新生儿重症监护病房细菌感染及耐药性监测

目的 探讨新生儿重症监护病房细菌感染及其对抗生素的耐药情况.方法 对646株培养阳性菌株以VITEK全自动微生物分析仪进行菌株鉴定及药敏试验.结果 646株培养阳性标本中,革兰阴性菌380株,占58.8％,革兰阳性菌254株,占39.3％.革兰阴性杆菌以肺炎克雷白杆菌最常见,其次为大肠埃希菌;革兰阳性菌以金黄色葡萄球菌最常见.产ESBL阳性菌株73株,包括肺炎克雷白杆菌50株,大肠杆菌23株.常见革兰阴性细菌对氨苄西林、头孢曲松、头孢唑啉耐药率高,对头孢吡肟、头孢他啶、亚胺培南、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦的耐药率低.ESBL阳性肺炎克雷白杆菌及大肠埃希菌对氨苄西林、头孢菌素类耐药显著高于亚胺培南及哌拉西林/他唑巴坦(P＜0.01).常见革兰阳性细菌对青霉素耐药率高达74.6％～ 91.7％,耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌对氨苄西林/舒巴坦、红霉素、亚胺培南、苯唑西林、青霉素耐药率均高,达80％ ～ 100％,目前未发现耐万古霉素、利奈唑胺革兰阳性细菌.结论 我院新生儿重症监护病房细菌以肺炎克雷白杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠埃希菌最常见,对常用抗生素的耐药现象需重视,尤其ESBL阳性细菌及耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌耐药现象更严重,应尽早根据药敏试验调整抗生素.     

细菌性重症肺炎患儿的病原菌分析及治疗对策

目的探讨小儿细菌性重症肺炎的致病菌种类，寻找其治疗对策，为临床抢救细菌性重症肺炎患儿首选抗生素提供参考依据。方法对216例重症肺炎患儿的痰液进行细菌培养，并采用美国MicroScan A／S4型细菌鉴定／药敏分析仪进行细菌鉴定及药物敏感分析。结果216例重症肺炎患儿痰菌培养阳性者128例，检出率为59．25％，获病原菌161株，其中，革兰阴性杆菌73株(分别为肺炎克雷伯菌42株，大肠埃希菌13株，铜绿假单孢菌11株，阴沟肠杆菌7株)，肺炎链球菌40株，金黄色葡萄球菌28株。其他细菌20株。在药物敏感试验中，检出的病原菌对亚胺培南、头孢吡肟、哌拉西林／他唑巴坦均有很高的敏感率；对万古霉素、阿米卡星、庆大霉素及喹诺酮类也有较高的敏感率。结论细菌性重症肺炎患儿的病原菌主要为革兰阴性杆菌(尤其以肺炎克雷伯菌多见)，其次依次为肺炎链球菌、金黄色葡萄球菌及其他细菌；对亚胺培南、头孢吡肟、哌拉西林／他唑巴坦及万古霉素、阿米卡星、庆大霉素、喹诺酮类的敏感率高，但万古霉素、阿米卡星、庆大霉素、喹诺酮类对小儿均有较大的不良反应，故对细菌性重症肺炎患儿的抗菌治疗，应首选亚胺培南、头孢吡肟或哌拉西林／他唑巴坦。     

