放射性肺损伤

放射性肺损伤是胸部肿瘤放射治疗的常见并发症之一,由放射性肺炎和放射性肺纤维化两部分组成。放射性肺炎一般属于急性反应,常发生在放疗后1～3个月。主要表现为干咳、程度不一的呼吸困难,有时有发热,影像学表现为放射区的不均匀密度增高及纵隔密度增高。放射区外也有密度改变,     

放射性肺炎相关预测指标的研究进展

放射性肺损伤(radiation-induced lung toxicity,RILT)是胸部肿瘤患者放射治疗的主要副反应之一,亦是影响放射治疗疗效的主要剂量限制性因素。RILT包括放射性肺炎(radiation pneumonitis,RP)和放射性肺纤维化(radiation fibrosis,RF)。放射性肺炎通常发生于放疗开始后的1-6个月。放射性肺纤维化的发生较缓慢通常为数月到几年之间。本综述就与放射性肺炎有关的临床和剂量学等参数进行分析,旨在提供临床可行的预测指标,以指导肺癌放射治疗计划的制订,减少正常组织的放射性损伤。     

放射性肺损伤防护的研究进展

放射性肺损伤是胸部肿瘤放疗后的常见并发症,主要表现为早期的放射性肺炎和晚期的放射性肺纤维化,与肺的受照体积和受照剂量密切相关,与多种细胞因子的表达及信号转导也密切有关.本文对放射性肺损伤防护的最新研究进展进行了综述.     

预测放射性肺病发生的早期指标研究

肺是放射敏感性器官，对胸部肿瘤进行放射治疗时，正常肺组织因受到射线照射而产生的损伤，称为放射性肺病（radiation pneumopathy，RP）。早期的RP指放疗后1～3月出现的急性放射性肺炎（acute radiation pneumonitis，ARP），晚期的RP发生于放疗后数月至数年，临床表现为放射性肺纤维化（radiation pulmonary fibrosis，RPF）。[第一段]     

放射性肺损伤的研究进展

目前,70%～90%的胸部肿瘤患者需要接受放射治疗[1],但是,在放射治疗过程中,通常会引起放射性肺损伤,是胸部肿瘤放疗后最常见的并发症[2]。临床一般表现为早期的放射性肺炎和后期的放射性肺纤维化2种现象,现综述如下。     

KL-6与放射性肺炎的相关研究进展

胸部放疗会引起不同程度的放射性肺损伤,严重时甚至会加速患者的死亡,成为胸部肿瘤放射治疗的剂量限制因素。且目前临床上对放射性肺炎并无确切有效的治疗方法,尤其是放射性肺纤维化,一旦发生难以逆转。因此,预防放射性肺炎的发生具有重要的临床意义。有研究发现肺泡Ⅱ型细胞表面抗原（krebs von den lungen-6,KL-6／MUCl）的水平变化与放射性肺损伤严重程度密切相关,可以用来诊断和评估疾病活跃程度以及预测临床结果,同时兼具快速、经济、重复性好、创伤小、易操作等优点,可在临床广泛运用。     

川穹嗪对放射性肺损伤防治作用的临床观察

目的 探讨川穹嗪对胸部恶性肿瘤患者放疗后放射性肺损伤的防治作用.方法 120例患者随机分为治疗组和对照组.对照组给予放疗;治疗组给予放疗加川穹嗪治疗,川穹嗪160 mg加入质量分数5%葡萄糖注射液250 mL中,静脉滴注,1次/d.观察两组患者放射性肺炎和放射性肺纤维化的发生率.结果 治疗组放射性肺炎和放射性肺纤维化发生率为18.3%和20.0%,均低于对照组的36.7%和38.3%,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 川穹嗪可以降低放疗后放射性肺炎及放射性肺纤维化的发生率,对放射性肺损伤具有防治作用.     

放射性肺损伤的发生及预防进展

放射性肺损伤(RILI)是胸部肿瘤放疗后常发生的一种并发症,包括急性放射性肺炎(RP)和放射性肺纤维化(RPF),主要表现为干咳、低热、气短,重者可表现为呼吸困难、胸痛、持续性干咳.放射性肺损伤不仅限制肿瘤放射剂量,同时降低疗效与患者的生活质量.由于肺对放射线的敏感性较高,当其接受一定量的射线辐射时就可能发生放射性损伤...     

