综合医院住院病人精神科会诊分析

目的了解综合医院精神科会诊的临床特点。方法将中南大学湘雅第二医院2001年4月至10月间申请精神科会诊的129例住院病人年龄、科室分布、会诊后诊断及治疗情况进行分析。结果总会诊率为1．67％，40岁以上年龄组申请会诊率较高，总会诊人数以内科最多(69例)，而会诊率以中医科最高(3．68％)，器质性精神障碍为会诊的主要精神科疾病，会诊后疗效(好转 痊愈)达89．9％。结论综合医院精神科医师协助处理临床各科疾病所伴／致精神障碍是十分必要的，且这种会诊作用正在不断加强。     

综合性医院住院病人的会诊精神病学

目的:探讨在综合医院设置精神科开放式病房后精神病学会诊的现状,方法:对我院近20年290例申请会诊的住院病人的科,地诊前后的论断对照,误诊情况及转科治疗情况进行分析.结果:总会诊率为1.38%,申请会诊的科室以内科最多138例(47.6%),会诊的精神科疾病中多见的是神经症84例(29.0%),躯体疾病致精神障碍60例20.7),器质性精神障碍50例(17.2%),精神分裂症37例(12.8%),误诊病例85例(29.3%),转科治疗64例(22.1%),结论:精神科会诊在综合医院呈增加趋势.综合设置精神科开放式病房既有利于精神科的发展,也有利于各类有精神障碍的患者得到及时妥善的治疗.     

综合医院内精神科会诊的回顾性分析

目的探讨联络精神病学在综合医院中的作用。方法回顾性分析３年内综合医院精神科向非精神科３１０例患者提供的４１１次会诊。结果总会诊率０．６％，其中５９．０３％的患者来自内科；会诊后的诊断主要为器质性疾病所致精神障碍（３６．５％）、神经症（３２．９％）、精神分裂症和情感性精神障碍（共１０６％）；会诊医嘱执行率达９８．１％；精神科问题经会诊处理后的总有效率达８９．２％。结论综合医院内精神科会诊可及时发现和治疗精神障碍，并拓展精神病学业务     

综合医院住院患者对会诊联络服务的需求

目的：调查综合医院住院患者对精神科会诊联络服务（CLS）的需求。方法：对我院临床各科申请精神科会诊的住院患者,共131例,进行精神科会谈,得出精神障碍的诊断及治疗建议;并对患者进行综合医院焦虑抑郁量表（HADS）及综合医院住院患者精神科会诊联络服务需求临床调查表评估和调查。结果：①精神科会诊率为1．37％（95％可信区间：1．14％-1．59％）,精神科会诊后精神障碍的诊断：神经症性、应激相关以及躯体形式障碍为30．5％（n=40）,器质性精神障碍22．2％（n=29）,心境障碍16．0％（n=21）,与生理紊乱和躯体因素有关障碍12．2％（n=16）,精神分裂症,分裂性障碍和妄想性障碍9．9％（n=13）。②综合医院焦虑抑郁量表评分：焦虑症状检出比例为37．9％（39／103）,抑郁症状检出比例为61．2％（63／103）。③对精神科治疗的需求：72．8％患者对精神药物治疗表示兴趣;57．3％对心理社会治疗有兴趣。④需求相关因素：患者对精神药物治疗需求与3个因素有关：是否有焦虑症状（P：0．001）,既往是否接受过精神科药物治疗（P=0．005）,以及患者最近一段时间（至少1周以内）的睡眠状况（P=0．014）。心理社会支持需求与2个因素有关：是否有焦虑症状（P=0．006）,是否患者自己提出会诊申请（P=0．038）。结论：综合医院住院患者伴发心理社会问题及精神障碍时,对精神药物及心理社会治疗的需求均相当高。     

综合医院住院病人精神科会诊病例的临床分析

本文报告一综合医院一年度的精神科会诊情况，总会诊率１．８１％，会诊率无性别差异，＞６０岁年龄组会诊率最高（３．２％）。会诊科室以内科和传染科会诊率最高（分别为４．８％和３．２％）。会诊诊断以器质性精神障碍为主，占会诊病例的８５．７％，经精神科处理后，总有效率达７０％。     

综合性医院精神科会诊178例分析

作者对综合性医院精神科会诊178例分析发现，会诊的主要原因是躯体疾病伴发精神障碍(38.2%）及原患精神疾病又患躯体疾病(32．0％)要求诊断和处理，内科会诊占首位(34.3％)，以器质性精神障碍(36．5％)最多见；其次为神经症(18．8％)，以癌症为多见，随后为精神障碍(8．4％)；会诊后44．8％病人转精神科治疗，未转科者使用精神活性药物治疗者占17.9％，综台治疗占11．8％，心理治疗占8．5%。作者建议，在综台性医院设置精神科，开展会诊一联络精神病学(CLP)工作甚为必要。     