PICU细菌感染特点及耐药分析

目的 了解我院PICU细菌感染特点及其对常用抗菌药物的耐药性,为临床合理选用抗菌药物提供参考.方法 对我院PICU2009年10月至2012年9月所有住院患儿的基本临床资料、不同标本分离的病原菌及耐药情况进行回顾性分析.结果 近3年来我院PICU共送检培养标本4 020份,检出病原菌672株,阳性率16.7％,其中革兰阴性菌占75.1％,最常见细菌依次为铜绿假单胞菌、肺炎克雷白杆菌及大肠埃希菌.革兰阳性菌占24.9％,主要为葡萄球菌.常见阳性标本主要为痰（41.2％）及气管插管尖端（26.5％）,其次为血液（10.3％）及动静脉置管尖端（8.0％）.药敏结果显示大部分葡萄球菌对青霉素、苯唑西林耐药率高达90％,对红霉素、克林霉素、复方新诺明及庆大霉素耐药率较高,对喹诺酮类耐药率较低,对替考拉宁、利奈唑胺及万古霉素敏感.常见革兰阴性菌对氨苄西林、氨苄西林/舒巴坦、哌拉西林耐药率高达80％,对多种头孢菌素耐药率较高,而对含酶抑制剂哌拉西林/他唑巴坦、头孢哌酮/舒巴坦、喹诺酮类耐药率较低,对美罗培南、亚胺培南敏感.结论 PICU以革兰阴性菌感染为主（75.1％）,其中前3位细菌依次为铜绿假单胞菌、肺炎克雷白杆菌及大肠埃希菌,多数耐药性较高.细菌分析与耐药性监测对指导临床危重患儿的抗感染治疗及减少耐药菌株具有重要作用.     

儿童重症监护病房细菌耐药菌株监测分析

目的 分析儿童重症医学科中感染菌株分布及常用抗菌药物的耐药情况.方法 对遵义市第一人民医院2011年6月至2012年2月儿童重症监护病房住院患儿各类送检标本细菌培养、分离鉴定和药敏试验结果进行回顾性分析.结果 感染病例中共分离出病原菌200株,其中革兰阴性杆菌85株,占42.5％;革兰阳性球菌55株,占27.5％;真菌60株,占30％.革兰阴性杆菌对第2、3代头孢菌素耐药率较高,对亚胺培南、哌拉西林/舒巴坦、阿米卡星敏感性较好,亚胺培南总耐药率最低.革兰阳性菌对青霉素、克林霉素耐药率较高,对亚胺培南、哌拉西林/舒巴坦总耐药率低,未发现革兰阳性球菌对万古霉素、利耐唑胺耐药.结论 分离的病原菌以革兰阴性杆菌为主,真菌所占比例有逐年升高趋势,对抗菌药物的耐药率总体有上升趋势,且耐药性不断发生变化.     

贵阳市893例小儿下呼吸道感染的细菌及药敏分析

目的：调查贵阳市小儿下呼吸道感染（LRI）中的细菌及其耐药性,以指导临床合理用药。方法：收集2006年8月至2008年6月我院893 例LRI住院患儿的咽喉深部痰液标本进行细菌培养及药敏试验。结果：明确有细菌感染的为543例,阳性率为60.8%。分离出30种细菌,共计598株,其中革兰阴性杆菌533株（89.1%）,革兰阳性球菌57株（9.8%）。革兰阴性菌以大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌为主。大肠埃希菌及肺炎克雷伯菌对哌拉西林/他唑巴坦、丁胺卡那、环丙沙星、左氧氟沙星敏感,对亚胺培南高度敏感。革兰阳性球菌中以肺炎链球菌和葡萄球菌为主,肺炎链球菌对青霉素及头孢唑啉钠敏感,而葡萄球菌则对青霉素及头孢唑啉钠耐药率高,两种革兰阳性球菌均对万古霉素高度敏感,对罗红霉素耐药率高。结论：贵阳市小儿LRI的主要病原菌为革兰阴性杆菌,其中尤以大肠埃希氏菌、肺炎克雷伯菌多见,不同菌种对抗生素药物敏感性和耐药性均存在差异。应根据药敏试验合理选用抗生素治疗。［中国当代儿科杂志,2009,11（12）：964-966］     

儿童肺炎的病原体检测及其药敏分析

目的 探讨肺炎常见病原体检测及其药物敏感情况。方法 分析我院2001年7月～2002年7月收治134例肺炎患儿痰细菌培养、支原体、衣原体检测及药物敏感试验。结果 59例(44.3％)为阳性结果，常见病原体为肺炎支原体17例(28．8％)、肺炎衣原体ll例(18．4％)、金黄色葡萄球菌9例(15．6％)、肺炎克雷伯菌8例(13．6％)。药物敏感试验：肺炎支原体、肺炎衣原体均对阿奇霉素、环丙沙星、罗红霉素100％敏感，对红霉素、四环素耐药；革兰阳性球菌对万古霉素高度敏感，对青霉素、庆大霉素耐药；革兰阴性杆菌对亚胺培南高度敏感，对阿莫西林、庆大霉素耐药。结论 肺炎支原体、肺炎衣原体、金葡菌、肺炎克雷伯菌是肺炎的主要痛原体。     

