大白鼠前脑、脑干和小脑向孤束核的纤维投射——HRP法和ARG法研究

本实验用HRP法、WGA—HRP法和ARG法进一步研究了大白鼠前脑、脑干和小脑向孤束核的纤维投射及其局部定位关系。作者发现皮质32及8区、三叉神经脊束核尾侧亚核投射到孤束核头段;皮质24及8a区、三叉神经脊束核尾侧亚核投射到孤束核中段;皮质23及13区,中脑导水管周围灰质和三叉神经脊束核尾侧亚核投射到孤束核尾段。此外,结果还证明室旁核、下丘脑外侧区、兰斑核、K—F氏核、小脑顶核、中缝大核、网状大细胞核、外侧网状核、及延髓网状结构向孤束核的纤维投射,均存在着一定的局部定位关系。本文结合前脑、脑干向孤束核的纤维投射讨论了内脏活动调节及针刺镇痛效应的中枢机理并对大白鼠孤束核的分段(头、中及尾段)标准提出了新建议。     

大鼠三叉神经脊束核尾侧亚核和脊髓向丘脑和臂旁核的谷氨酸能投射

本研究用荧光金逆行追踪与免疫荧光组比技术相结合的方法,对大鼠三叉神经脊束核尾侧亚核和脊髓向丘脑和臂旁核的谷氨酸能投射进行了观察。磷酸激活的谷氨酸胺酶（PAG）是谷氨酸能神经元的特异性标识物。PAG样阳性胞体主要位于三叉神经脊束核尾侧亚核和颈髓背角的Ⅰ层,少量PAG样阳性胞体也见于它们的Ⅱ层外侧部及外侧网状核。将荧光金注入丘脑腹基底复合体后．荧光金逆标神经元主要见于对侧三叉神经脊束核尾侧亚核和颈髓背角的Ⅰ层及外侧网状核;将荧光金注入臂旁核后,荧光金逆标神经元也主要见于对侧三叉神经脊束核尾侧亚核和颈髓背角的Ⅰ层及外侧网状核。三叉神经脊束核尾侧亚核向丘脑腹基底复合体投射神经元的12．4％,向臂旁核投射神经元的13．2％呈PAG样阳性;颈髓背角浅层向丘脑瓜基底复合体投射神经元的12．7％,向臂旁核投射神经元的14．3％呈PAG样阳性。向丘脑腹基底复合体和臂旁核投射的PAG／荧光金双标神经元分别占三叉神经脊束核尾侧亚核浅层内PAG样阳性神经元总数的13％和24．6％,向丘脑腹基底复合体和臂旁核投射的PAG／荧光金双标神经元分别占颈髓背角浅层内PAG样阳性神经元总数的11．6％和30．1％。外侧网状核内的部分PAG样阳性神经元也向丘脑腹基底复合体或臂旁核投射。Ⅰ层内的双?     

大鼠口舌部粘膜伤害性刺激信息的感受及传导通路

本文采用以辣根过氧化物酶（ＨＲＰ）注入丘脑腹后内侧核区的逆行追踪技术结合用盐酸溶液刺激大鼠口、舌粘膜的方法，观察了ＦＯＳ、ＨＲＰ单标记和双标记神经元在三叉神经脊束核尾侧亚核内的分布．证明脑干内除臂旁核、孤束核、延髓腹外侧网状结构等脑区外，大量ＦＯＳ样阳性神经元聚集于三叉神经尾侧亚核Ⅰ、Ⅱ层，三叉旁核（间质核）有中等量分布而Ⅳ、Ⅴ层内仅见散在标记细胞．ＨＲＰ逆行标记细胞主要位于注射对侧的三叉神经感觉主核和脊束核．三叉神经尾侧亚核内的逆行标记细胞局限于背外侧部Ⅰ层，多为沿外缘呈切线方向走行的圆形、椭圆形和梭形细胞．在三叉神经脊束核尾侧亚核背外侧部浅层内，可见到一些胞浆内含ＨＲＰ反应产物、核为ＦＯＳ样阳性的双标记神经元．本文结果提示三叉神经尾侧亚核浅层内存在大量对口、舌粘膜伤害性刺激起反应的痛感受神经元，其中部分神经元将伤害性感觉传入信息传递至丘脑．     

