453名大学生膳食调查

目的　了解温州市高校学生现时营养状况 ,并针对出现的问题提出改进措施。　方法　采用 2 4h膳食记录及称重法连续 4d调查温州市某高校 4 5 3名大学生的膳食消费结构。　结果　男生热能的摄入占参考摄入量 (DRIs)的 95 .7% ,达到DRIs的要求 ;女生热能的摄入量为DRIs的 84 .1% ,基本满足需要。蛋白质摄入量男生平均为 71.2g ,达DRIs的 94 .9% ;女生平均 6 3.8g达DRIs的 98.2 %。男女生铁的摄入量占DRIs10 8.7%和 92 .5 %。钙、锌及多种维生素摄入量均不足。　结论　必须加强膳食指导 ,调整膳食结构 ,以提高矿物质、维生素等摄入量     

长治市幼儿园学龄前儿童营养膳食调查

摘要:目的　为了解长治市某省级示范幼儿园学龄前儿童的营养膳食摄入情况,并对营养膳食调查结果进行评价与分析,为进一步合理编制营养膳食食谱与营养配餐指导提供科学依据。方法　对省级示范幼儿园1周（5 d）的膳食利用称重法与记账法并结合询问法进行调查记录,统一采用集体学龄前儿童健康管理系统,利用营养膳食计算机软件进行数据分析。结果　能量（88.7%）、蛋白质（89.8%）摄入量略低,维生素B2（74.2%）、维生素C（80.2%）摄入量偏低,而钙（67.9%）、锌（65.5%）摄入量严重不足;三大产能营养素供能比分别为蛋白质14.1%,脂肪38.1%,糖类47.8%,脂肪摄入量偏高,糖类偏低,而优质蛋白质（45.2%）摄入量符合供给标准,营养合理;蛋白质来源于动物性食物比例不足（40.3%）,除维生素A外,钙、铁、维生素B2均来源于植物性食物,脂肪主要来源于植物油,儿童超重率为10.2%,肥胖率为3.1%,龋齿率为36.7%、弱视率为6.1%,而贫血检出率为3.5%;以上结果均从体格检查与营养指标测定结果中得到证实。结论　基于幼儿园食谱存在的问题,根据合理营养、平衡膳食原则和学龄前儿童的生理特点,应加强幼儿园营养膳食管理,优化食谱,提高学龄前儿童的营养状况,确保学龄前儿童健康快乐发育成长。     

中国经济较发达地区农村寄宿制初中新生膳食状况

了解中国经济较发达地区农村寄宿制学校学生膳食营养状况,为制定合理的营养干预措施提供参考依据.方法 采用多阶段分层整群抽样的方法,在北京、上海、广东分别抽取87,89,211名农村寄宿制学校学生.使用膳食回顾法,通过食堂现场记录和学生问卷调查的形式,对调查对象进行3d膳食调查.使用方差分析和X2检验,分析各地调查对象食物分类和营养素摄人情况.结果 在膳食种类摄入方面,北京学生的谷类日摄入量为(255.41± 159.86)g,高于上海和广东学生;上海学生的蔬菜类食物日摄入量最低,为(113.60±63.08)g,而其蜜饯类食物摄入量最高,为(150.79±11.75)g;其他食物种类的摄入量,各地学生之间差异均有统计学意义(P值均<0.05).上海学生的能量摄入量满足平均需要量(EAR)的率最高,为97.75%;3地学生蛋白质摄入量中上海学生满足EAR的比例最高,为80.90%;其他部分指标的差异各地学生之间均存在统计学意义(P值均<0.05).结论 3地农村地区的寄宿制学校中可能存在学生营养供给不足的问题.应通过落实国家相关政策,促进学校供餐的营养合理搭配以及提高学生自身的营养认识,改善该类人群的营养水平.     

荥阳某农村中学学生膳食和生长发育调查

目的了解农村学生的膳食结构,为指导农村学生合理营养提供科学依据。方法记帐法进行4d膳食调查;营养软件计算各种营养素摄入量;对402名初中生的身高、体质量、血红蛋白进行测量。结果蛋白质的摄入量达RNI的91.5%、脂肪的摄入量为51.1g、碳水化合物的摄入量为495.6g,热量摄入量达RNI的90%,钙、锌的摄入量不足,分别仅占AI的50.5%和65.3%,铁摄入充足占AI的147%;蛋白质的来源主要以谷类为主,动物性食品很少;水果为0。低体质量及营养不良检出率14.2%;肥胖及体质量超标检出率为10.0%;贫血检出率11.7%。结论该农村中学学生的动物性食品及豆类的摄入比例较低;总蛋白质摄入量和膳食能量较为充足,钙、锌的摄入量严重不足;低体质量较多,肥胖较少。     