儿童下呼吸道感染的细菌谱及抗生素敏感性分析

目的分析我院近2年9515例儿童下呼吸道感染的痰培养病原菌谱及其耐药性。方法采用下呼吸道感染住院患儿9515例的合格痰标本进行细菌培养和药敏分析。结果9515个标本中共分离细菌2788株,阳性率29.30%,革兰阴性杆菌1790株(64 2%).球菌998株(35.8%)。前3位革兰阴性杆菌依次为肺炎克雷伯菌18 7%、大肠埃希菌15.7 %、流感嗜血杆菌14 4%;革兰阳性球菌以凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌(15 2%)与肺炎链球菌(14.3%)为主。革兰阴性杆菌对亚胺培南、左旋氧氟沙星、阿米卡星等耐药率低,球菌对万古霉素高度敏感,对利福平、左旋氧氟沙星等耐药率低,肠球菌属对多种药物均出现高比例耐药,对万古霉素耐药率达7 9%。结论应根据本区域近年病原菌谱变迁及药敏情况选择合适的抗菌药物。     

细菌性重症肺炎患儿的病原菌分析及治疗对策

目的探讨小儿细菌性重症肺炎的致病菌种类,寻找其治疗对策,为临床抢救细菌性重症肺炎患儿首选抗生素提供参考依据。方法对216例重症肺炎患儿的痰液进行细菌培养,并采用美国MicroScanA S4型细菌鉴定药敏分析仪进行细菌鉴定及药物敏感分析。结果216例重症肺炎患儿痰菌培养阳性者128例,检出率为59.25%,获病原菌161株,其中,革兰阴性杆菌73株(分别为肺炎克雷伯菌42株,大肠埃希菌13株,铜绿假单孢菌11株,阴沟肠杆菌7株),肺炎链球菌40株,金黄色葡萄球菌28株,其他细菌20株。在药物敏感试验中,检出的病原菌对亚胺培南、头孢吡肟、哌拉西林他唑巴坦均有很高的敏感率;对万古霉素、阿米卡星、庆大霉素及喹诺酮类也有较高的敏感率。结论细菌性重症肺炎患儿的病原菌主要为革兰阴性杆菌(尤其以肺炎克雷伯菌多见),其次依次为肺炎链球菌、金黄色葡萄球菌及其他细菌;对亚胺培南、头孢吡肟、哌拉西林他唑巴坦及万古霉素、阿米卡星、庆大霉素、喹诺酮类的敏感率高,但万古霉素、阿米卡星、庆大霉素、喹诺酮类对小儿均有较大的不良反应,故对细菌性重症肺炎患儿的抗菌治疗,应首选亚胺培南、头孢吡肟或哌拉西林他唑巴坦。     

NICU内革兰阴性杆菌对抗生素多重耐药性分析

目的了解新生儿重症监护病房细菌菌种及细菌对抗生素的耐药情况,以指导临床用药。方法从85例机械通气患儿24h后气管插管内抽吸分泌物共93份标本作细菌培养,对分离出的细菌作14种抗生素药敏鉴定。结果93份标本需氧培养阳性共分离菌株99株,其中革兰阴性杆菌91株,主要为大场埃希菌（30．3％）、肺炎克雷伯菌（23．2％）、绿脓杆菌（17．2％）、阴沟肠杆菌（10．4％）;91株革兰阴性杆菌对14种抗生素呈不同程度的耐药,大多数对5种以上抗生素同时耐药,其中36株（占39．5％）同时对10种以上抗生素耐药,均为产ESBL菌株。14种抗生素中亚胺培南敏感率最高（95．6％）,仅对产黄杆菌、绿脓杆菌、阪畸肠杆菌各一株耐药,其次为哌拉西林／他唑巴坦、环丙沙星及左氧氟沙星,耐药率最高为氨苄西林（100％）、头孢唑啉（94．5％）,依次是头孢替坦、头孢曲松、氨曲南。结论NICU内细菌以革兰阴性杆菌为主,对抗生素具有多重耐药性。临床医师应根据细菌培养药物敏感试验选择药物。     

