HPLC法同时测定阿奇霉素滴眼液中阿奇霉素及苯扎氯铵的含量

目的建立一种高效液相色谱法同时测定阿奇霉素滴眼液中阿奇霉素及苯扎氯铵的含量。方法采用十八烷基硅烷键合硅胶色谱柱(4.6 mm×150 mm,5μm),柱温30℃,以乙腈-磷酸盐缓冲液(取0.05 mol.L-1磷酸氢二钾溶液,用20%磷酸调节pH至8.2)(58∶42)为流动相;检测波长210 nm;流速:1.0 mL.min-1。结果阿奇霉素在1.002 8～5.014 0 mg.mL-1的浓度范围内,苯扎氯铵在6.15μg.mL-1～14.35μg.mL-1的浓度范围内均呈线性。阿奇霉素的平均回收率100.68%,RSD为0.50%(n=9);苯扎氯铵的平均回收率100.59%,RSD为0.92%(n=9)。阿奇霉素与苯扎氯铵的定量限分别为750 ng.mL-1、46 ng.mL-1,平均含量分别为106.94%及100.04%,RSD分别为0.94%及0.67%。仪器重复性RSD值均在2.0%以下。结论本方法简单、准确,可同时测定样品中阿奇霉素及苯扎氯铵的含量。     

HPLC测定菘黄感冒颗粒中大黄酸、大黄素、大黄酚的含量

目的 测定菘黄感冒颗粒剂中大黄酸、大黄素、大黄酚的含量.方法 HPLC,色谱柱为大连依利特ODS 柱(250 mm×4. 6 mm ,5.0 μm),流动相:甲醇∶ 0.1%磷酸溶液(85∶ 15),流速:0.90 ml·min-1, 检测波长:254 nm,柱温:40℃.结果 含量测定大黄酸、大黄素、大黄酚的线性范围分别在3.04～18.24 mg·L-1 (r=0.9999)、6.10～36.60 mg·L-1 (r=0.9999)、8.62～51.72 mg·L-1(r=0.9999),大黄酸平均回收率(n=5)为100.5%(RSD=1.8%),大黄素平均回收率(n=5)为98.35%(RSD=1.9%),大黄酚平均回收率(n=5)为99.25%(RSD=1.5%).结论 建立的含量测定方法简便、快捷、灵敏、准确.     

HPLC法测定阿奇霉素分散片的含量

目的用高效液相色谱法测定阿奇霉素分散片的含量。方法以Hibar RT Pre-Packed柱为固定相,0.1mol.L-10.002M磷酸氢二铵溶液-异丙醇-乙腈(15∶25∶60,pH 9.2)为流动相,流速:1.0ml.min-1,紫外检测波长:210nm的条件下分离测定阿奇霉素分散片。结果阿奇霉素分散片在0.6~3mg.ml-1范围内,浓度与峰面积线性关系良好,r=0.9992,平均回收率为101.2%,RSD为0.8%。结论本法简便、迅速、灵敏度高、重现性好,可用于测定阿奇霉素分散片的含量。     

HPLC法测定克拉霉素胶囊的含量

目的:建立HPLC法测定克拉霉素胶囊的含量.方法:用ODS柱,以0.067 mol·L-1磷酸二氢钾溶液(8 mol·L-1氢氧化钾调pH6.5)-乙腈(60:40)为流动相,检测波长215 nm,流速1.0ml·min-1.结果:进样量在5～25μg范围内与峰面积呈良好的线性关系(r=0.999 8),平均回收率=100.51%,RSD=1.56%(n=6).结论:本法测定克拉霉素胶囊含量专属性强,重现性好,测定准确快速.     

高效液相色谱法测定阿奇霉素葡萄糖注射液含量

目的建立高效液相色谱法测定阿奇霉素葡萄糖注射液的含量.方法以CN-3柱为分析柱,以0.045 mol·L-1磷酸二氢铵-乙腈(6040,v/v)为流动相,0.2%的三乙铵调节pH约为7.0;柱温40℃;检测波长210nm.峰面积外标法定量.结果0.4～4 g·L-1浓度范围内呈现良好线性关系,r=0.999 9,平均回收率为99.4%,RSD为0.15%(n=3).结论本方法操作简便、快速,结果准确可靠,重现性好,可用于测定阿奇霉素葡萄糖注射液的含量.     