温州市苍南县灵溪镇学龄前儿童膳食营养调查结果分析

目的：了解温州市苍南县灵溪镇学龄前儿童营养和健康状况,对制定合理膳食的干预措施提供参考。方法用记账法对2218例3～6岁的幼儿园儿童的膳食营养状况进行调查,根据WHO推荐的标准评价体格发育情况,统计常见病的患病率。结果儿童膳食营养素中,钙、锌、维生素A的每天平均摄入量不足每日推荐供给量（ RDA）的80％,平均优质蛋白质的摄入量占总蛋白质摄入量的44．5％。儿童的低体重检出率为0．99％,发育迟缓率为0．99％,消瘦率为0．81％,超重率为8．48％,肥胖率为6．99％。与2008年全国营养调查结果相比,低体重率和发育迟缓率均明显降低（χ2值分别为5．327和4．495,均P＜0．05）;2218例儿童中,贫血、佝偻病、龋齿和视力低下的检出率分别为3．97％（88/2218）、0．18％（4/2218）、82．10％（1821/2218）和3．47％（77/2218）。结论温州市苍南县灵溪镇学龄前儿童发育状况良好,但存在营养素摄入不足的问题,应加强对幼儿园膳食营养的指导和监督。     

平顶山煤业集团幼儿园儿童营养膳食调查

目的了解幼儿园儿童的营养状况,为营养监测和改善工作提供基础资料.方法整群抽取平顶山煤业集团幼儿园儿童670人,采用5 d称重法和发放膳食调查表的方法对学龄前儿童进行营养膳食调查,并从中抽取205人进行体格检查、营养指标测定和原子吸收分光光度法测定血清Ca,Fe,Zn含量.结果幼儿园儿童能量、Fe、硫胺素、维生素C摄入量达到或超过推荐摄入量(RNI),而蛋白质、Ca、视黄醇当量和核黄素摄入量低于RNI标准,尤其是Ca摄入量偏低,仅达RNI的33.8%;蛋白质、脂肪、碳水化合物的供能比中,脂肪达31.60%,蛋白质为10.18%,膳食中蛋白质来源以谷类为主,占总摄入量的 51.91%,来自动物和豆类的优质蛋白质占蛋白质摄入量的 43.71%(达50%以上为好);脂肪主要来源于植物油;血清Ca缺乏检出率为 83.90%,核黄素和维生素C缺乏或不足分别为24.39%和5.85%.结论营养素摄入不均衡,应调整膳食结构,增加动物性食品、豆制品、乳及乳制品、有色蔬菜及含钙丰富食物的摄入量.     

中国部分农村地区2～7岁留守儿童膳食营养现况研究

目的 了解中国农村留守儿童膳食营养状况,为农村留守儿童营养干预提供科学依据.方法 采用多阶段分层整群随机抽样方法,随机选择农村2～7岁留守儿童1278名和对照儿童1273名作为调查对象.采用3日膳食称重法和食物摄人频率法进行膳食调查,并以中国营养学会推荐的膳食营养素参考摄入量(DRIs)为依据,评价农村留守儿童膳食能量和各种营养素的摄人状况.结果 农村留守儿童膳食以粮谷类和蔬菜类为主,留守儿童肉禽水产类、水果类及零食类等食物的摄入量低于对照儿童,差异有统计学意义.农村留守儿童能量、三大产热营养素及部分矿物质(钙、锌、硒、钾)和维生素(维生素A、维生素B1、维生素B2)的摄入量均低于推荐摄入量.农村留守儿童能量及主要营养素普遍摄入不足,能量摄入不足率在50%以上,蛋白质摄人不足率达80%以上,而钙、锌等矿物质和维生素B1、维生素B1等维生素的摄入不足率达90%以上.蛋白质来源中,优质蛋白质摄入量仅占总蛋白质摄入量的35%,而植物蛋白质占65%.此外植物性铁的摄入比例明显偏高,达到87%.结论 中国农村留守儿童的膳食结构不尽合理,能量和多种营养素摄入不足,能量、蛋白质及铁的来源不合理,膳食营养状况有待改善.     

山东省部分农村地区学龄前儿童膳食营养现状研究

目的了解山东省农村地区学龄前2~7岁儿童膳食营养状况,为科学合理的饮食、有针对性地开展营养干预,促进儿童健康成长提供现实依据。方法采用24h膳食回顾法调查儿童3d饮食情况,计算主要能量、蛋白质等营养素摄入;测量身高、体重,采用Z评分法进行生长发育评价。结果调查儿童膳食结构不合理,食物消费率低且摄入量不足;分别有32.7%和35.9%的调查儿童能量和蛋白质的摄入量达不到RNIs的80%;微量元素的摄入量均达不到推荐摄入量的标准;儿童低体重率为4.1%,生长迟缓率为4.3%。结论膳食营养问题突出,应加强对山东农村地区儿童家长营养知识的宣传教育,开展营养干预,保障儿童健康成长。     