重症监护病房婴幼儿重症肺炎细菌学监测及临床分析

目的探讨痰液细菌培养对婴幼儿重症肺炎临床治疗的指导作用。方法对PICU270例重症肺炎婴幼儿用一次性无菌吸痰管负压吸取下呼吸道痰液,将合格痰标本进行细菌培养和药敏分析。结果痰培养检出细菌167株,阳性率为61.85%。其中革兰阳性球菌81株(48.50%),革兰阴性杆菌79株(47.31%),真菌7株(4.19%);以化脓性链球菌[41株(24.55%)]和肺炎克雷伯杆菌[39株(23.35%)]为主,其次为大肠埃希菌24株(14.37%)。革兰阳性球菌对青霉素、红霉素、克林霉素耐药率较高,对万古霉素、利福平耐药率低;革兰阴性杆菌对氨苄西林/舒巴坦、头孢噻吩耐药率较高,对亚胺培南、环丙沙星耐药率低。痰培养阳性和阴性组年龄、性别、器官功能障碍发生情况、白细胞计数和白细胞升高例数方面比较,均无显著差异(Pa>0.05);痰培养革兰阳性球菌组与革兰阴性杆菌组比较,胃肠功能障碍和微循环障碍发生率差异有显著性(Pa<0.05)。入院时所用抗生素根据痰培养结果按敏感、未查药敏、耐药分组,疗效比较差异有显著性(Pa<0.01)。抗生素治疗疗效差患儿,据痰培养结果调整抗生素,82.6%患儿3d后病情好转。结论对严重肺部感染,特别是入院前选用三代头孢治疗无效患儿,可首选亚胺培南,必要时选用万古霉素;并胃肠功能和微循环障碍提示革兰阴性杆菌感染可能性大;重症肺炎从临床表现、白细胞计数、X线特征等难以区分细菌和非细菌感染;痰液细菌培养检出率高,能在一定程度上提示肺部感染病原菌,是细菌性肺炎重要的病原检测手段之一。     

急性肺炎多病原混合感染的检测及分析

目的　了解急性肺炎时肺炎链球菌 (SP)、流感嗜血杆菌 (Hi)、卡他布兰汉菌 (BC)、肺炎支原体 (MP)及肺炎衣原体 (CP)等多病原混合感染的发病情况。方法　采用酶免疫分析法 ,对 5 3例住院急性肺炎患儿的双份血清进行不定型Hi抗体、B型Hi荚膜多糖抗体和全菌抗体进行检测 ,SP溶血素抗体和C 多糖抗体 ,循环免疫复合物中SP溶血素抗体、表面蛋白A抗体和C 多糖抗体 ,CB全菌抗体及MP抗体的检测 ;采用免疫荧光法检测患儿双份血清中CP抗体 ;并同时进行血液普通细菌培养。结果　 5 3例肺炎患儿中 32例 (占 6 0 .4 % )病原学检测阳性。其中单一病原体感染 2 1例 ,2种和 3种病原体混合感染分别为 8例和 3例。在各种病原体中 ,SP和CP感染最常见 (各占 2 0 .8% ,11/ 5 3) ,其次为MP感染 (占 16 .7% ,7/ 4 2 )和Hi感染 (占 13.2 % ,7/ 5 3)。结论　急性肺炎时SP、CP、MP和Hi等是常见的病原 ,在小儿肺炎经验治疗时 ,多病原体混合感染情况应予以重视。     