外周伤害性刺激后颈髓和三叉神经脊束核尾侧亚核中向中缝背核投射神经元的 c-fos 表达

中缝背核是内源性镇痛系统中的重要核团之一,为了估价该核与外周伤害性信息的传递与调控之间的关系,文内采用荧光金逆行追踪与 FOS 免疫荧光标记相结合的方法进行研究,结果显示将荧光金注入中缝背核后,在三叉神经脊束核尾侧亚核和颈髓后角浅层中可观察到许多荧光金标记神经元的胞体,其中有一部分神经元在给予外周伤害性刺激后被激活而引起 c-fos 表达,该文进一步证明了来自脊髓和三叉神经脊束核尾侧亚核到中缝背核的直接投射至少有一部分与中缝背核的痛觉谓节机制有关。     

大白鼠三叉神经核至小脑皮层的纤维投射—HRP法研究

用大白鼠13只,以微电泳方法把HRP分区导入到小脑皮层,研究三叉神经核至小脑皮层的纤维投射。结果表明,单叶、脚Ⅰ、脚Ⅱ、旁正中小叶、背侧旁絮叶、Ⅷ小叶外侧部和Ⅵ—Ⅺ小叶的蚓部皮层均接受双侧(同侧为主)三叉神经核的纤维投射。三叉神经脊束核中间亚核和三叉神经感觉主核向小脑的投射区最广,包括上述的全部区域。三叉神经脊束核尾侧亚核投射到小脑的脚Ⅰ、旁正中小叶、背侧旁絮叶、Ⅷ小叶的外侧部和Ⅵ—Ⅸ小叶的蚓部皮层。三叉神经脊束核吻侧亚核仅投射到脚Ⅱ、旁正中小叶、Ⅷ小叶外侧都和Ⅷ—Ⅸ小叶的蚓部皮层。三叉神经中脑核投射到脚Ⅰ、脚Ⅱ、旁正中小叶、Ⅷ小叶外侧部和Ⅶ—Ⅸ小时的蚓部皮层。在三叉神经运动核内只发现很少的几个标记细胞,但在运动核的腹外侧,三叉神经根中及其附近,全部例子均看到有大量的标记细胞。在一例带有三叉神经半月节的脑干切片中,意外地观察到在半月节内有数个标记细胞。     

磷酸化PKCγ在正常小鼠脑内的免疫组织化学定位

为了研究磷酸化的蛋白激酶Cγ(pPKCγ)在小鼠脑内的区域分布,为进一步了解其在脑内的功能提供线索。我们将BALB/c小鼠脱臼处死,灌流取脑,行免疫组织化学染色,观察pPKCγ阳性反应产物在脑内的分布。观察到pPKCγ阳性产物主要见于神经元的胞浆和突起中,在正常小鼠脑内表达广泛。仅很少量胶质细胞被染色,着色浅淡。海马CA1区锥体细胞,小脑的浦肯野氏细胞,大脑新皮质V层细胞,边缘前皮质、岛皮质的深层细胞以及前梨皮质的颗粒层细胞,外侧嗅束核、杏仁基底外侧核和杏仁外侧核的神经元,以及穹窿、锥体束纤维等均有强或较强的pPKCγ表达;吻侧丘脑大多数核团,尾侧丘脑的内侧膝状体核及外侧膝状体的背侧核,脑干耳蜗背侧核的表浅部位,三叉神经感觉核簇及巨细胞网状结构神经元中均有弱阳性表达。本实验研究揭示正常状态下小鼠脑内pPKCγ表达广泛,但有区域特异性,提示PKCγ可能参与正常状态下脑内部分脑区/核团神经元的功能活动。     