放射性肺损伤发生机制的研究进展

放射治疗是肺癌、食管癌等胸部肿瘤的主要治疗手段,在治疗过程中,正常肺组织不可避免地受到一定剂量的射线照射而造成不同程度的放射损伤.根据放射治疗肿瘤协作组的评价标准,将放射性肺损伤分为放射性肺炎和放射性肺纤维化.放射性肺炎经系统治疗可以逆转,一旦发生肺纤维化,则对患者的生活、治疗及预后产生严重的影响,甚至危及生命.因此,对放射性肺损伤的发生机制、预防显得尤为重要.本文就其发生机制的研究现状做一综述.     

厄多司坦对放射性肺损伤的保护作用及对血清转化生长因子β1的影响

放射性肺损伤是胸部肿瘤放射治疗中最常见的严重并发症。厄多司坦具有清除氧自由基、改善肺纤维化等作用。我们对胸部肿瘤患者在放疗开始给予厄多司坦治疗，观察了其对放射性肺损伤的保护作用及对血清中转化生长因子β1（TGF—β1）的影响。     

Analysis of radiation pneumonitis and radiation-induced lung fibrosis in breast cancer patients after breast conservation treatment

We examined radiation pneumonitis in breast cancer patients after breast conservation treatment (BCT) and analysed the degree of radiation-induced lung fibrosis by computed tomographies of the chest (chest CT). Fifty-two breast cancer patients were treated with BCT, including breast irradiation and chemotherapy. These patients symptomatic of radiation pneumonitis were examined every two to four weeks. Chest X-rays and chest CT were performed about one year after irradiation. symptoms due to radiation pneumonitis was registered in 9.6% of patients. lungs showed fibrotic changes by chest CT in 90% of the cases. Concurrent or alternative chemotherapy increased the incidence of symptomatic radiation pneumonitis and, to a certain extent, the degree of fibrotic change in the lung after BCT.     

多层螺旋CT在放射性肺损伤诊断中的应用评价

目的探讨多层螺旋CT在放射性肺损伤诊断中的应用价值。方法回顾分析55例胸部恶性肿瘤放疗后经多层螺旋CT发现放射性肺损伤病人的资料，分析其CT表现。结果55例均可通过多层螺旋CT明确诊断，其中急性放射性肺炎12例，中间期18例，纤维化期25例。急性放射性肺炎表现为照射野范围内斑片状、片状密度增高灶或毛玻璃样改变，边界模糊；纤维化期表现为照射野范围内的纤维条索灶，边界清；中间期表现为照射野范围内同时可见毛玻璃样改变、斑片状实变灶及纤维条索灶。结论多层螺旋CT能清晰、直观地显示放射性肺损伤的特征表现，具有较高的临床应用价值。     

Radiation recall pneumonitis induced by erlotinib after palliative thoracic radiotherapy for lung cancer: Case report and literature review

Radiation lung injury usually develops 1–6 months after cessation of radiation therapy to the lung. Acute change in the previously irradiated lung after administration of antineoplastic agent is known as radiation recall pneumonitis. Erlotinib is a reversible epidemal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor, which is effective for patients with advanced lung cancer with epidermal growth factor receptor mutations. Here we report a rare case of radiation recall pneumonitis following treatment with erlotinib 4 months after palliative radiotherapy to the lung. A 76‐year‐old man with non–small cell lung cancer was treated with polychemotherapy, palliative thoracic irradiation (30 Gy in 12 fractions) and erlotinib thereafter. Two months after administration of erlotinib he developed of severe dyspnea, cough, anorexia and lack of energy. CT chest revealed extensive radiation pneumonitis. Erlotinib was ceased and high‐dose steroids were started. The symptoms ultimately resolved and erlotinib was resumed cautiously after 11 weeks. On dosimetric analysis, lung V20 and the mean lung dose were 20.33% and 10.7 Gy, respectively, and hence, the risk of radiation pneumonitis is very low. These data indicate that systemic administration of erlotinib after low‐dose palliative radiation therapy can be associated with unexpected toxicity when visceral organs are within the radiation field.     