Patterns of Measles Pneumonitis

As a result of the enlarging pool of unvaccinated children and young adults, there has been an increase in serious measles pneumonitis in our areas. We recently examined autopsy and/or lung biopsy material from five children with fatal measles pneumonitis. Two patients were immunocompromised because of either prematurity or acute leukemia and died 13-16 days following onset of symptoms. Both had classic giant cell pneumonitis, with readily demonstrable intranuclear inclusions. Three other children without known immunocompromise had a more prolonged course. The lungs of these patients lacked the classic pattern and displayed instead a spectrum of less specific findings ranging from organizing diffuse alveolar damage to interstitial pneumonia with giant cells, but without viral inclusions. An accompanying necrotizing bronchiolitis was also present. Electron microscopy and/or detection of elevated measles-specific immunoglobulin M was necessary to confirm the diagnosis in these apparently immunocompetent patients. We conclude that the histologic features of fatal or serious measles pneumonitis are variable and depend to some extent on the immunocompetence of the host as well as the duration and tempo of the disease. Ancillary studies may be necessary to establish the diagnosis in cases lacking classic histopathologic features.     

Necrotizing adenoviral pneumonia: Manifestation of nosocomial infection in pediatric intensive care unit

A 5-year-old child admitted in the pediatric intensive care unit developed fever and crepitations in the chest on 6^th day of admission. She succumbed to her illness depite administration of adequate supportive and ventilatory care and anti-microbial therapy. At autopsy, she was diagnosed to have chronic ligneous type of tuberculous meningitis and necrotizing adnoviral pneumonia. There are hardly any reports of nosocomial adenoviral pneumonia from Indian centers. The case serves to remind intensivists to consider this diagnosis so that appropriate therapeutic adjustments and measures to prevent the spread of infection to other critically ill subjects are initiated.     

Infantile chlamydial pneumonia—A review based on 115 cases

Clinical manifestations, diagnostic studies and management of chlamydial pneumonia were reviewed in 115 infants and compared to those from 21 infants with interstitial pertussoid eosinophilic pneumonia. The identity of these two forms of subacute afebrile pneumonia is suggested. Chlamydial pneumonia is natally acquired, essentially occurs during the second and third month of life, and its frequency in the United States is surprisingly high. Gradual onset of respiratory tract symptoms, lack of possible infection from symptomatic persons, afebrile course and staccato cough represent the typical anamnesis. Presence of conjunctivitis and serous otitis is common. Distinctive diagnostic studies include slight eosinophilia (lhen300 eosinophils/mm³), elevated serum immunoglobulins M and G, depressed PO₂ and normal PCO₂ in arterial blood under room air, and both interstitial infiltrates and hyperexpansion of nhe lungs on chest roentgenogram. Chlamydial cultures of nasopharyngeal secretions or tracheal aspirates, and determination of antichlamydial antibody titers in serum are indicated in establishing the etiology. Adequate management consists of antichlamydial chemotherapy and general supportive care, including chest physiotherapy and oxygen and parenteral fluids when needed. Curriculum vitae. Urs B. Schaad was born 1945 in Switzerland. He graduated 1971 from the Medical Faculty of the Bernese University and his postgraduate training included 1 year General Surgery (Lugano), 11/2 years Internal Medicine (Langenthal) and 41/2 years Pediatrics (Berne). From 1978 to 1980 he completed a Research Fellowship in Pediatric Infectious Diseases at the University of Texas at Dallas, USA (Directors of Program: Prof. George H. McCracken, Jr., and Prof. John D. Nelson). Since 1981 he is back at the Department of Pediatrics, University of Berne (Head: Prof. E. Rossi), conducting clinical, research and teaching activities in Pediatric Infectious Diseases. Main topics of research have been experimental meningitis and studies on pharmacokinetics and efficacy of different antimicrobial agents in pediatric patients. Previous reviews included recrudescence and relapse in bacterial meningitis, atypical myobacterial lymphadenitis, melioidosis, pyogenic sacroiliitis and arthritis in meningococcal disease.     