大白鼠三叉神经核至小脑核的纤维投射

本实验用微电泳方法将HRP分别导入20只大白鼠的小脑核,研究三叉神经各核至小脑核的纤维投射。结果表明,三叉神经各核均向小脑核发出纤维投射。其中以三叉神经脊束核极间亚核和吻侧亚核最多,三叉神经脊束核尾侧亚核和三叉神经感觉主核次之,三叉神经中脑核和三叉神经运动核最少。此外,在三叉神经运动核的腹外侧和三叉神经根内也有向小脑核投射的起源细胞。来自中脑核的纤维多终于顶核和间位核前部,来自脊束核和感觉主核的纤维较多地终止于间位核后部和齿状核。运动核的纤维终止于顶核、间位核前部和齿状核。起源于三叉神经运动核腹外侧,三叉神经根内细胞群的纤维,在小脑核中有和三叉神经感觉核簇相似的终止。三叉—小脑核的纤维投射是双侧性的,但以同侧为主。     

三叉神经初级传入纤维的中枢投射——HRP跨节追踪研究

分别向猫眶上神经、眶下神经和下牙槽神经的神经干内注射20％HRP(Toyobo,RZ 3.3)溶液,跨节追踪了三叉神经初级传入纤维在中枢内的分布。 1.三叉神经的初级传入纤维在中枢内都与三叉神经感觉核簇发生全面的联系。其中,眶上神经向三叉神经脊束核的尾侧亚核第Ⅰ～Ⅴ层都有大量的投射,而向吻侧,则标记终末只位于各亚核腹侧的极小范围内。眶下神经在三叉神经感觉核簇中的标记终末分布范围较大,以尾侧亚核的中央部和感觉主核腹侧2/3部的标记终末最为密集。下牙槽神经在尾侧亚核和吻侧亚核的标记终末数量和分布范围最大。 2.含有大量来自额部皮肤和上颌胡须的触觉传入纤维的眶上、眶下神经除向感觉主核投射外,也向其它各亚核特别是尾侧亚核有大量的投射。含有较大量痛觉传入纤维的下牙槽神经不仅向脊束核投射,在感觉主核的投射也是明显的。因而,确证了感觉主核接受触觉,脊束核接受痛温觉传入投射的传统看法是不符合实际的。 3.上述三神经都向尾侧亚核内侧相当于脊髄后角第Ⅴ层的区域有明显的投射。结合文献,本文作者支持此第Ⅴ层应归属于尾侧亚核的看法,并推论此区可能有三叉神经传入纤维和其它脑结构来源的纤维的汇聚。     

大鼠视前内侧区的传入性神经纤维联系,HRP,EB,NY法研究

本文应用轴突逆行运输HRP、EB、NY研究大鼠视前内侧区的传入性神经纤维联系。所用三种示踪剂结果基本一致。结果为:在外侧隔核、外侧嗅束核、杏仁内侧核、下丘脑外侧区、下丘脑腹内侧核和乳头体前腹核内观察到密集的标记细胞。在杏仁皮质核、杏仁中央核、下丘脑室旁核、下丘脑后核、弓状核、乳头体上核、丘脑腹核尾侧部、未定带、腹侧被盖区、脚间核、中缝正中核和背核内观察到较多标记细胞。在中脑中央灰质腹侧部、兰斑核、外侧臂旁核及海马腹下角内观察到少数标记细胞。     

猫背中缝核向三叉神经脊束核尾侧亚核的投射——HRP法研究

向6例猫右侧三叉神经脊束核尾侧亚核注入30％HRP溶液,观察和分析背中缝核内出现的标记细胞状况。发现标记细胞较集中于核的中段及稍偏吻侧部,向吻尾方向逐渐减少,靠近尾端部全无标记。标记细胞主要出现于核的腹侧部及两外侧部腹缘处,核的背侧部及外侧部的背侧部分甚少,两侧无差别。标记细胞形态多样,但腹侧部及外侧部腹缘处以梭形细胞为主,此处标记也最多。除背中缝核外,脑干尾侧中缝核群(大中缝核、苍白中缝核、隐中缝核)也出现少量标记细胞。结合文献分析,作者等推论背中缝核向尾侧亚核的投射可能与大中缝核向脊髓后角的投射意义相同,两者之间显示着既有分工又有联系的体部定位关系,即背中缝核以向三叉神经脊束核投射为主,也发出少量纤维向脊髓后角投射;以大中缝核为主的脑干尾侧中缝核群主要投射向脊髓后角,但也发出少量纤维投射于三叉神经脊束核。     