抗纤方中药制剂防治肺辐射损伤的临床研究

目的探讨抗纤方中药制剂对胸部肿瘤放疗所致肺辐射损伤的预防作用。方法148例胸部肿瘤患者随机分为试验组70例，对照组78例，均接受胸部肿瘤常规放疗。试验组病例在放疗同时应用抗纤方中药制剂治疗至放疗结束，对照组患者则接受安慰剂治疗。结果两组放疗后放射性肺炎及放射性肺纤维化的发生率分别为38．4％，12．8％和29．4％，8．5％，两组比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论抗纤方中药制剂能够降低胸部肿瘤放疗所致放射性肺炎及肺纤维化的发生率，对肺辐射损伤有明显的预防作用。     

不同分割放疗方式对糖尿病患者乳腺癌根治术后放射性肺炎发生的影响

目的:比较大分割放疗与常规分割放疗两种放疗模式对糖尿病患者乳腺癌术后放射性肺损伤发生的影响。方法:回顾性将2011年6月至2015年12月确诊为乳腺癌的术后患者共164例分为两组。常规分割放疗组99例:照射剂量为2 Gy/次,每周5次,总剂量50 Gy。大分割放疗组65例:照射剂量为2.656 Gy/次,每周5次,总剂量42.5 Gy。结果:大分割放疗组放射性肺炎发生率为30.77%,常规分割放疗组为46.46%,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。放射性肺炎程度比较:1级放射性肺炎大分割放疗组17例,常规放疗组29例;2级放射性肺炎大分割放疗组3例,常规分割组15例;大分割组无3级及以上放射性肺炎发生,常规放疗组有2例发生3级放射性肺炎,两组比较差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。大分割放疗组放射性肺纤维化发生率15.38%,稍高于常规分割放疗组12.12%,差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）。在发生放射性肺纤维化的患者中,两组均未发生3级及以上损伤,两组间比较差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）。 结论:糖尿病患者乳腺癌术后大分割放疗未增加远期放射性肺纤维化的发生,而近期放射性肺炎的发生率和严重程度均较常规分割放疗组低。     

胸部放疗中肺功能变化与放射性肺炎的相关性研究

目的 讨论胸部放疗中肺功能变化与放射性肺炎的相关性.方法 回顾性分析105例接受放疗的胸部肿瘤患者的临床资料,根据其是否有放射性肺炎分为观察组35例和对照组70例.分析两组患者的临床资料、剂量体积直方图参数和放疗前后肺功能变化,探讨其与放射性肺炎的相关性.结果 观察组患者的放射性肺炎分级:1级有24例(68.57％),2级患者7例(20.00％),3级患者4例(11.43％),无4级和5级放射性肺炎患者;两组患者在性别、平均年龄、肿瘤来源、肿瘤部位、放疗参数和肺功能参数上均有差异,差异均有统计学意义(P﹤0.05);经Logistic多因素逐步回归分析显示,肺癌、深处肿瘤、放疗参数(PTV、Vdose和MLD)和肺功能参数(FEV1、FEV1/FVC和DLCO)是放射性肺炎发生的独立危险因素(P﹤0.05).结论 放射性肺炎是由多因素综合所致,尤其需要重视肺功能基础差的肺癌深部肿瘤患者,对此类患者必须严格控制放疗剂量和时间等,提供个体化治疗方案.     

WR-2721 protection of pneumonitis and fibrosis in mouse lung after single doses of x rays

The radioprotective effect of WR-2721 has been studied in mouse lung after single doses of radiation. Using the breathing rate assay and lethality, radioprotection was assessed at monthly intervals between 3 and 18 months after irradiation during both pneumonitis and chronic fibrosis. The degree of radioprotection was greater for fibrosis than for pneumonitis using both assays. In replicate experiments, dose modifying factors (DMF's) ranging from 1.2 to 1.4 were obtained for pneumonitis and 1.5 and 1.6 for fibrosis. The differences in DMF's for the two phases of lung damage were significant. A difference in the time course of expression of damage was seen in both the breathing rate and lethality assays between mice irradiated with and without WR-2721: the damage ended sooner in the drug-treated mice. This difference is best explained by protection of all damage after 5 months by WR-2721. No evidence of drug toxicity was found. We conclude that WR-2721 protects against chronic lung fibrosis caused by radiation at least as well as against the earlier appearing pneumonitis after single doses of radiation. Thus, if WR-2721 is dose modifying and if late tissue complications are dose limiting in clinical radiotherapy, then a therapeutic benefit would be obtained by the use of this drug in clinical radiotherapy, provided that the radioprotection of tumors did not exceed a factor of 1.5-1.6.     