Observations in febrile children with round air space opacities

Background: Community‐acquired pneumonia in children is rarely depicted as round opacity. The aim of the present study was therefore to describe the clinical and laboratory characteristics of round pneumonia in children. Methods: The clinical series consisted of 30 children aged 1–7 years (mean age, 3.4 ± 1.8 years) who were compared to an equal number of children with segmental or lobar pneumonia aged 3–11 years (mean age, 5.5 ± 2.7 years). Results: Round pneumonia was localized more often in the lower lobe (17/30), and the right side was more commonly affected (20/30). The same, however, was the case for the control group. The two groups were not different regarding the severity of the disease but cough was much more common in the control patients. The white blood cells were considerably higher in round pneumonia, whereas the other inflammatory indices were not significantly different. All round consolidations responded promptly to antibiotics and resolved radiographically in 8 weeks. Conclusion: Round consolidations in febrile children associated with elevated inflammatory indices seem to be attributed to round pneumonia, which responds promptly to antibiotics without complications.     

肺炎支原体坏死性肺炎特征和预测因素分析

目的　总结肺炎支原体坏死性肺炎的临床、影像学特点以及支气管镜下的动态变化,提高对该病的认识。方法　回顾性分析2013年1月至2017年8月首都医科大学附属北京儿童医院收治的22例肺炎支原体坏死性肺炎和16例细菌性坏死性肺炎患儿资料,比较其白细胞、中性粒细胞、C反应蛋白（CRP）等指标、影像学表现及支气管镜下的变化。结果　在发热3 d内,肺炎支原体坏死性肺炎患儿中性粒细胞和CRP值分别为（74.62±5.78）%和（58.0±25.8）mg/L,明显低于细菌性肺炎（88.0±3.15）%和（164.5±96.6） mg/L,P值均＜0.001;在发热4～7 d两组中性粒细胞（83.6±6.91）%、（87.68±2.89）%和CRP值（142.3±57.2） mg/L、（155.0±39.5） mg/L均明显升高,差异无统计学意义,P值均＞0.05。肺炎支原体坏死性肺炎患儿白细胞总数在发病1～7 d内无明显升高。肺炎支原体坏死性肺炎患儿在发病4～11 d出现整叶或接近整叶肺实变,而细菌性坏死性肺炎患儿在发病5 d内整叶或接近整叶实变,肺炎支原体肺炎患儿多在2周以后发生肺坏死,而细菌性肺炎坏死均发生于10 d以内。肺炎支原体坏死性肺炎支气管镜下可见黏液栓阻塞和黏膜坏死,半数以上遗留支气管闭塞,而细菌性肺炎未见上述表现。结论　肺炎支原体坏死性肺炎的特征为病程中外周血白细胞无明显升高,而中性粒细胞和CRP明显升高以及整叶肺实变影出现于病后4～7 d,2周内较少发生坏死,支气管镜下存在黏膜坏死,后期易出现支气管闭塞。     

肺炎支原体坏死性肺炎特征和预测因素分析

目的　总结肺炎支原体坏死性肺炎的临床、影像学特点以及支气管镜下的动态变化,提高对该病的认识。方法　回顾性分析2013年1月至2017年8月首都医科大学附属北京儿童医院收治的22例肺炎支原体坏死性肺炎和16例细菌性坏死性肺炎患儿资料,比较其白细胞、中性粒细胞、C反应蛋白（CRP）等指标、影像学表现及支气管镜下的变化。结果　在发热3 d内,肺炎支原体坏死性肺炎患儿中性粒细胞和CRP值分别为（74.62±5.78）%和（58.0±25.8）mg/L,明显低于细菌性肺炎（88.0±3.15）%和（164.5±96.6） mg/L,P值均＜0.001;在发热4～7 d两组中性粒细胞（83.6±6.91）%、（87.68±2.89）%和CRP值（142.3±57.2） mg/L、（155.0±39.5） mg/L均明显升高,差异无统计学意义,P值均＞0.05。肺炎支原体坏死性肺炎患儿白细胞总数在发病1～7 d内无明显升高。肺炎支原体坏死性肺炎患儿在发病4～11 d出现整叶或接近整叶肺实变,而细菌性坏死性肺炎患儿在发病5 d内整叶或接近整叶实变,肺炎支原体肺炎患儿多在2周以后发生肺坏死,而细菌性肺炎坏死均发生于10 d以内。肺炎支原体坏死性肺炎支气管镜下可见黏液栓阻塞和黏膜坏死,半数以上遗留支气管闭塞,而细菌性肺炎未见上述表现。结论　肺炎支原体坏死性肺炎的特征为病程中外周血白细胞无明显升高,而中性粒细胞和CRP明显升高以及整叶肺实变影出现于病后4～7 d,2周内较少发生坏死,支气管镜下存在黏膜坏死,后期易出现支气管闭塞。     