综合医院精神科会诊临床分析

目的 对综合性医院精神科会诊情况进行分析研究.方法 回顾性分析我科会诊的718例住院病人的临床资料,包括请会诊科室、会诊病人的诊断和处理等.结果 申请会诊科室共19个,其中针灸科（神经内科）会诊的人数最多,占43.3%.会诊的疾病前三类是：器质性精神障碍（71%）、心境障碍（8.6%）和神经症（6.0%）.所选的药物以苯二氮类（67.8%）、新型抗抑郁药（51.8%）和非典型抗精神病药（27%）应用较多.结论 我综合性医院会诊有年会诊率更高、患者年龄更大、以器质性精神障碍多见以及多选用新型药物治疗为主等特点.     

综合性医院联络精神会诊291例分析

目的对综合性医院精神联络会诊进行分析研究．方法对一所综合性医院291例住院病人精神联络会诊资料进行回顾分析，以了解联络精神会诊于综合性医院的应用情况。结果邀请会诊的科室以内科最多(43．3％），会诊形式以普通会诊为主(69.4％)．躯体疾病伴发精神障碍要求协助诊治是会诊的主要原因(44．3％)。非精神科医生对精神疾病普遍认识不够，对精神障碍的实际诊断率和诊断符合率偏低，分别为51．9％和35，6％，能于会诊前使用精神药物仅22.7％。结论在综合性医院应大力开展联络精神会诊，这有利于提高精神科与非精神科医生业务水平，全方位提高医院诊治病人的能力。     

综合医院老年精神科联络会诊：附131例分析

目的了解和探讨综合医院老年精神科联络会诊的特点。方法对申请精神科会诊的131例综合医院老年患者,通过精神检查依照ICD—10进行诊断,并电话随访疗效。结果患者年龄65～109岁,平均（77．62±9．09）岁;会诊请求中最困扰的精神问题为行为障碍（69．5％）,会诊诊断谵妄状态（42．0％）最为常见;会诊后疗效很好和有效的比例分别为36．6％、57．1％。结论综合医院老年精神科会诊有其特点,会诊有助于精神状态的判别和治疗。     

精神科门诊会诊癫痫40例临床特点分析

目的：探讨精神科门诊会诊癫痫患者的临床特点和诊治效果。方法分析我院40例精神科门诊会诊癫痫患者的资料和治疗方案。结果40例中,17例（42．5％）诊断为发作性“精神障碍”,14例（35．0％）于强直痉挛发作前后伴有精神障碍;2例（5．0％）诊断为Lennox‐Gastau综合征;3例（7.0％）上肢痉挛性抽搐伴有失神症状;4例（1.0％）躯干发作性抖动严重。其中22例有精神障碍,18例为意识障碍。经服用抗癫痫药物后大部分患者发作次数明显减少,治疗有效率较高。结论精神科门诊会诊癫痫,能显著提高疾病的诊治率和确定最佳治疗方案。     

Patterns of psychiatric consultations in Kuwait general hospitals

Two hundred and nineteen consecutive referrals to psychiatric consultation services from all general hospitals in Kuwait over a 3-month period were studied and compared with a control group of 100 patients who were not referred for psychiatric consultation. The two groups differed significantly in age, sex, marital status, employment, and past psychiatric treatment. Inpatients were more often referred than outpatients with an overall low referral rate of 0.3%. The department of general medicine referred 74.4% of patients in contrast to 11.4% referred by the department of general surgery. The most common reason for referral was for assessment of a suicide attempt in the inpatient group, and the absence of organic cause for patients' physical symptoms in the outpatient group. Acute situational disturbance that resulted in a suicide attempt was the most common psychiatric diagnosis (26%), followed by depressive illness (19.5%) and organic psychotic disorders (8.2%). Our findings are similar to those reported in the literature, and the present study suggests a national underutilization of psychiatric consultation services in general hospitals.     

Mental disorders among internal medical inpatients: prevalence, detection, and treatment status

OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of ICD-10 mental disorders among internal medical inpatients, the relation between mental disorder, age, and gender, and the recognition and referral of the disordered patients. METHOD: 294 consecutive medical inpatients were examined with a two-phase design using the SCAN (Schedules for Clinical Assessment in Neuropsychiatry) for ICD-10 psychiatric diagnoses. Information from questionnaires and interviews with patients, doctors, nurses, and from medical records. RESULTS: The prevalence of current mental disorders was 38.7%, being heavily increased in young patients. Main diagnoses were somatoform disorders (17.6%), phobias (12.9%), substance use disorders (10.9%), and depression (8.3%). Psychiatric consultations were very few. About 38-56% of the cases were recognized by medical doctors and nurses, and only about 20% were in mental health treatment. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of mental disorders among internal medical inpatients is high and increased in young patients and women. Detection and referral are low, and few are treated.     