异丙酚诱导大鼠中枢FOS核蛋白表达的研究

目的　通过检测异丙酚静脉全麻诱导大鼠中枢FOS核蛋白的表达 ,明确静脉全身麻醉的中枢作用位点。方法　 2 1只Wistar大鼠随机分成 3组 :对照组 (C组 )腹腔注入生理盐水 2ml,异丙酚组 (P组 )腹腔注入异丙酚 10 0mg kg ,异丙酚作用后断尾刺激组 (S组 )。 1h后应用FOS蛋白免疫组织化学法 (ABC法 ) ,检测FOS免疫反应 (FOS IR ,immunityreactionofFOS)阳性神经元在大脑的分布。结果　C组可见部分散在FOS IR阳性神经元分布 ,P组FOS IR阳性神经元数比C组明显增多 (P <0 .0 1) ,并呈核特异性分布 ,S组在杏仁基底外侧核、丘脑室旁核、外侧缰核及海马回嗅觉小岛等核团发现FOS IR阳性神经元较P组分布增多 (P <0 .0 1)。结论　异丙酚在大鼠中枢神经系统有与其静脉麻醉作用相关的神经核团。     

Afferent connections of the parabrachial nucleus in C57BL/6J mice

Although the mouse is an experimental model with an increasing importance in various fields of neuroscience, the characteristics of its central gustatory pathways have not yet been well documented. Recent electrophysiological studies using the rat and hamster have revealed that taste processing in the brainstem gustatory relays is under the strong influence of inputs from forebrain gustatory structures. In the present study, we investigated the organization of afferent projections to the mouse parabrachial nucleus (PbN), which is located at a key site between the brainstem and gustatory, viscerosensory and autonomic centers in the forebrain. We made injections of the retrograde tracer fluorogold centered around the “waist” area of the PbN, whose neurons are known to be highly responsive to taste stimuli. Retrogradely labeled neurons were found in the infralimbic, dysgranular and agranular insular cortex as well as the claustrum; the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis and the substantia innominata; the central nucleus of the amygdala; the lateral and medial preoptic areas, the paraventricular, the dorsomedial, the ventromedial, the arcuate, and the lateral hypothalamic areas; the periaqueductal gray, the substantia nigra pars compacta, and the ventral tegmental area; the supratrigeminal nucleus, rostral and caudal nucleus of the solitary tract; the parvicellular intermediate and gigantocellular reticular nucleus; the caudal and interpolar divisions of the spinal trigeminal nucleus, dorsomedial spinal trigeminal nucleus, and the area postrema. Numbers of labeled neurons in the main components of the gustatory system including the insular cortex, bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, central nucleus of the amygdala, lateral hypothalamus, and rostral nucleus of the solitary tract were quantified. These results are basically consistent with those of the previous rat and hamster studies, but some species differences were found. Functional implications of these afferent inputs are discussed with an emphasis on their role in taste.     