Uncomplicated pneumonia in healthy Canadian children and youth: Practice points for management

Although immunization has decreased the incidence of bacterial pneumonia in vaccinated children, pneumonia remains common in healthy children. Symptoms of bacterial pneumonia frequently overlap those present with viral infections or reactive airway disease. Optimally, the diagnosis of bacterial pneumonia should be supported by a chest radiograph before starting antimicrobials. Factors such as age, vital signs and other measures of illness severity are critical when deciding whether to admit a patient to hospital. Because Streptococcus pneumoniae continues to be the most common cause of bacterial pneumonia in children, prescribing amoxicillin or ampicillin for seven to 10 days remains the mainstay of empirical therapy for nonsevere pneumonia. If improvement does not occur, consideration should be given to searching for complications (empyema or lung abscess). Routine chest radiographs at the end of therapy are not recommended unless clinically indicated.     

多重耐药肺炎克雷白杆菌重症肺炎的危险因素及细菌耐药性分析

目的 探讨多重耐药肺炎克雷白杆菌重症肺炎的危险因素以及该菌对常用抗菌药物的耐药情况,为防止和减少多重耐药肺炎克雷白杆菌重症肺炎的发生以及合理使用抗生素提供参考依据.方法 采用病例对照研究,选择我院PICU 89例多重耐药肺炎克雷白杆菌重症肺炎患儿作为病例组,选择同期我院PICU 68例非多重耐药肺炎克雷白杆菌重症肺炎患儿作为对照组,对2组患儿的不合理使用抗生素（特别是三代头孢菌素）、住院时间、是否气管插管机械通气、机械通气时间、基础疾病（营养不良、先天性心脏病、遗传代谢病）共5个危险因素进行比较,并对89株多重耐药肺炎克雷白杆菌的药物敏感性进行分析。结果 病例组不合理使用抗生素（特别是三代头孢菌素）病例数（63例,占70.79％）多于对照组（27例,占39.70％）,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.01）;住院时间＞7d病例数（48例,占53.93％）多于对照组（12例,占17.65％）,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.01）;气管插管机械通气病例数（38例,占42.69％）多于对照组（16例,占23.53％）,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）;机械通气时间＞5d病例数（18例,占20.22％）多于对照组（5例,占7.35％）,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）;伴有基础疾病病例数（13例,占14.61％）多于对照组（2例,占2.94％）,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。多重耐药肺炎克雷白杆菌对青霉素类、头孢菌素类、氨基糖苷类以及喹诺酮类抗生素均有较高的耐药率,而对碳青霉烯类抗生素仍保持较高的敏感率。结论 不合理使用抗生素（特别是三代头孢菌素）、住院时间长、气管插管机械通气以及机械通气时间长、原有基础疾病（营养不良、先天性心脏病、遗传代谢病）是多重耐药肺炎克雷白杆菌重症肺炎的重要危险因素;多重耐药肺炎克雷白杆菌对青霉素类、头孢菌素类、氨基糖苷类以及喹诺酮类抗生素均有较高的耐药性,但对碳青霉烯类抗生素仍有较高的敏感性;碳青霉烯类抗生素可以作为治疗多重耐药肺炎克雷白杆菌重症肺炎的首选抗菌药物。