AIDS disease and psychopathology--observations by the psychiatric consultation service of an internal medicine clinic

The majority of HIV-infected inpatients are treated in departments of internal medicine. For the conditions of the west-german health service it was studied, if and how psychiatric symptoms of HIV-positive inpatients of a University Hospital for internal medicine require a psychiatrist. The evaluation of the suicide risk and psychopharmacological treatment of depressive syndromes were the most frequent reasons to ask for a psychiatrist. It became evident, that by means of a psychiatric consultation service, treatment of psychiatric complications in HIV-infection is feasible in a department of internal medicine.     

Geriatric psychiatry consultations in a university hospital

A review was conducted of the records of 147 patients above the age of 60 in a 350-bed general university hospital for whom a request for consultations was made over a two-year period by a geriatric psychiatry division in a department of psychiatry. Findings were compared with those obtained by Mainprize and Rodin and by Ruskin. Most referrals in the present study were from internal medicine as they were in the other two studies. The principal reason for referrals in this and in Mainprize and Rodin's study was depression (48% and 37%, respectively) but not in Ruskin's study (10%). The primary DSM-III-R diagnoses of the referred patients in this study were affective disorder (27%), adjustment disorders (26%), and dementia (22%). Affective disorder was also the most frequent diagnosis in Ruskin's study. Psychotropic medication was the most frequently cited recommendation in all three studies.     

Geropsychiatric consultation in a general hospital in Taiwan

The aim of this study was to characterize clinically significant issues in a psychiatric consultation service for geriatric inpatients in a general hospital in Taiwan. This was a case-control study. During a 5-month period, 100 geriatric (age > or =65 years) inpatients consecutively referred for consultation-liaison psychiatric service from non-psychiatric departments formed the study group. Another 100 medical inpatients, also referred for consultation-liaison to the psychiatric service, but aged 17-50, formed the control (non-geriatric) group. The diagnosis, demography, reason for referral, symptomatology, and other clinical characteristics were determined by consensus between two psychiatrists. Psychiatric diagnosis was made according to criteria in the 4th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. The geropsychiatric consultation rate was 0.9%. Geriatric patients constituted 20.1% of all psychiatric referrals. Common reasons for referral of geriatric inpatients were confusion (32%), depression (17%), disturbing behaviors (14%), and psychosis (14%). The most common psychiatric disorder among geriatric patients was an organic mental disorder (79%), followed by a depressive disorder (13%). More geriatric patients suffered from cancers and cerebrovascular diseases than non-geriatric patients. The geriatric group was more likely to have multiple physical illnesses. Organic mental disorder and depressive disorders are the most common psychiatric diagnoses in the geropsychiatric consultation service of the authors. In the authors' experience, both psychotropic medication treatment and psychosocial intervention are important in geropsychiatric consultation.     

Psychiatric disorders among patients admitted to a French medical emergency service

OBJECTIVE: The authors assessed the prevalence of psychiatric disorders among a population of patients examined in the emergency service of a French general hospital. They compared patients with and without psychiatric disorders. They also compared patients where the primary motive of emergency was psychiatric to those whose psychiatric disorders were secondarily diagnosed by a systematic assessment. METHOD: Five hundred consecutive patients admitted to the emergency service of Bichat Claude Bernard Hospital (Paris, France) were interviewed with standardized questionnaires. Demographic details were collected along with information on current and past contacts with emergencies and psychiatric services. Psychiatric disorders were identified using a structured psychiatric interview, the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI). Domestic violence was identified with a specific checklist validated for this purpose. RESULTS: Prevalence of psychiatric disorders was 38% (189 patients). Forty (8%) patients were primary psychiatric cases referred to the emergency department for psychiatric reasons, while 149 (30%) were secondary psychiatric cases, as revealed by a systematic assessment of their mental state. Psychiatric patients, primary or secondary, were more often homeless (13.6% vs.1.95%). They had been more often referred to the emergency department after an aggressive (7.4% vs.3.5%) or violent behavior (5.8% vs.0.9%) and less often after an accident (8.4% vs.14.3%). Psychiatric patients were more often examined after an episode of domestic violence (21.7% vs. 6.8%). Psychiatric diagnoses, according to the DSM-IV criteria, were depression (80 cases), generalized anxiety disorder (34 cases) acute alcohol intoxication (21 cases), alcohol dependence (20 cases), schizophrenia (16 cases), posttraumatic stress disorder (14 cases), drug abuse (4 cases), agoraphobia (4 cases), alcohol abuse (3 cases), anorexia nervosa (3 cases), mania (2 cases) and obsessive compulsive disorder (2 cases). The proportion of psychiatric diagnoses was equivalent in primary and secondary psychiatric cases except for schizophrenia (more often a primary demand for psychiatric help) and acute alcohol intoxication (more often revealed by a systematic assessment of the mental state). CONCLUSION: Thirty-eight percent of the patients examined in a French emergency service presented with psychiatric disorders. The majority of the patients (78%) were not referred to the emergency service for psychiatric reasons. Patients seen in an emergency service should thus be identified as a population at risk for psychiatric disorders whatever their reason for utilizing this service.     