中国寄宿制学校初一学生膳食营养及贫血状况

探讨寄宿制学校学生膳食营养及贫血状况,为制定有针对性的营养干预措施提供参考.方法 采用分层整群抽样法,首先按经济发展水平将我国分为一类、二类、三类地区,3类地区共随机抽取16省,每省抽取1个县的初一年级住校生> 100人的1所学校,每所学校组织至少100名住校生参与调查,共1 929名,进行基本信息、膳食调查与血红蛋白测定.结果 学生每天的能量摄入量为2 151.41 kcal(1 kcal=4.18 kJ),蛋白质摄入量为61.27 g,碳水化物摄入量为303.16 g,脂肪摄入量为78.10 g,铁摄入量为19.79 g,平均贫血率为6.30%.除鱼虾贝类外,不同地区间学生膳食摄人种类差异均有统计学意义(P值均<0.05),各类地区能量、蛋白质、碳水化合物、脂肪与铁摄入量差异均有统计学意义(F值分别为96.18,87.02,232.09,132.13,77.04,P值均<0.05).结论 寄宿制学校学生的膳食结构有待调整,贫血状况有待改善.     

海南黎族大学生膳食营养状况调查

[目的]了解黎族大学生膳食营养状况,为指导合理膳食提供理论依据.[方法]采用分层整群抽样的方法,分年级随机抽取班级,对所抽取班级的黎族大学生全部进行调查.[结果]黎族大学生能量及营养素摄入量除铁以外均低于推荐摄入量;能量的来源以碳水化合物所占比例偏多,蛋白质来源以豆类食品摄入量偏低;早、晓餐的营养素和能量摄入量均明显不足;营养不良率为38.71%,肥胖率为9.84%.[结论]黎族大学生的膳食结构不合理,营养状况较差,应合理搭配食物,全面增加各种营养素的摄入量,以提高营养水平.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.     

Assessing occupational and environmental exposure

Exposure assessment is a poorly understood component of the science of epidemiology. The relationship between exposure to chemicals and ill-health outcomes is often calculated using crude exposure measures such as ever/never exposed or duration. When investigating subtle effects, exposures need to be characterized much more fully in terms of intensity, frequency, duration and route. While occupational exposures tend to be much greater than those experienced from the wider environment there is a need to remember that, for many chemicals, exposure can occur occupationally, environmentally and through consumer use of products containing the material of interest. Inhalation exposure has generally been the traditional focus for most epidemiological investigations but there is now growing awareness of the importance of the dermal and ingested routes of contact and internalization. Quantification of the exposure also needs to be related to a biological mechanism of action and exposure metrics need to be selected accordingly. Occupational exposures can generally be measured using simple well-validated techniques. Environmental exposures require much more sensitive instruments and are more difficult to assess. Exposure modelling, particularly for the environmental fate of chemicals has undergone many recent developments and Monte Carlo techniques can be used to characterize model uncertainty and variability. This approach to exposure assessment can now be used in the setting of the wider environment and will enable a far better understanding of the relationship between exposure and disease.     

Mercury toxicity due to the smelting of placer gold recovered by mercury amalgam

A 19-year-old man developed tremor in both hands and fatigue after starting work at a placer gold mine where he was exposed to mercury-gold amalgam. Examination revealed an intention tremor, dysdiadochokinesis and mild rigidity. The 24-h urinary mercury concentration reached a peak of 715 nmol/l (143 ug/l) shortly before the clinical examination, after which he was removed from working in the gold room [Mercury No. Adverse Effect Level: 250 nmol/l (50 ug/l)]. On review 7 weeks later his tremor had almost resolved and the dysdiadochokinesis and rigidity had gone. The 24-h urinary mercury concentration had fallen to 160 nmol/l (32 ug/l). The principal exposure to mercury was considered to be the smelting of retorted gold with previously unrecognized residual mercury in it. The peak air concentration of mercury vapour during gold smelting was 0.533 mg/m3 (Mercury Vapour ACGIH TLV: 0.05 mg/m3 TWA). Several engineering and procedural controls were instituted. This episode occurred at another mine site, unrelated to Mount Isa Mines Limited.     

How Adults with Acquired Brain Damage Perceive Computer Training as a Rehabilitation Tool: A Focus-group Study

The aim of this study was to explore and describe how adult outpatients with acquired brain damage and referred to occupational therapy perceive computer training with the RehaCom programs, in order to evaluate the method of treatment as a tool in the rehabilitation of persons with cognitive disorders. By using focus-group discussions as a qualitative method of research when analysing the result, five themes with corresponding categories emerged, describing a development of understanding and learning about capacities. Themes describing how the participants could apply strategies to overcome shortcomings in daily occupations and the therapeutic role of the occupational therapist were identified as well. The result shows that a computer training program such as RehaCom can be used as an educational tool, for example, to guide a person who is trying to adopt compensatory strategies to avoid overload by taking pauses. It was found that anything the participants learned was also applicable to occupational performance in daily life.