三叉神经本体觉中枢通路二级传入神经元所在地(三叉神经脊束核吻侧亚核背内侧区,Vodm)的核团形态、细胞构筑及纤维联系——光镜观察

本文用HRP顺行、逆行标记技术,在光学显微镜下探索了王百忍等发现的三叉神经本体觉中枢通路二级神经元所在地-三叉神经脊束核吻侧亚核背内侧区(Vodm)的核团形态及纤维联系,证实了此区存在着一个独立存在于三叉神经脊束核之内的中继核团,它既接受三叉神经中脑核神经元的投射,又向王百忍等所发现的此通路第三级神经元所在地的所谓“带状区”的腹侧部和背侧部都有投射。本研究的结果既证实了王百忍等发现的三叉神经本体党中枢通路在形态学上的可靠性,又对Vodm区的核团位置、形态、细胞构筑及传出联系做了全面的观察,证明它是此通路中的二级传入神经元所组成的核团。     

褪黑素受体亚型Mel 1a和Mel 1b在大鼠中枢神经系统的分布差异--原位杂交研究

目的 研究Mel 1a、Mel 1b褪黑素膜受体在大鼠中枢神经系统的表达及分布差异。方法 原位杂交组织化学。结果 (1)Mel 1a mRNA阳性细胞主要分布于海马、大脑皮层、视上核、室旁核、视交叉上核、橄榄核、小脑皮层、小脑顶核、脊髓前角、面神经核、巨细胞网状核、纹状皮质、三叉神经核等。(2)Mel 1b mRNA阳性细胞主要分布于小脑皮层和顶核、球状核、栓状核、海马、大脑皮层、脊髓前角、视上核和交叉上核。结论 Mel 1a mRNA在中枢分布广泛、含量丰富，而Mel 1b mRNA在中枢分布较局限。在海马和大脑皮层，这两种受体均有丰富表达。     

大鼠三叉神经感觉核簇内SP受体及三叉神经节内SP样阳性终末和SP受体分布的免疫组织化学研究

本文用免疫组织化学方法对三叉神经感觉核簇内的SP受体及三叉神经节内的SP样阳性终末和SP受体的分布状态进行了研究。三叉神经感觉主核内的SP受体样阳性胞体和树突主要见于其背侧部和腹侧部。三叉神经脊束核的各亚核内均可见到SP受体样阳性的结构:吻侧亚核的SP受体样阳性胞体和树突主要见于其中央部;极间亚核的周边部仅有少量SP受体样阳性的胞体和树突;尾侧亚核内SP受体样阳性的胞体和树突最密集,且主要位于Ⅰ、Ⅱ层。三叉神经节内可见SP样阳性终末呈丛状或环状包绕在阴性胞体周围,也可见到少量散在的SP受体样阳性的胞体。SP受体样免疫反应阳性产物位于阳性胞体和树突的膜上。     

Ascending connections from the caudal part to the oral part of the spinal trigeminal nucleus in the rat.

The brainstem trigeminal somatosensory complex, while sharing many common aspects with the spinal somatosensory system, displays features specific to orofacial information processing. One of those is the redundant representation of peripheral structures within the various subnuclei of the complex. A functional redundancy also exists since a single sensory modality, e.g. nociception, may be processed within different subnuclei. In the present study, we addressed the question whether anatomical connections from the caudal part to the oral part of the spinal trigeminal nucleus may support topographical and functional redundancy within the rat trigeminal somatosensory complex. The retrograde tracer tetramethylrhodamine-dextran was injected iontophoretically into the oral subnucleus of anaesthetised rats. Cell bodies labelled retrogradely from the oral subnucleus were observed in laminae III-IV and V of the ipsilateral caudal subnucleus consistently, and to a lesser degree in lamina I. Such a distribution of retrogradely labelled cells suggested that specific subsets of neurones may relay nociceptive information, and others non-nociceptive information. Furthermore, intratrigeminal connections conserved the somatotopic distribution of primary afferents in the two subnuclei. First, injections of tracer in the dorsomedial and ventrolateral parts of the oral subnucleus resulted in retrograde labelling of the dorsal and ventral parts of the caudal subnucleus respectively. Second, animals that received tracer into the ventrolateral oral subnucleus displayed more caudal labelling than animals that were injected into the dorsomedial oral subnucleus.These findings show the existence of anatomical connections from the caudal part to the oral part of the spinal trigeminal nucleus in the rat. The connections conserve the somatotopic distribution of primary afferents in the two subnuclei. They provide an anatomical substrate for the indirect activation of trigeminal oral subnucleus neurones by somatosensory stimuli through the caudal subnucleus.     