Mental illness in new neurological patients

OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of psychiatric disorders in new neurological inpatients and outpatients, and examine whether they are recognised, treated, or referred to psychiatric consultation. METHODS: 198 consecutive patients referred for the first time to a neurologist were studied using a two phase design. ICD-10 psychiatric diagnoses were established by means of the SCAN (Schedules for Clinical Assessment in Neuropsychiatry). RESULTS: The overall prevalence of current mental disorders was 55.1% (95% CI: 46.2 to 63.8), and 65.0% (95% CI: 56.1 to 73.0) had at least once in their life had a psychiatric disorder. The most frequent current diagnoses were somatoform disorders (33.8%, (95% CI: 25.9 to 42.7%)), followed by phobias (21.8%; 95% CI: 15.3 to 30.0), substance use disorders (13.3%; 95% CI: 8.3 to 20.6) and depression/dysthymia (14.4; 95% CI: 9.1 to 21.8). The psychiatric morbidity markedly declined with increasing age. Compared with 63.5% of the women, 46.4% of the men had a psychiatric disorder. Substance use disorders were more frequent in men than women (p=0.002). Patients with a psychiatric disorder were more frequently seen in the outpatients' clinic than those without. The neurologists detected 14%-40% of the cases, 16.9% were in treatment, and only 4.6% were referred to mental health care. CONCLUSION: Psychiatric disorders, in particular somatoform disorders, are extremely common in neurological patients, especially in young and middle aged patients, outpatients, and women. The results call for more research on mental illness' impact on care and outcome in neurological patients.     

Affective disorders in older inpatients

BACKGROUND: After dementia the group of depressive disorders is considered to be the second most common psychiatric disorder in the elderly. There is dispute regarding whether depression in the elderly differs from depression in the younger age groups by a longer duration of inpatient treatment, a more frequent occurrence of delusions, more cognitive impairment or by a more frequent co-occurrence of physical disease. This study aimed to compare younger with older inpatients with respect to these aspects. METHODS: Retrospective chart review of all admissions to the psychiatric department of a General University Hospital (n=9400) and review of the documentation of 15 348 psychiatric consultations in the years 1990-1998. The clinical diagnoses were made according to the ICD-10 criteria. RESULTS: 15.5% of the psychiatric inpatients in this period suffered from depressive episodes (ICD-10 F31.3-31.5,32,33). The proportion of depressive episodes increased with age, making up 5.4% in the age group below 30 years and 37.4% in the age group of 70-79 years. On the basis of the ICD-10 criteria for the severity of depressive episodes no significant differences could be demonstrated between the younger (< 65 years) and the older inpatients (>/= 65 years). In particular, no higher frequency of psychotic symptoms with increasing age could be found. The length of inpatient treatment did not significantly differ between both age groups. The elder patients showed less suicidal attempts prior to admission and less psychiatric comorbidity, but a significantly higher rate of concurrent physical illness. In 923 inpatients a psychiatrist was consulted by the other medical departments because of a co-occurrence of physical with affective disorders, making up 8.6% of the total seen by the psychiatric consultation service. Here again, the proportion of depressive episodes increased with age. The pattern of the depressive episodes in these patients did not differ from that seen in the psychiatric inpatients. LIMITATIONS: Only clinical diagnoses made by experienced psychiatrists were evaluated. CONCLUSIONS: According to our results older depressive inpatients differ from younger ones only with regard to concurrent comorbidity but not with respect to the duration of inpatient treatment or the pattern or severity of depressive symptoms. They more frequently suffered from physical illness but less often showed concurrent psychiatric comorbidity.     

Utilization pattern of a Canadian psychiatric consultation service

The authors reviewed 255 psychiatric consultations in a Canadian teaching general hospital over a one-year period. The majority of the patients were referred from the medical and surgical services. The three most commonly stated reasons for referral were either parasuicidal behavior, depression, or psychological conflicts affecting physical illness. The three most common primary psychiatric diagnoses were: affective disorders, organic brain syndromes, and transient situational disturbances. The factors influencing compliance among the patients referred for psychiatric ambulatory treatment were studied. Compliance was defined as attendance at the first appointment. Of the 42.8% of the patients referred for ambulatory psychiatric treatment, 54% complied.