柱前衍生化RP-HPLC法测定桑枝总生物碱的含量

目的:建立桑枝总生物碱(1.脱氧野尻霉素)的含量测定方法.方法:以9-氯甲酸芴甲酯为柱前衍生化试剂,采用RP-HPLC法,色谱柱为Dikma C18(250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm),流动相为乙腈-75 mmol·L-1柠檬酸三钠溶液(磷酸调pH=4.2),梯度洗脱,检测波长为264 nm.以1-脱氧野尻霉素为对照,外标法计算桑枝总生物碱含量.结果:1-脱氧野尻霉素在20～500 mg·L-1范围内与峰面积呈线性关系,检测限为2.6 ng.加样回收率为100.2%,RSD为0.9%(n=9).结论:本法简便、准确、灵敏,可用于桑枝总生物碱及其制剂的含量测定.     

HPLC法测定注射用阿奇霉素磷酸二氢钠的含量及有关物质

目的建立一种高效液相色谱方法来测定注射用阿奇霉素磷酸二氢钠含量及有关物质。方法以Shiseido C18(4.6 mm×250 mm,5μm)色谱柱为分析柱,以磷酸盐缓冲液(0.05 mol·L-1磷酸氢二钾溶液,用20%磷酸溶液调节pH值至8.2)-乙腈(40∶60)为流动相,柱温30℃,检测波长为210 nm,流速为1.0 mL·mim-1。结果阿奇霉素在10⁵ 000μg·mL-1范围内浓度与峰面积呈良好线性关系,r=1.000 0,平均回收率为100.6%,RSD为0.99%(n=9)。结论本方法可快速、准确的测定注射用阿奇霉素磷酸二氢钠含量及有关物质的测定。     

高效液相色谱法测定阿奇霉素颗粒的含量

目的建立HPLC法测定阿奇霉素颗粒的含量方法色谱柱Hypersil C18柱(250mm×4.6mm,5μm),流动相:0.1m ol.L-1磷酸二氢钾(含0.2%三乙胺,用磷酸调节pH 6.0)-乙腈(70∶30),检测波长:205nm。进样量:20μL,流速1.1mL.m in-1,柱温:40℃。结果在0.2805m g.mL-1~3.3660m g.mL-1浓度范围内与峰面积呈良好的线性关系。回归方程Y=387.32X-3.20,相关系数r=0.9999,平均回收率:99.6%(RSD=1.25%,n=9)。结论本方法操作简便、快捷,结果准确可靠,重现性好,可用于测定阿奇霉素颗粒的含量。     

HPLC法测定阿奇霉素片的含量

目的:建立HPLC法测定阿奇霉素片的含量.方法:采用Shodex Asahipak ODP-50(4.6 mm×250mm,5μm)C18柱,流动相为0.04 moL·L-1磷酸氢二钾溶液(称取6.97 g磷酸氢二钾,加水750 mL使溶解,用1moL·L-1的氢氧化钾溶液调节pH值至11.0±0.1再加水稀释至1 000 mE)-乙腈(40:60),流速为1.0 mE·min-1,检测波长为215 mn;柱温40℃;结果:阿奇霉素的线性范围为2.187～8.399 g·L-1,平均回收率为99.9%(RSD 0.15%).结论:本方法简便、迅速、灵敏度高、重现性好,可用于测定阿奇霉素片的含量.     

HPLC法测定阿奇霉素胶囊的含量

目的建立阿奇霉素胶囊含量的HPLC法。方法采用Shim-pack VP-ODS(4.6 mm×150 mm,5 nm)(岛津柱),流动相为0.067 mol.L-1磷酸二氢铵溶液(三乙胺调pH至6.5)-乙腈(74∶26),检测波长200 nm,流速1 ml.min-1,柱温30℃。结果阿奇霉素在0.76~3.82 g.L-1范围内线性关系良好,r=0.999 9,方法的回收率为100.2%(n=3)。结论本法简便、准确、重现性好,结果可靠,可用于阿奇霉素的含量测定。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.