定架治疗,主要评估指标包括深部感染的发生、截肢及伤口愈合情况.结果 83例(116侧骨折)伤员获18-23d随访.9侧Ⅲc型骨折术后出现肢体缺血坏死而行截肢术,1侧Ⅲb型骨折因肢体感染坏死合并脓毒败血症而行截肢术.20侧肢体出现深部感染,经反复创口清创、扩创后感染得到控制.伤口一期愈合52侧,二期愈合54侧(包括使用皮瓣、肌瓣、肌皮瓣转移及植皮术等治疗).结论 地震伤致重度胫腓骨开放性骨折的早期治疗中,应用外固定架固定可作为一种有效的治疗手段.     

交通事故伤中胫腓骨开放性骨折的特点及救治体会（附86例临床分析）

目的 探讨交通事故伤中胫腓骨开放性骨折的特点及救治中应注意的问题。方法 对86例胫腓骨开放性骨折病人进行回顾性总结。结果 86例病人经早期彻底清创、恰当的骨折固定、抗生素应用等，治愈77例，截肢2例，伤口浅表感染6例，骨髓炎1例。结论 交通事故伤中胫腓骨开放性骨折伤情严重，感染率高，早期彻底清创是提高治愈率的关键。     

损伤控制下TOT结合灌洗与VSD治疗胫腓骨开放性骨折并严重皮肤皮下剥脱伤的体会

目的探讨损伤控制下局部氧疗(TOT)结合灌洗与负压封闭引流术(VSD)在胫腓骨开放性粉碎骨折合并严重皮肤皮下剥脱伤治疗中的临床疗效。方法自2010-01—2013-09在损伤控制理论指导下,采用TOT结合灌洗与VSD技术治疗的胫腓骨开放性粉碎骨折并小腿严重皮肤皮下剥脱伤43例。结果所有病例均获随访,随访时间6~18个月,平均12个月,无一例感染,除2例骨不连外其余骨折均一期愈合,无皮肤坏死缺损、内植物外露及骨髓炎等并发症。结论损伤控制下TOT结合灌洗与VSD技术治疗的胫腓骨开放性粉碎骨折并小腿严重皮肤皮下剥脱伤能够有效减少并发症,减轻患者负担,是一种有效方法。     

芦山地震中胫腓骨远端开放性骨折的治疗

目的 总结地震灾害所致胫腓骨远端开放性骨折的特点,并探讨其治疗. 方法 2013年4月21日至27日共收治12例地震伤所致胫腓骨远端开放性骨折伤员,男5例,女7例;年龄33～85岁(平均54.8岁).开放性骨折按Gustilo分型:Ⅱ型5例,ⅢA型4例,ⅢB型3例.2例患者合并同侧膝关节闭合性骨折,3例患者合并内、外踝骨折.1 1例患者在急诊行清创、HoffmannⅡ型组合式单边外固定支架固定,l例患者伤后5d行外固定支架固定.对于一期手术后下肢力线偏离、关节对应关系不佳及伴有踝关节脱位的患者,进行二期外固定支架调整. 结果 11例行急诊清创外固定支架固定术的患者中,4例下肢力线恢复满意,7例下肢力线恢复不满意.4例患者因软组织损伤较轻,拟近期更换内固定时直接调整下肢力线;另3例患者软组织损伤严重,且伴有内外踝骨折、踝关节脱位,行二期外固定支架调整术.此3例患者术后骨折均获得良好复位,下肢力线恢复满意,关节对应关系良好. 结论 组合式外固定支架可以快速、有效处理地震灾害中的胫腓骨远端开放性骨折.对于地震伤员,应尽可能一次将骨折复位及下肢力线固定好.对于复位不良者,应及时进行调整,以免因转运而影响治疗和最终功能.     

开放性胫腓骨骨折的治疗(附135例分折)

胫腓骨骨干开放性骨折是一种常见的开放伤,伤后并发症较多.在治疗上,对其创口闭合方法、骨折内固定的应用等看法尚不一致.我院于1980～1986年共收治新鲜开放性胫腓骨骨干骨折135例,其中72例采用早期内固定治疗.现结合临床资料分析,对治疗中的几个问题加以讨论.     

外固定架治疗开放性胫腓骨骨折

目的 观察外固定架治疗开放性胫腓骨骨折的疗效。方法 自1994年7月到1999年12月,收治开放性胫腓骨骨折43例,男27例,女16例;年龄18-62岁。全部采用单侧多功能外固定架治疗。结果 43例全部随访,平均18个月,骨折均愈合,平均愈合时间86天,患肢恢复良好,无骨髓炎、骨不连等合并症。结论 该方法操作简单、创伤小、固定可靠、愈合率高,并发症少。为开放性胫腓骨骨折首选治疗方法。     

小腿开放性骨折创面处理的体会

小腿开放性骨折软组织损伤及污染一般较重,清创较难彻底,所以感染率较高.我们近年来收治50例开放性胫腓骨骨折,其中重度开放伤28例,占56%.经积极处理,43例创面获一期愈合,7例感染(14%).现将几点体会总结如下.     

胫腓骨骨折合并气性坏疽及破伤风1例报告

胫腓骨骨折合并气性坏疽及破伤风１例报告曾国庆患者男性，１６岁，农民。１９９２年４月１４日下午６时在爬树时不慎从５ｍ高树上掉下，致左胫腓骨下段开放性骨折。伤后在当地诊所外敷草药，７ｈ后出现伤处剧烈疼痛，发冷、发热。于１５日凌晨２时来我院就诊收住。入院查...     

42例交通伤开放性胫腓骨骨折V型外固定架治疗体会

目的　探讨治疗交通伤胫腓骨开放性骨折的固定方法。方法　应用AOV型管状外固定架治疗交通伤胫腓骨开放性骨折 ,闭合复位单纯应用V型外固定架 17例 ,切开复位有限内固定结合V型外固定架治病 2 5例。结果　其中 4 1例骨折愈合 ,愈合时间 4～ 18个月 ,平均 12 .6个月 ,1例闭合复位单纯应用外固定架治疗者于术后 1a骨折不愈合。结论　AOV型管状外固定架治疗交通伤胫腓骨开放性骨折 ,操作简便 ,创伤小 ,固定效果可靠 ,结合拉力螺钉内固定可以获得更好的复位效果并缩短手术时间。对于交通伤胫腓骨开放性骨折外固定架的动力化及拆除不要过早。晚期的针道感染需要重视。     

中西医结合治疗开放性胫腓骨骨折：附19例分析

1980年我院收治开放性胫腓骨骨折19例,除全身应用抗菌素外,还辅以局部灌注抗菌素,并用自制的外固定器和小夹板固定治疗,住过1年6个月随访,效果满意,现介绍如下:临床资料一、一般资料:男16例,女3例.年龄17～71岁,平均31.5岁.病例均为新鲜的开放性胫腓骨骨干骨折,除2例为伤后9小时以上;其余均在伤后8小时以内就医.伤     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.