模拟失重大鼠延髓 FOS蛋白表达及脊髓侧角神经元直径的变化

为观察模拟失重大鼠延髓 FOS表达以及脊髓交感节前神经元是否发生一定改变 ,本研究采用尾部悬吊大鼠模型模拟失重影响 ,用抗 FOS蛋白和抗酪氨酸羟化酶 ( TH)双重免疫组织化学反应和 Nissl染色法 ,观察了 4周的在模拟失重下延髓 FOS蛋白表达与 TH阳性神经元的关系以及脊髓 C8、T1侧角细胞大小的改变 ,并与对照大鼠进行比较。结果显示 :与对照组大鼠比较 ,模拟失重大鼠出现了以下的改变 :( 1) FOS蛋白表达主要局限在延髓内脏带 ( MVZ)区 ,并以背内侧的孤束核与腹外侧区较为密集 ,并且发现有近 3 0 %的 TH神经元出现 FOS表达 ;( 2 )三叉神经脊束核尾侧亚核和薄束核亦出现 FOS表达 ;( 3 ) C8、T1侧角细胞胞体增大。本研究提示 ,在 4周模拟失重条件下 MVZ可能参与失重状态下心血管适应性变化的中枢调控 ,且儿茶酚胺能神经元参与这种作用的调节 ;脊髓侧角细胞发生代偿性增大变化。本文还就这种变化在航天飞行后心血管失调发生机理中的意义进行了讨论     

Caspase-3在成年大鼠中枢神经系统分布的免疫组织化学研究

采用免疫组织化学ABC法观察caspase3在成年大鼠中枢神经系统不同区域内的分布。caspase3阳性反应产物主要分布于脊髓前角和侧角大型运动神经元及中型神经元的胞浆、胞核及突起;脊髓后角及灰质连合的中、小型神经元的胞核及胞浆亦可见caspase3阳性反应产物;脊髓白质内的星形胶质细胞、小胶质细胞及少突胶质细胞的胞核和胞浆,caspase3阳性反应产物呈强阳性反应。在延髓内,caspase3阳性反应产物定位于中央灰质、三叉神经尾侧亚核和中央网状核内中型神经元的胞浆。大脑皮层各区内的caspase3阳性反应产物集中分布于ⅢⅤ层锥体细胞的胞浆,呈弱阳性反应。海马的CA1、CA2、CA3、CA4区的锥体细胞层的细胞,胞浆亦呈弱阳性反应。小脑内,以Purkinje细胞胞浆着色为主。乳头体核、尾状核、豆状核、嗅前核后部、嗅结节及丘脑等部位亦可见caspase3阳性神经元。本研究的结果说明caspase3在中枢神经系统内广泛分布,且在不同部位神经元的亚细胞分布存在差异。     

猫冠状回向三叉脊束核的定位投射

本实验用WGA—HRP法研究了猫冠状回向三叉脊束核的投射。结果是:(1)冠状回前部投至两侧三叉脊束核的背内侧部,对侧稍多于本侧。向尾侧亚核的投射,由吻侧向尾侧逐渐减少,在延髓下部平面只有对侧投射。(2)冠状回中、后部基本上投至对侧三叉脊束核。在尾侧亚核,中部主要投至吻侧半,向尾侧逐渐减少,于延髓下部平面消失;后部来的投射山吻侧向尾侧逐渐增多,核心部位移至尾侧半并延伸到最尾端。在极间亚核和吻侧亚核,其投射区随注射部位从前向后移而由内向外移。(3)于尾侧亚核,投射区主要为Ⅲ,Ⅳ层,但Ⅰ、Ⅱ层内也有少量标记终末支。     