Radiation pneumonitis caused by a migrated brachytherapy seed lodged in the lung

We report a case of radiation pneumonitis caused by a migrated seed lodged in the lung after prostate brachytherapy. A 71-year-old man underwent transperineal interstitial permanent prostate brachytherapy for localized prostate cancer. On the day after brachytherapy, a routine postimplant chest X-ray revealed migration of one seed to the lower lobe of the left lung. After 1 month, pulmonary opacities were observed in the left lower lobe but not near the seed. He was diagnosed with bacterial pneumonia, and antibiotic therapy was commenced. Two months after brachytherapy, the patient's symptoms, laboratory data and pulmonary opacities improved; however, an abnormal shadow (consolidation) developed around the migrated seed. Lung consolidation disappeared almost completely 12 months after brachytherapy without any medical treatment. The abnormal shadow probably represented radiation pneumonitis. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of radiation pneumonitis caused by a migrated brachytherapy seed in the lung.     

肺灌注显像联合剂量体积直方图参数预测放射性肺炎的临床研究

 目的　观察接受三维适形或调强放疗的肺癌患者放疗前后肺灌注显像的变化、肺受照射的剂量体积直方图（DVH）参数等,并结合临床因素,探讨其与放射性肺炎发生的相关性。方法　18例接受三维适形或调强放疗的肺癌患者放疗前后行肺灌注显像检查,比较照射前后肺灌注显像的变化。放射性肺炎的评价按美国肿瘤放疗协作组（RTOG）急性放射性肺炎标准评定。获得的CT与单光子发射CT（SPECT）肺灌注图像融合后,将等剂量曲线投影到SPECT图像,将传统的DVH转换成f-DVH。将f-DVH曲线中每例患者的V5、V10和V20所对应的灵敏度与特异度相加,取其最大值,寻找到曲线的界值。分析放疗前后肺灌注显像变化及肺受照射的DVH与放射性肺炎发生的相关性。结果　18例患者中,33.3 %（6／18）发生了2级以上放射性肺炎。放疗前后肺灌注受损加重者2级以上放射性肺炎发生率为62.5 %（5／8）,肺灌注受损改善者发生率为10.0 %（1／10）。f-DVH图曲线中V5、V10和V20的界值分别为53 %、41 %和27 %,以V5对中重度急性放射性肺炎的预测准确度最高。放疗前后肺灌注显像的变化联合全肺DVH参数V5是放射性肺炎最强的预测因素。结论　肺癌患者放疗前后肺灌注显像能反映患侧肺灌注功能的变化。放疗前后肺灌注显像的变化联合DVH参数V5有望作为预测放射性肺炎发生的指标。     

非小细胞肺癌患者放疗前后肺功能变化与放射性肺炎的相关性研究

目的 观察接受三维适形放疗治疗的局部晚期非小细胞肺癌患者肺功能变化与放射性肺炎的关系。方法 收集76例局部晚期非小细胞肺癌患者,记录放疗前1周、放疗后1个月和3个月的肺功能,观察其与发生放射性肺炎的相关性。结果 所有患者均完成放疗,剂量为60～70 Gy。发生不同程度的放射性肺炎患者26例（A组）,其中1级22例,2级3例,3级1例,无 4级和5级病例。未发生放射性肺炎患者50例（B组）。放疗前A组第一秒用力呼气容积（FEV1）明显低于 B组[（51.67±19.03）%比（69.03±14.54）%],差异有统计学意义（t＝2.34,P＜0.05）。两组放疗后1个月和3个月用力肺活量（FVC）相比,差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）。A组放疗后1个月和3个月肺一氧化碳弥散量（DLCO）分别为（79.04±11.01）%、（57.75±12.04）%,差异有统计学意义（t＝2.98,P＜0.01）;B组放疗后1个月和3个月DLCO分别为（81.46±12.18）%、（57.18±12.95）%,差异有统计学意义（t＝1.96,P＜0.05）。结论 局部晚期非小细胞肺癌患者放疗前FEV1较低者易发生放射性肺炎,DLCO 水平明显降低的患者易发生放射性肺炎。FEV1和DLCO是预测放射性肺炎的敏感指标。