Projections to the rostral reticular thalamic nucleus in the rat

Summary Afferent pathways to the rostral reticular thalamic nucleus (Rt) in the rat were studied using anterograde and retrograde lectin tracing techniques, with sensitive immunocytochemical methods. The analysis was carried out to further investigate previously described subregions of the reticular thalamic nucleus, which are related to subdivisions of the dorsal thalamus, in the paraventricular and midline nuclei and three segments of the mediodorsal thalamic nucleus. Cortical inputs to the rostral reticular nucleus were found from lamina VI of cingulate, orbital and infralimbic cortex. These projected with a clear topography to lateral, intermediate and medial reticular nucleus respectively. Thalamic inputs were found from lateral and central segments of the mediodorsal nucleus to the lateral and intermediate rostral reticular nucleus respectively and heavy paraventricular thalamic inputs were found to the medial reticular nucleus. In the basal forebrain, afferents were found from the vertical and horizontal limbs of the diagonal band, substantia innominata, ventral pallidum and medial globus pallidus. Brainstem projections were identified from ventrolateral periaqueductal grey and adjacent sites in the mesencephalic reticular formation, laterodorsal tegmental nucleus, pedunculopontine nucleus, medial pretectum and ventral tegmental area. The results suggest a general similarity in the organisation of some brainstem Rt afferents in rat and cat, but also show previously unsuspected inputs. Furthermore, there appear to be at least two functional subdivisions of rostral Rt which is reflected by their connections with cortex and thalamus. The studies also extend recent findings that the ventral striatum, via inputs from the paraventricular thalamic nucleus, is included in the circuitry of the rostral Rt, providing further evidence that basal ganglia may function in concert with Rt. Evidence is also outlined with regard to the possibility that rostral Rt plays a significant role in visuomotor functions.Abbreviations ac anterior commissure - aca anterior commissure, anterior - Acb accumbens nucleus - AI agranular insular cortex - AM anteromedial thalamic nucleus - AV anteroventral thalamic nucleus - BST bed nucleus of stria terminalis - Cg cingulate cortex - CG central gray - CL centrolateral thalamic nucleus - CM central medial thalamic nucleus - CPu caudate putamen - DR dorsal raphe nucleus - DTg dorsal tegmental nucleus - EP entopeduncular nucleus - f fornix - Fr2 Frontal cortex, area 2 - G gelatinosus thalamic nucleus - GP globus pallidus - Hb habenula - HDB horizontal limb of diagonal band - IAM interanterodorsal thalamic nucleus - ic internal capsule - INC interstitial nucleus of Cajal - IF interfascicular nucleus - IL infralimbic cortex - IP interpeduncular nucleus - LC locus coeruleus - LDTg laterodorsal tegmental nucleus - LH lateral hypothalamus - LHb lateral habenular nucleus - ll lateral lemniscus - LO lateral orbital cortex - LPB lateral parabrachial nucleus - MD mediodorsal thalamic nucleus - MDL mediodorsal thalamic nucleus, lateral segment - Me5 mesencephalic trigeminal nucleus - MHb medial habenular nucleus - mlf medial longitudinal fasciculus - MnR median raphe nucleus - MO medial orbital cortex - mt mammillothalamic tract - OPT olivary pretectal nucleus - pc posterior commissure - PC paracentral thalamic nucleus - PF parafascicular thalamic nucleus - PPTg pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus - PrC precommissural nucleus - PT paratenial thalamic nucleus - PV paraventricular thalamic nucleus - PVA paraventricular thalamic nucleus, anterior - R red nucleus - Re reuniens thalamic nucleus - RRF retrorubral field - Rt reticular thalamic nucleus - Scp superior cerebellar peduncle - SI substantia innominata - sm stria medullaris - SNR substantia nigra, reticular - st stria terminalis - TT tenia tecta - VL ventrolateral thalamic nucleus - VO ventral orbital cortex - VP ventral pallidum - VPL ventral posterolateral thalamic nucleus - VTA ventral tegmental area - 3 oculomotor nucleus - 3V 3rd ventricle - 4 trochlear nucleus